scholarly journals Effect of Natural Preservatives (Lemon Grass and Bay Leaf Marinade) on the Microbial Load and Shelf Life of Smoke-dried Clarias gariepinus

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
O. G. Benjamin ◽  
K. Omoruyi ◽  
A. E. Nneli
Keyword(s):  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Microbial Load ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Fish Sample ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Lemon Grass ◽  
Ambient Storage ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Natural Preservatives

This study was carried out to determine the effect of lemon grass marinade (sample A), bay leaf marinade (sample B) and a combination of both spices (sample C) on the microbial load of stored smoked-dried Clarias gariepinus. Comparative analysis of the microbial load of each treated fish samples during ambient storage was done biweekly for six (6) weeks and then samples of each treatment were taken to the laboratory periodically. The fish samples were analysed using Potato Dextrose Agar and Nutrient Agar for fungi and bacteria respectively. The initial microbial load before storage showed that the highest number of bacteria counts occurred in smoke-dried Clarias gariepinus treated with bay leaf marinade (4.7´103) while the lowest was in smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with lemon grass marinade (1.3´103). The highest fungi count was observed in smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with the combination of both spices (9.5´102) while the least fungi count was in fresh fish sample (1.4´103), although the fresh fish sample had the highest bacteria mean count (5.1´103) when compared with the treated samples. After 6 weeks of ambient storage, the result of smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with bay leaf marinade was also significantly different from the mean population of smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with lemon grass marinade and smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with the combination of both spices. Smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with bay leaf marinade again had the highest bacteria and fungi mean count of 1.7´105 and 2.3´104 respectively. Smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with lemon grass marinade and smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with the combination of both spices had similar bacteria mean count of 1.5´105 while smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with lemon grass marinade had the lowest fungi mean count of 1.6´104. The study revealed that all three smoked-dried fish sample treatment had a relatively low bacterial and fungal count below the 5 x 105cfu/g recommended by the International Commission of Microbial Specification for Food and Food Products (ICMS, 2002).

scholarly journals Effect of Moringa leave Marinade on aflatoxin in fresh and smoked African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-194
Author(s):  
E.O. Oni ◽  
M.C. Adetunji ◽  
D.D. John-Babatunde ◽  
A.M. Omemu
Keyword(s):  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
And Control

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of Moringa leaves Marinade (MOM) on aflatoxin contamination of Clarias gariepinus. A total of thirty fresh fish samples (n = 30) grouped into four; Fresh fish without smoking and storage, smoked fish +1% and 2% Moringa oleifera Marinade (MOM) respectively and Control (0% MOM) were subjected to microbiological and HPLC analysis while storing for 0-3 months. Mean CFU/g of 2.8 and 3.1 x 102 CFU/g for bacteria and fungi were recovered, respectively. Furthermore, four bacteria and fungi genera each of which Aspergillus spp. was the most predominant (57%) were recovered from the fishes. Aflatoxin concentration increased progressively in 0% MOM smoked fish as the storage period increased, while aflatoxin concentration reduced in the fishes treated with 2% MOM (p≥0.05). On average, between 1-40% reduction in aflatoxin concentration and increased keeping quality was enhanced with 2% MOM treatment. These findings recommend the possibility of the use of moringa leaves in the treatment of commercially smoked fish.

scholarly journals Microbial and proximate composition of fresh and salted Hilsa, Tenualosa ilisha

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-236
Author(s):  
Tahara Rohomania ◽  
Mihir Lal Saha ◽  
Anwar Hossain ◽  
Shankar Chandra Mandal ◽  
Mohammad Shamsur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Ventral Part ◽  
Fish Sample ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Salted Fish ◽  
Fish Samples

Bacterial and nutritional quality of fresh and salted hilsa collected from four markets of Dhaka city were investigated. Five different culture media viz. nutrient agar, EMB agar for coliform, SS agar for Salmonella-Shigella, MSA agar for Staphylococcus and TCBS for Vibrio were used. The highest heterotrophic bacterial count 1.22 ± 0.12 × 106 cfu/g was recorded in the fresh fish sample of Karwan Bazar. Maximum coliform count, 1.20 ± 0.10 × 106 cfu/g was detected in the fresh fish sample of the same market. No bacterial colony was found on SS agar and TCBS agar plate in salted fish. Proximate composition of raw hilsa of dorsal and ventral part was 56.49 ± 0.13% and 55.45 ± 0.06% moisture, 23.62 ± 0.28% and 22.99 ± 0.36% protein, 18.01 ± 0.39% and 18.96 ± 0.43% fat and 1.71 ± 0.04% and 2.26 ± 0.09% ash, respectively. In salted T. ilisha, the proximate composition of dorsal and ventral part was 45.13 ± 0.54% and 40.20±0.20% moisture, 20.79 ± 0.17% and 21.48 ± 0.15% protein, 16.89 ± 0.47% and 19.54 ± 0.26% lipid and 16.65 ± 0.41% and 18.35 ± 0.08% ash. The fresh fish samples were associated with high bacterial loads than that of salted fish. The protein, lipid, moisture contents decreased and ash content increased after salting condition.Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(2): 227-236, 2014

scholarly journals Comparative assessment of TPHs and bioaccumulation in some fresh fish species in the Qua lbeo River of Eket of Akwa lbom State in Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
VE Okpashi ◽  
VN Ogugua ◽  
INE Onwurah ◽  
CS Ubani ◽  
TC Ezike
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Bioaccumulation Factor ◽  
Red Snapper ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
River Bank ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Fish Samples

