scholarly journals Singular de and its referential use in talk-in-interaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Ehm Hjorth Miltersen
Keyword(s):  
Female Gender ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Sociolinguistic Variation ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Referential Use ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Relevant Topic

The Danish pronoun de and its inflections are traditionally described as 3rd person plural, but, as this article demonstrates, it is also used as a gender neutral 3rd person singular pronoun. As this pronoun – termed singular de – has not been documented or described in the literature thus far, the purpose of this article is to provide a grammatical description and analysis of singular de and its referential use in interaction. This is based on 104 occurrences of singular de in naturally occurring conversation. It is found that singular de is used with both generic and specific reference, and that interlocutors may use singular de to avoid indexing gender and orienting to it as a relevant topic in talk-in- interaction (gender-unspecified reference) or to index the referent’s gender as neither male nor female (gender-specified reference). The article also parallels between singular de and English singular they, as well as sociolinguistic variation in the use of singular de which could be topics for future studies.  

The Life of Guy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Blow Up ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Plural Pronoun ◽  
House Of Lords ◽  
Gender Neutral

This book is about the name “Guy” and its slow, mostly unnoticed development over four centuries since it began on November 5, 1605, with the suddenly famous Guy Fawkes, who was arrested just in time just before he could light the fuse on 36 barrels of gunpowder to blow up the House of Lords. During those four centuries, “Guy” became “guy,” the name for an effigy of Guy Fawkes burned at bonfires every November 5 since. The effigy was called a “guy,” so that more than one effigy would be “guys,” Then, slowly, “guy” extended its signification into a name for a ragged, lower-class male, then any strangely dressed male, then a neutral everyday word for just any male, a “guy.” To top it off, the 20th century extended the plural “guys” or “you guys” to include all human beings, even women speaking to groups of women. None of these developments were made deliberately; the word just quietly slipped by, except for opposition from some Southerners and feminists who objected to it on the grounds that it wasn’t “y’all” and it wasn’t gender neutral. It has become all the more entrenched because now it’s the standard second-person plural pronoun for most of us who speak English.

The Gender Mobility Paradox: Gender Segregation and Women’s Mobility Across Gender-Type Boundaries, 1970–2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 089124322110463
Author(s):  
Margarita Torre ◽  
Jerry A. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
High Status ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Distinct Dimension ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
Male Occupations ◽  
Imperfect System ◽  
Gender Type

In this article, we examine trends in women’s mobility among male-dominated, gender-neutral, and female-dominated occupations. Earlier research, largely employing data from the 1970s and early 1980s, showed that along with significant net movement by women into male-dominated fields, there was also substantial attrition from male-dominated occupations. Here, we build on previous research by examining how “gender-type” mobility rates have changed in recent decades. The findings indicate that while still quite high, levels of women’s occupational mobility among female, gender-neutral, and male occupations have decreased considerably over time. We suggest that this is the result of increasing differentiation among women. In particular, many women, especially those in high-status occupations, plan to pursue employment in a male-dominated field, succeed in gaining entry, and tend to remain in these fields more often than their counterparts in previous decades. We interpret these findings as evidence that gender segregation is maintained by an enduring but imperfect system of social control that constrains women’s choices before, during, and after entry into the labor market. The evidence presented here underscores the importance of studying gender-type mobility as a distinct dimension of labor market inequality.

scholarly journals Catechins as Potential Mediators of Cardiovascular Health

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 757-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Mangels ◽  
Emile R. Mohler
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Blood Pressure Reduction ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Relevant Topic ◽  
Flow Mediated Vasodilation ◽  
The Impact

The impact of diet on cardiovascular disease has become an increasingly relevant topic as ongoing epidemiological evidence continues to demonstrate clear associations with disease burden and mortality. Certain diets, such as those high in sodium and saturated fat, are associated with cardiovascular disease states, while other diets can be cardioprotective. However, there is limited knowledge on how the micro- and macronutrients within such cardioprotective diets afford their benefits. One such micronutrient is the catechin class, which are naturally occurring compounds in plant foods, such as teas, cocoa, wine, pears, and apples. Recent evidence reveals that catechins may be a key mediator in cardiovascular health via mechanisms of blood pressure reduction, flow-mediated vasodilation, and atherosclerosis attenuation. This review evaluates the current literature on the interplay between catechins and cardiovascular disease, which may have important implications for nutrition counseling and pharmaceutical drug development.

