scholarly journals Human Colors—The Rainbow Garden of Pathology: What Gives Normal and Pathologic Tissues Their Color?

2017 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Piña-Oviedo ◽  
Carlos Ortiz-Hidalgo ◽  
Alberto G. Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Literature Search ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Yellow Orange ◽  
Neuroendocrine Organs ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Available Information

Context.— Colors are important to all living organisms because they are crucial for camouflage and protection, metabolism, sexual behavior, and communication. Human organs obviously have color, but the underlying biologic processes that dictate the specific colors of organs and tissues are not completely understood. A literature search on the determinants of color in human organs yielded scant information. Objectives.— To address 2 specific questions: (1) why do human organs have color, and (2) what gives normal and pathologic tissues their distinctive colors? Data Sources.— Endogenous colors are the result of complex biochemical reactions that produce biologic pigments: red-brown cytochromes and porphyrins (blood, liver, spleen, kidneys, striated muscle), brown-black melanins (skin, appendages, brain nuclei), dark-brown lipochromes (aging organs), and colors that result from tissue structure (tendons, aponeurosis, muscles). Yellow-orange carotenes that deposit in lipid-rich tissues are only produced by plants and are acquired from the diet. However, there is lack of information about the cause of color in other organs, such as the gray and white matter, neuroendocrine organs, and white tissues (epithelia, soft tissues). Neoplastic tissues usually retain the color of their nonneoplastic counterpart. Conclusions.— Most available information on the function of pigments comes from studies in plants, microorganisms, cephalopods, and vertebrates, not humans. Biologic pigments have antioxidant and cytoprotective properties and should be considered as potential future therapies for disease and cancer. We discuss the bioproducts that may be responsible for organ coloration and invite pathologists and pathology residents to look at a “routine grossing day” with a different perspective.

scholarly journals Cell Bioprinting: The 3D-Bioplotter™ Case

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelats Lobo ◽  
Ginestra
Keyword(s):  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Available Information ◽  
User Friendly

The classic cell culture involves the use of support in two dimensions, such as a well plate or a Petri dish, that allows the culture of different types of cells. However, this technique does not mimic the natural microenvironment where the cells are exposed to. To solve that, three-dimensional bioprinting techniques were implemented, which involves the use of biopolymers and/or synthetic materials and cells. Because of a lack of information between data sources, the objective of this review paper is, to sum up, all the available information on the topic of bioprinting and to help researchers with the problematics with 3D bioprinters, such as the 3D-Bioplotter™. The 3D-Bioplotter™ has been used in the pre-clinical field since 2000 and could allow the printing of more than one material at the same time, and therefore to increase the complexity of the 3D structure manufactured. It is also very precise with maximum flexibility and a user-friendly and stable software that allows the optimization of the bioprinting process on the technological point of view. Different applications have resulted from the research on this field, mainly focused on regenerative medicine, but the lack of information and/or the possible misunderstandings between papers makes the reproducibility of the tests difficult. Nowadays, the 3D Bioprinting is evolving into another technology called 4D Bioprinting, which promises to be the next step in the bioprinting field and might promote great applications in the future.

scholarly journals Papel do enfermeiro na perspectiva do programa de humanização do pré-natal, parto natural e nascimento: revisão sistemática de literatura

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1126
Author(s):  
Barbara Soares Avanci ◽  
Elaine Antunes Cortez ◽  
Fernanda Salustiano Barbosa ◽  
Keila Magalhães André
Keyword(s):  
Literature Search ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Labor And Delivery ◽  
Natural Childbirth ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Pain And Suffering ◽  
Improve Access

Objectives: to identify the knowledge and expectations of women in the choice of natural childbirth, discuss the program of humanization of prenatal and birth and the role of the nurse in encouraging the humane and natural childbirth. Methods: it’s a literature search, type descriptive-exploratory, with a qualitative approach. Was carried out a search in the databases using the descriptors nursing, labor and delivery man. Refine the data by reading pre-textual, selective and interpretative. Results: emerged the categories: knowledge and expectations of women in the choice of natural childbirth; program of humanization of labor and birth and the role of nurses in the process of humanization of natural childbirth. Conclusion: within the expectations and knowledge of the women were concerned about having a birth with little pain and suffering, without major complications for mother and for the baby. It is evident that the lack of information on women's rights and your body ends up being a factor in convincing that it does not have the natural childbirth as a first choice. With regard to the Program for Humanization of Delivery and Birth and the role of nurses in the humanization of labor, there is need to improve access to coverage and quality of monitoring of prenatal and birth; encourage the importance of breastfeeding, rooming-in and the presence of companion. Descriptors: nursing; parturition; humanizing delivery.

scholarly journals Enzymes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Arginine from Ornithine in Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1271
Author(s):  
José Alberto Urbano-Gámez ◽  
Jorge El-Azaz ◽  
Concepción Ávila ◽  
Fernando N. de la Torre ◽  
Francisco M. Cánovas
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Maritime Pine ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pinus Pinaster Ait ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Regulatory Properties

