EFFECT OF FRACTION SIZE OF DENSIFIED BIOMASS ON THE QUALITY OF SOLID BIOFUEL

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milos Matus
Keyword(s):  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Fraction Size ◽  
Densified Biomass

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF INITIAL MOISTURE CONTENT ON THE PRODUCTION AND QUALITY PROPERTIES OF SOLID BIOFUEL

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloš Matúš ◽  
Peter Križan ◽  
Juraj Beniak ◽  
Ľubomír Šooš
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Moisture Expansion ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Effect Of Moisture ◽  
Physical Changes

The moisture content of densified biomass is a limit parameter influencing the quality of the solid biofuel. It influences its calorific value, density, mechanical strength and dimensional stability as well as the production process of this biofuel. The paper deals with the experimental research of the effect of moisture content of densified material on the final quality of biofuel in the form of logs. Experiments based on the single-axis densification of spruce sawdust were realized by hydraulic piston press, where the densified logs were produced under room temperature. The effect of moisture content on the quality properties of the logs, including density, change of moisture, expansion and physical changes, were studied. The results show the necessary moisture ranges for producing good-quality logs. The experiments were evaluated and the moisture content of the tested material was optimized to achieve the optimum value for the best quality of the solid biofuel.

Research on the Compression Mechanism of Densified Biomass Fuel

2014 ◽  
Vol 953-954 ◽  
pp. 195-198
Author(s):  
Xia Zhang ◽  
Zong Shou Cai ◽  
Li Hong Chen ◽  
Ying Chen
Keyword(s):  
Calorific Value ◽  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Compression Mechanism ◽  
The Common ◽  
Densified Biomass ◽  
Biomass Particles ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Comprehensive Study

By using mechanical force, biomass can be compressed or extruded into densified solid fuel with higher bulk density and higher calorific value, which makes it convenient in transportation and storage. The compressing technology of biomass is considered as one of the simplest and the most direct way to utilize biomass as a fuel in the world. However, due to the different chemical composition of biomass, the compression mechanism of biomass particles is different from other particles of coal, ceramics, metals and other materials. A comprehensive study on the compression mechanism of densified biomass fuel was carried out in this paper. The effects of the common chemical components of biomass on the quality of the densified fuel were further explored. The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical basis and a technical reference to understand the compression mechanism of biomass.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF SOLID BIOFUELS FROM GRAIN PROCESSING WASTES

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
A. Makarynska ◽  
T. Turpurova
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Solid Biofuels ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
European Standards

The article is devoted to the issues of solid biofuel production. The classification of biomass used in the production of solid biofuels by origin is given. The main types of grain waste in the southern region for the production of solid biofuels are identified.The article analyzes the soybean market in the world and Ukraine, shows the trend of growing soybean production, which is caused by the growing demand for food and feed purposes. Soybean yield indicators in Ukraine are analyzed and it is found that Kherson region is one of the leaders of soybean yields for 2019. It is shown that in soybean cultivation in Ukraine a considerable amount of secondary resource is obtained - straw, as a by-product of crop production. It is established that the average yield of rice of Kherson region prevails in Ukraine, a large amount of rice husk is formed during processing of raw rice. Physico-mechanical properties of rice husk and soybean straw have been determined. The possibility of production of fuel briquettes from the waste was considered, technological scheme of production of fuel briquettes from waste, which are formed at the enterprises of processing industry and by-products of crop production is given. The technology of production of fuel briquettes from soy straw and rice husk was introduced at the enterprise of Kherson region, which is engaged in cultivation and processing of soybeans and rice. Quality indicators of fuel briquettes were determined: humidity, ash, sulfur, carbon content, volatile matter yield and specific combustion heat. It is established that the quality of fuel pellets is significantly influenced by humidity, degree of grinding and physical and chemical properties of raw materials. When the moisture content of raw materials more than 14% decreases the density of the granules and, due to the evaporation of moisture, cracks appear in the granules, which reduce their strength. With the reduction of the average particle size of the biomass to 2 mm, the quality of the fuel products increases, but the fine fraction of the biomass of the matrix is erased. The heat of combustion of the obtained solid briquettes exceeds the normative values of European standards at a level not lower than 18 MJ / kg. Ash content (0.5 %), normalized by European standards, is practically unavailable for Ukrainian producers, fuel briquettes made from soy straw and husks have higher normalized ash values in accordance with 7.0 and 14.0 %, which reduces their quality indicators.

scholarly journals DESIGN THEORY FOR THE PRESSING CHAMBER IN THE SOLID BIOFUEL PRODUCTION PROCESS