scholarly journals Dream Activity in Narcoleptic Patients During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Scarpelli ◽  
Valentina Alfonsi ◽  
Anita D'Anselmo ◽  
Maurizio Gorgoni ◽  
Alessandro Musetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Dream Recall ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Medication Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Some studies highlighted that patients with narcolepsy type-1 (NT1) experience high lucid dream frequency, and this phenomenon has been associated with a creative personality. Starting from the well-known “pandemic effect” on sleep and dreaming, we presented a picture of dream activity in pharmacologically treated NT1 patients during the Italian lockdown. Forty-three NT1 patients completed a web-survey during Spring 2021 and were compared with 86 matched-controls. Statistical comparisons revealed that: (a) NT1 patients showed greater sleepiness than controls; (b) controls showed higher sleep disturbances than NT1 patients, and this result disappeared when the medication effect in NT1 was controlled; (c) NT1 patients reported higher lucid dream frequency than controls. Focusing on dreaming in NT1 patients, we found that (a) nightmare frequency was correlated with female gender, longer sleep duration, higher intrasleep wakefulness; (b) dream recall, nightmare and lucid dream frequency were positively correlated with sleepiness. Comparisons between low and high NT1 lucid dreamers showed that patients more frequently experiencing lucid dreams reported a greater influence of dreaming during wakefulness, especially concerning problem-solving and creativity. Overall, our results are consistent with previous studies on pandemic dreaming carried out on healthy subjects. Moreover, we confirmed a link between lucidity and creativity in NT1 patients. Considering the small sample size and the cross-sectional design, our findings cannot provide a causal relationship between lucid dreams and the COVID-19 lockdown. Nevertheless, they represent a first contribution to address future studies on this issue, suggesting that some stable characteristics could interact with changes provoked by the pandemic.

scholarly journals Increasing Infectious Endocarditis Admissions Among Young People Who Inject Drugs

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alysse G. Wurcel ◽  
Jordan E. Anderson ◽  
Kenneth K. H. Chui ◽  
Sally Skinner ◽  
Tamsin A. Knox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
Age Group ◽  
National Inpatient Sample ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Reduction Strategies

Abstract People who inject drugs (PWID) are at risk for infective endocarditis (IE). Hospitalization rates related to misuse of prescription opioids and heroin have increased in recent years, but there are no recent investigations into rates of hospitalizations from injection drug use-related IE (IDU-IE). Using the Health Care and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) dataset, we found that the proportion of IE hospitalizations from IDU-IE increased from 7% to 12.1% between 2000 and 2013. Over this time period, we detected a significant increase in the percentages of IDU-IE hospitalizations among 15- to 34-year-olds (27.1%–42.0%; P < .001) and among whites (40.2%–68.9%; P < .001). Female gender was less common when examining all the IDU-IE (40.9%), but it was more common in the 15- to 34-year-old age group (53%). Our findings suggest that the demographics of inpatients hospitalized with IDU-IE are shifting to reflect younger PWID who are more likely to be white and female than previously reported. Future studies to investigate risk behaviors associated with IDU-IE and targeted harm reduction strategies are needed to avoid further increases in morbidity and mortality in this rapidly growing population of young PWID.

Formalizing formality: an analysis of register variation in Sinhala

2000 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN C. PAOLILLO
Keyword(s):  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Phrase Structure Grammar ◽  
Sociolinguistic Variation ◽  
Register Variation ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Variation in language on the basis of formality (register variation) is often neglected both in grammatical descriptions and in sociolinguistic analyses. I demonstrate here that in Sinhala, and perhaps in other diglossic languages, register variation in syntax cannot be ignored. In a Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) analysis based on a corpus of naturally occurring Sinhala texts, I propose an analysis of register variation in which the syntax of all observed registers is accounted for within a single grammar. I further explain how the approach to register variation developed here can be extended to other types of sociolinguistic variation.

Comparison of single and multi-analyte methods based on LC-MS/MS for mycotoxin biomarker determination in human urine

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Solfrizzo ◽  
L. Gambacorta ◽  
B. Warth ◽  
K. White ◽  
C. Srey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Good Method ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Calibration Solution