The amino acids arginine and ornithine are the precursors of a wide range of nitrogenous compounds in all living organisms. The metabolic conversion of ornithine into arginine is catalyzed by the sequential activities of the enzymes ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), argininosuccinate synthetase (ASSY) and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL). Because of their roles in the urea cycle, these enzymes have been purified and extensively studied in a variety of animal models. However, the available information about their molecular characteristics, kinetic and regulatory properties is relatively limited in plants. In conifers, arginine plays a crucial role as a main constituent of N-rich storage proteins in seeds and serves as the main source of nitrogen for the germinating embryo. In this work, recombinant PpOTC, PpASSY and PpASL enzymes from maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) were produced in Escherichia coli to enable study of their molecular and kinetics properties. The results reported here provide a molecular basis for the regulation of arginine and ornithine metabolism at the enzymatic level, suggesting that the reaction catalyzed by OTC is a regulatory target in the homeostasis of ornithine pools that can be either used for the biosynthesis of arginine in plastids or other nitrogenous compounds in the cytosol.

scholarly journals What Is Considered a Variation of Biomechanical Parameters in Tensile Tests of Collagen-Rich Human Soft Tissues?—Critical Considerations Using the Human Cranial Dura Mater as a Representative Morpho-Mechanic Model

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Johann Zwirner ◽  
Mario Scholze ◽  
Benjamin Ondruschka ◽  
Niels Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Scanning Electron

Background and Objectives: Profound knowledge on the load-dependent behavior of human soft tissues is required for the development of suitable replacements as well as for realistic computer simulations. Regarding the former, e.g., the anisotropy of a particular biological tissue has to be represented with site- and direction-dependent particular mechanical values. Contrary to this concept of consistent mechanical properties of a defined soft tissue, mechanical parameters of soft tissues scatter considerably when being determined in tensile tests. In spite of numerous measures taken to standardize the mechanical testing of soft tissues, several setup- and tissue-related factors remain to influence the mechanical parameters of human soft tissues to a yet unknown extent. It is to date unclear if measurement extremes should be considered a variation or whether these data have to be deemed incorrect measurement outliers. This given study aimed to determine mechanical parameters of the human cranial dura mater as a model for human soft tissues using a highly standardized protocol and based on this, critically evaluate the definition for the term mechanical “variation” of human soft tissue. Materials and Methods: A total of 124 human dura mater samples with an age range of 3 weeks to 94 years were uniformly retrieved, osmotically adapted and mechanically tested using customized 3D-printed equipment in a quasi-static tensile testing setup. Scanning electron microscopy of 14 samples was conducted to relate the mechanical parameters to morphological features of the dura mater. Results: The here obtained mechanical parameters were scattered (elastic modulus = 46.06 MPa, interquartile range = 33.78 MPa; ultimate tensile strength = 5.56 MPa, interquartile range = 4.09 MPa; strain at maximum force = 16.58%, interquartile range = 4.81%). Scanning electron microscopy revealed a multi-layered nature of the dura mater with varying fiber directions between its outer and inner surface. Conclusions: It is concluded that mechanical parameters of soft tissues such as human dura mater are highly variable even if a highly standardized testing setup is involved. The tissue structure and composition appeared to be the main contributor to the scatter of the mechanical parameters. In consequence, mechanical variation of soft tissues can be defined as the extremes of a biomechanical parameter due to an uncontrollable change in tissue structure and/or the respective testing setup.

Bibliographic Databases in Tribology

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Fries ◽  
F. E. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Complete Coverage ◽  
Retrieval Systems ◽  
Scientific And Technical Information ◽  
Information Retrieval Systems ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Available Information

It is important that the modern-day researcher and engineer stay abreast of technology in his field, but this task is made very difficult by the recent flood of scientific and technical information. Coping with the information explosion requires the use of computerized information systems. This paper reviews computer-based information retrieval systems in engineering and focuses specifically on databases of literature and information relevant to tribologists and lubrication engineers. These databases are listed and their characteristics are discussed. Results of a sample computer-based literature search are included. It is shown that no single database has complete coverage of all aspects of tribology and that several databases should be searched to get all available information on a subject.

scholarly journals Microplastics in Freshwater: What Is the News from the World?

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Cera ◽  
Giulia Cesarini ◽  
Massimiliano Scalici
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Lentic Waters

Plastic has become a “hot topic” for aquatic ecosystems’ conservation together with other issues such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Indeed, plastics may detrimentally affect habitats and biota. Small plastics, called microplastics, are more easily taken up by freshwater organisms, causing negative effects on growth, reproduction, predatory performance, etc. Since available information on microplastics in freshwater are fragmentary, the aim of this review is twofold: (i) to show, analyse, and discuss data on the microplastics concentration in freshwater and (ii) to provide the main polymers contaminating freshwater for management planning. A bibliographic search collected 158 studies since 2012, providing the scientific community with one of the largest data sets on microplastics in freshwater. Contamination is reported in all continents except Antarctica, but a lack of information is still present. Lentic waters are generally more contaminated than lotic waters, and waters are less contaminated than sediments, suggested to be sinks. The main contaminating polymers are polypropylene and polyethylene for sediment and water, while polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate are mainly found in biota. Future research is encouraged (1) to achieve a standardised protocol for monitoring, (2) to identify sources and transport routes (including primary or secondary origin), and (3) to investigate trophic transfer, especially from benthic invertebrates.