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Kováčová ◽  
Miloš Matúš ◽  
Peter Križan ◽  
Juraj Beniak
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Design Theory ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Structural Parameter ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Biomass Densification ◽  
Solid Biofuel

The quality of a high-grade solid biofuel depends on many factors, which can be divided into three main groups - material, technological and structural. The main focus of this paper is on observing the influence of structural parameters in the biomass densification process. The main goal is to model various options for the geometry of the pressing chamber and the influence of these structural parameters on the quality of the briquettes. We will provide a mathematical description of the whole physical process of densifying a particular material and extruding it through a cylindrical chamber and through a conical chamber. We have used basic mathematical models to represent the pressure process based on the geometry of the chamber. In this paper we try to find the optimized parameters for the geometry of the chamber in order to achieve high briquette quality with minimal energy input. All these mathematical models allow us to optimize the energy input of the process, to control the final quality of the briquettes and to reduce wear to the chamber. The practical results show that reducing the diameter and the length of the chamber, and the angle of the cone, has a strong influence on the compaction process and, consequently, on the quality of the briquettes. The geometric shape of the chamber also has significant influence on its wear. We will try to offer a more precise explanation of the connections between structural parameters, geometrical shapes and the pressing process. The theory described here can help us to understand the whole process and influence every structural parameter in it.

scholarly journals The influence of fraction size on the chemical composition of winter wheat flour

2010 ◽  
pp. 123-126
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Tarján ◽  
Ágnes P. Barancsi ◽  
Zoltán Mezei
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The World ◽  
Fraction Size ◽  
Pattern Production ◽  
The Impact

Wheat is one of the most important cereals in the world and the bread made of its flour belongs to the everyday life of human  mankind.The Hungarian standard relating to the laboratory production of wheat flour (MSZ 6367/9-1989) does not mention the type of laboratory mill used for milling, and it only builds up some general criteria, such as: the laboratory mill should be provided  with four differently nicked barrels, a sieve with appropriate hole sizes, and also with the separated collections of the pilot flour and the bran. Our study was started at this point and the answers for the following questions were aimed to be found: do the flour patterns studied and produced with different sieving techniques, widely used in laboratory mills of the same wheat pattern show any alterations after the impact of the formula production as regards chemical constitutions. Various flours of the wheat pattern sieved with different particle sizes were studied in this experiment. In producing this pattern we used FQC109 type of mill. There were 5 different corn sizes of 250-200; 200-160; 160-125; 125-100; <100 μms used in the partition of the fractions. The results this research confirm that the quality of wheat flour can be modified by different methods of pattern production.

Effects of harvest time and nutrient supply on fuel quality of Paludiculture plant species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Oehmke ◽  
Franziska Eller ◽  
Linjing Ren ◽  
Wenyoung Guo ◽  
Nora Köhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Herbaceous Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Solid Biofuel

&lt;p&gt;Paludiculture (&amp;#8222;palus&quot; lat. swamp) is the sustainable use of wet and rewetted peatlands which maintains the peatbody for carbon storage. Worldwide, drained peatlands cover only 0.3 percent of the land area but emit almost 5 percent of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Rewetting of drained peatlands is therefore an urgent need &amp;#160;for climate change mitigation. The production of biomass for the use as solid biofuel for combustion, is one promising utilisation option.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compared to wood, herbaceous biomass (e.g. grasses and reeds) contains higher concentrations of critical elements (N, S, Cl or K) that leads to higher emissions (SO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;) or to the destruction of boilers or parts of it (corrosion). Late harvest in winter is often recommended for grass species to improve fuel quality and also storage stability. Nutrients and other elements will be reduced in plant tissues by leaching or translocation processes during plant die-off. Water content that is crucial for storage will also decrease. Combustion quality of herbaceous biomass depends on plant species, site specific parameters and harvest time. There are only a few studies for the suitability of Paludiculture plants for combustion, and little is known about the effects of nutrient supply.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In our study we focused on fuel quality parameters of &lt;em&gt;Typha latifolia&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Typha angustifolia&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Arundo donax&lt;/em&gt;, and four European clones of &lt;em&gt;Phragmites australis&lt;/em&gt; (Denmark, Netherlands, Romania, and Italy) grown in mesocosms on three different nutrient levels (0, 75 and 500 kg N/ha/a). We analysed the total concentrations of C, H, N, O, S, Cl, K, Na, P, Ca, Si and ash content as well as higher heating value in the above ground biomass.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Winter harvested &lt;em&gt;P. australis&lt;/em&gt; (Italy), &lt;em&gt;T. angustifolia&lt;/em&gt; as well as &lt;em&gt;T. latifolia&lt;/em&gt; could meet the required treasure values for N concentrations at all nutrient levels. S concentrations were only for &lt;em&gt;T. angustifolia&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;T. latifolia&lt;/em&gt; below the treasure values at summer harvest, but for all plant species at winter harvest. Ash contents were very high for all plant species in summer (&gt;6 %) &amp;#8211; except for &lt;em&gt;A. donax&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;P. australis&lt;/em&gt; (Netherlands). Effects of nutrient levels on biofuel quality were stronger in summer than in winter.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A comparison of plant species, harvest time (summer and winter) and nutrient levels will be used to decide for an optimal cultivation type and management strategy for Paludiculture purposes. The main aim is to provide biomass for combustion with high energy yields per hectare combined with the highest possible fuel quality.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals ENERGETIC POTENTIAL OF Phyllostachys bambusoides AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF BIOMASS