The performances of four LC-MS/MS methodologies for determination of up to eight mycotoxin biomarkers in human urines were compared by involving three laboratories that analysed common urine samples spiked at two levels of each biomarker. Each laboratory received a calibration solution, spiked urines and the corresponding unspiked urine. The two spiking levels for each biomarker were chosen by considering the levels naturally occurring in human urines and the limits of quantification of the LC-MS/MS methodologies used by the participating laboratories. The results of each laboratory were evaluated for their z-score values. The percentage of satisfactory z-scores (| z | < 2) were: 100% for deoxynivalenol, de-epoxy deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin M1, β-zearalenol and zearalenone, 87% for α-zearalenol, 50% for ochratoxin A and 42% for fumonisin B1. Good method performances were obtained for most biomarkers at the levels tested in this study, as demonstrated by the overall percentage of satisfactory z-scores for all analytes (87%). Unsatisfactory/questionable z-scores (| z | ≯2) were obtained for fumonisin B1 (7/12 results), ochratoxin A (4/8 results) and ?-zearalenol (1/8 results). The percentage of satisfactory z-scores for fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A increased from 42 to 83% for fumonisin B1 and from 50 to 62% for ochratoxin A when laboratories 1 and 2 used own calibrants. Factors that could explain the different results obtained for fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A with provided and own calibration solutions could not be identified in this study and should be carefully investigated in future studies.

Remaking memory and the agency of the aesthetic

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Ann Rigney
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Imagined Communities ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Creative Arts ◽  
World War ◽  
World War One ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Aesthetic Form ◽  
The Aesthetic

This article examines the role of the creative arts in renegotiating the border between memorable and unmemorable lives. It does so with specific reference to the (un)forgetting of the colonial soldiers in European armies during World War One. Focussing on the role of aesthetic form in generating memorability, it shows how the creative use of a medium can help redefine the borders of imagined communities by commanding the attention of individual subjects and hence providing conditions for a cognitive and affective opening to the memory of strangers. It concludes that future studies of transformations in collective memory should take a multiscalar approach which takes into account both the shifting social frameworks of memory and the small changes that occur in the micro-politics of viewing and reading.

scholarly journals Hjælp! Jeg har mistede min yndlings rød taske. Et studie af grammatikafvigelser

2019 ◽  
pp. 89-104
Author(s):  
Katrine Falcon Søby ◽  
Line Burholt Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
English Learners ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
L1 English

Grammar anomalies are frequent in texts produced by second language learners. When describing these anomalies, two main issues arise: What is anomalous use of grammar? And how are grammar anomalies distinct from orthographic and lexical anomalies? We review earlier error-definitions and suggest defining grammar anomalies according to an explicit norm instead of L1 usage. We propose a broader definition of grammar than in previous studies, based on Boye & Harder (2012). The distinction between grammar, lexicon and orthography is illustrated with data from 28 adult L1 English learners of L2 Danish. In the corpus, 55.9 % of the anomalies were related to grammar. Finally, we discuss how definitions and procedures can be used in future studies of naturally occurring grammar anomalies.

scholarly journals Towards optimization of oscillatory stimulation during sleep

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Ladenbauer ◽  
Liliia Khakimova ◽  
Robert Malinowski ◽  
Daniela Obst ◽  
Eric Tonnies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Current ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Stimulation Frequency ◽  
Slow Oscillations ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Sleep Physiology ◽  
Oscillatory Rhythms ◽  
Frequency Of Stimulation

Background: Oscillatory rhythms during sleep such as slow oscillations (SO) and spindles, and most importantly their coupling, are thought to underlie processes of memory consolidation. External slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (so-tDCS) with a frequency of 0.75 Hz has been shown to improve this coupling and memory consolidation, however, effects varied quite markedly between individuals, studies and species. Objective: Here, we aimed to determine how precisely the frequency of stimulation has to match the naturally occurring SO frequency in individuals to optimally improve SO-spindle coupling. Moreover, we systematically tested stimulation durations necessary to induce changes. Methods: We addressed these questions by comparing so-tDCS with individually adapted SO frequency to standardized frequency of 0.75Hz in a cross-over design with 28 healthy older participants during napping while systematically varying stimulation train durations between 30s, 2min and 5min. Results: Stimulation trains as short as 30s were sufficient to modulate the coupling between SOs and spindle activity. Contrary to our expectations, so-tDCS with standardized frequency indicated stronger aftereffects with regard to SO-spindle coupling in comparison to individualized frequency. Angle and variance of spindle maxima occurrence during the SO cycle were similarly modulated. Conclusion: Short stimulation trains were sufficient to induce significant changes in sleep physiology allowing for more trains of stimulation, which provides methodological advantages and possibly even larger effects in future studies. With regard to individualized stimulation frequency, further options of optimization need to be investigated, such as closed-loop stimulation to calibrate stimulation frequency to the SO frequency at time of stimulation onset.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document