Ultrasonic Attenuation Tomography of Soft Tissues

1979 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Dines ◽  
A. C. Kak
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Ultrasonic Attenuation ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Partial Loss ◽  
Frequency Shifts ◽  
Multiplicative Constant ◽  
Gaussian Functions ◽  
The Difference

In this paper we show that one can measure integrated attenuation for a soft-tissue structure simply by measuring the center frequencies of the incident and transmitted pulses. Except for a multiplicative constant, the integrated attenuation is equal to the difference of these two frequencies. Also, this method is independent of transmittances at tissue-tissue and tissue-couplant interfaces. Since the attenuation information is derived from frequency shifts rather than the signal amplitudes, this new method is somewhat insensitive to a partial loss of signal caused by beam refraction. This technique is based on the power spectra of transmitted ultrasonic pulses approximating Gaussian functions. The validity of this approach has been checked by computer simulation. Tomographic reconstructions of the experimental data using the various attenuation measurement techniques are presented.

scholarly journals Basic fibroblast growth factor in the chick embryo: immunolocalization to striated muscle cells and their precursors.

1989 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 2459-2466 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Joseph-Silverstein ◽  
S A Consigli ◽  
K M Lyser ◽  
C Ver Pault
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Fibroblast Growth ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Immunohistochemical Techniques

The identification of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in a number of embryonic tissue extracts has implicated these growth factors in the regulation of a variety of embryonic events including angiogenesis, eye development, and muscle differentiation. Lack of information concerning the cellular distribution of the growth factor within these tissues has made it extremely difficult to assign developmental roles to FGF. We have localized bFGF in the developing chick embryo using immunohistochemical techniques and our monospecific polyclonal rabbit anti-human bFGF IgG. The spatial pattern for bFGF localization was highly specific. The anti-human bFGF antibodies recognized striated muscle cells and their precursors in 2-6-d chick embryos. Myocardium, somite myotome, and limb bud muscle all stain positively for bFGF. In addition, the anti-human bFGF antibodies localized specifically to the cell, rather than to the extracellular matrix or nucleus of myotubes. The localization of bFGF demonstrated here provides further support for the hypothesis (Clegg et al., 1987; Seed et al., 1988) that this growth factor is involved in muscle development.

Isotopic discrimination of stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) in a host-specific holocephalan tapeworm

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Navarro ◽  
M. Albo-Puigserver ◽  
M. Coll ◽  
R. Saez ◽  
M.G. Forero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
Trophic Relationships ◽  
Isotopic Discrimination ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Host Body Size

AbstractDuring the past decade, parasites have been considered important components of their ecosystems since they can modify food-web structures and functioning. One constraint to the inclusion of parasites in food-web models is the scarcity of available information on their feeding habits and host–parasite relationships. The stable isotope approach is suggested as a useful methodology to determine the trophic position and feeding habits of parasites. However, the isotopic approach is limited by the lack of information on the isotopic discrimination (ID) values of parasites, which is pivotal to avoiding the biased interpretation of isotopic results. In the present study we aimed to provide the first ID values of δ15N and δ13C between the gyrocotylidean tapeworm Gyrocotyle urna and its definitive host, the holocephalan Chimaera monstrosa. We also test the effect of host body size (body length and body mass) and sex of the host on the ID values. Finally, we illustrate how the trophic relationships of the fish host C. monstrosa and the tapeworm G. urna could vary relative to ID values. Similar to other studies with parasites, the ID values of the parasite–host system were negative for both isotopic values of N (Δδ15N = − 3.33 ± 0.63‰) and C (Δδ13C = − 1.32 ± 0.65‰), independent of the sex and size of the host. By comparing the specific ID obtained here with ID from other studies, we illustrate the importance of using specific ID in parasite–host systems to avoid potential errors in the interpretation of the results when surrogate values from similar systems or organisms are used.

3D Printing Technologies for Tissue Engineering

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weibin Lin ◽  
Qingjin Peng
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Preliminary Trial

Tissue engineering (TE) integrates methods of cells, engineering and materials to improve or replace biological functions of native tissues or organs. 3D printing technologies have been used in TE to produce different kinds of tissues. Human tissues have intricate structures with the distribution of a variety of cells. For this reason, existing methods in the construction of artificial tissues use universal 3D printing equipment or some simple devices, which is hard to meet requirements of the tissue structure in accuracy and diversity. Especially for soft tissue organs, a professional bio-3D printer is required for theoretical research and preliminary trial. Based on review of the exiting 3D printing technologies used in TE, special requirements of fabricating soft tissues are identified in this research. The need of a proposed bio-3D printer for producing artificial soft tissues is discussed. The bio-3D printer suggested consists of a pneumatic dispenser, a temperature controller and a multi-nozzle changing system.

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