FLORESTA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Martha Andreia Brand ◽  
Ailton Leonel Balduino Junior ◽  
Gustavo Friederichs ◽  
Alexsandro Bayestorff da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Laminated Bamboo ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Phyllostachys Bambusoides ◽  
Immediate Analysis ◽  
Made In

In Brazil, Phyllostachys bambusoides has been used for the manufacture of laminated bamboo products and landscaping. However, studies of its energy quality are rare. Thus, this study aimed to determine the energetic quality of Phyllostachys bambusoides for the use of stems in the fresh form (chips) for direct burning, as charcoal and as briquettes. Its energy potential was also determined by mass and energy balance for each solid biofuel (chips, briquettes, and charcoal). The analyzes were carried out on five individuals (shoots) at 3 years of age, collected at experimental plantations in Frei Rogério, SC. In the stems the newly collected moisture was determined; specific gravity; chemical composition; immediate analysis and higher calorific value. In laboratory charcoal, gravimetric yield, apparent relative density, immediate analysis, and higher calorific value were determined. The briquettes, made in the laboratory, were evaluated through their apparent density and compressive strength. For the stems, charcoal, and briquettes the energy density was calculated and a flowchart composed of the mass balance was calculated and the thermal energy production potential for each 100 kg of biomass used in the production of each biofuel analyzed was calculated. The energy density of stems (1.87 Gcal.m-3), charcoal (2.60 Gcal.m-3), and briquettes (4.68 Gcal.m-3) varied significantly. The highest useful energy potential can be obtained from briquettes (0.304 Gcal), charcoal (0.184 Gcal) followed by stems (0.168 Gcal) for each 100 kg of bamboo harvested with a mean moisture content of 35%.

scholarly journals Sustainable Drying and Torrefaction Processes of Miscanthus for Use as a Pelletized Solid Biofuel and Biocarbon-Carrier for Fertilizers

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1014
Author(s):  
Szymon Szufa ◽  
Piotr Piersa ◽  
Łukasz Adrian ◽  
Justyna Czerwińska ◽  
Artur Lewandowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Temperature Levels

Miscanthus is resistant to dry, frosty winters in Poland and most European Union countries. Miscanthus gives higher yields compared to native species. Farmers can produce Miscanthus pellets after drying it for their own heating purposes. From the third year, the most efficient plant development begins, resulting in a yield of 25–30 tons of dry matter from an area of 1 hectare. Laboratory scale tests were carried out on the processes of drying, compacting, and torrefaction of this biomass type. The analysis of the drying process was conducted at three temperature levels of the drying agent (60, 100, and 140 °C). Compaction on a hydraulic press was carried out in the pressure range characteristic of a pressure agglomeration (130.8–457.8 MPa) at different moisture contents of the raw material (0.5% and 10%). The main interest in this part was to assess the influence of drying temperature, moisture content, and compaction pressure on the specific densities (DE) and the mechanical durability of the pellets (DU). In the next step, laboratory analyses of the torrefaction process were carried out, initially using the Thermogravimetric Analysis TGA and Differential Scaning Calorimeter DSC techniques (to assess activation energy (EA)), followed by a flow reactor operating at five temperature levels (225, 250, 275, 300, and 525 °C). A SEM analysis of Miscanthus after torrefaction processes at three different temperatures was performed. Both the parameters of biochar (proximate and ultimate analysis) and the quality of the torgas (volatile organic content (VOC)) were analyzed. The results show that both drying temperature and moisture level will affect the quality of the pellets. Analysis of the torrefaction process shows clearly that the optimum process temperature would be around 300–340 °C from a mass loss ratio and economical perspective.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

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