This investigation was carried out in four different locations mapped out along the river bank. Twelve water samples were collected and six different fresh fish species that are frequently consumed were caught. They include: African red snapper (Lutjanus agennes), Yellow tail (Seriola lalandi), Barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda), Atlantic Croker (Micropogonias undulates), Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Samples were subjected to screening using gas chromatography and flame ionization detector instrument. Results revealed presence of  total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) contaminant in all the fish samples and varies with species significantly at p >0.05. The profound TPH compound is Nonane with molecular formula C9H20. 9 x 10-9 mg/l was adapted as Nonane concentration in water samples. Nonane concentration in fish samples showed African red snapper 3.9565±4.64648 mg/l, Yellow tail 8.7243±2.15546 mg/l, Barracuda 6.2555±0.48889 mg/l, Atlantic Croker 9.3866±0.42208 mg/l, Catfish 4.1973±1.52959 mg/l and Tilapia 6.0039±0.96487 mg/l respectively. The bioaccumulation factor varies in fish species, where the Yellow tail have higher bioaccumulation factor 969,369061, followed by Barracuda 695,067209, Tilapia 667,101072, Catfish 466,368366, African red Sniper 439,616275 and Crocker fish 104,2956024 respectively. This investigation reveal considerably the extent of bioaccumulation of TPH contaminants in aquatic animal models and making unsafe for consumption as some fishes bio-accumulate nonane beyond permissible limitBangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 51(2), 147-154, 2016

scholarly journals Chemical, sensory and microbiological changes of spotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonnii) under ice storage

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 9341-9360
Author(s):  
AO Osibona ◽  
◽  
MO Ezekiel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Microbial Load ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Ice Cube ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Pomadasys Commersonnii

The effects of two types of ice on the quality of Pomadasys commersonnii with storage time were conducted. The overall sensory evaluation otherwise known as quality index (QI) range d from 3 – 0, the scores of 3 was for very fresh fish while zero implied deterioration. The QI for fish stored in ice block ranged from 2.9 – 1.0, 2.0 – 0.0, 2.2 – 0.0, 3.0 – 0.0, 2.8 – 0.2 and 3.0 – 1.0 for skin, gill, belly, odour, eyes and col our , respectively and for fish samples stored in ice cube were 2.9 -1.0, 2.5 - 0.0 , 2.2- 0.0, 2.9- 0.0, 2.2- 0.0 and 3.0- 1.0 for skin, gill, belly, odour, eyes and col our respectively from the 4th to the 22 nd day. The QI of the fish stored in ice block at 18th day which is the shelf life were 1.6, 1.4, 1.2, 1.1, 1.4 and 2.0 while that of fish samples stored in cube ice were 1.6, 1.3, 1.0, 0.6, 1.5 and 2.0 for texture of skin, gill, belly, odour, eyes and colour along vertebra column. The odour was fresh until after the 8 days; the belly/ gut has the least QI scores and this corresponded with the microbial load that ha s the highest count. The shelf life of the fish species was estimated to be 18 days. At this time, the fish was still acceptable by the panel members . The microbial load of the skin, flesh, gut and gill at day zero was less than 0.5 x 10 2 and 8.5 x 10 2 -1.56x10 5 , 5.5 x10 2 - 1.25x10 7 , 8.5x10 2 -3.78 x10 7 and1.3x10 2 - 1.89 x10 7 cfu/g and 1.22 x10 5 , 1.82 x10 5 , 2.48 x10 7 and 2.22 x 10 7 cfu/g , respectively for samples stored in block and cube ice. Trimethylamine for fish samples stored in block ice ranged from 0.6 -15.1 mg/100g while that of cube ice was from 0.6 to 16.3 mg/100g. Total volatile nitrogen ranged from19.5- 42.1 mg/100g and 19.5 - 43.7 mg /100g for samples stored in block and cube ice , respectively. The pH increased steadily throughout storage from an initial pH of 7.0 to 7.48 and 7.56 for block and cube ice, respectively. Moisture and protein range for samples stored in block ice were 81.3- 80.6%, and 19.5- 17.02% while for samples stored in cube ice were 81.3- 83.9% and19.5- 15.5% , respectively. Ash remained constant at 1% for all the samples. Results showed a non- significant difference (p = 0.05) , which is an indication that they have the same storage or preservative capacity.

scholarly journals Smoked African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Sampled from Two Markets and Occurrence of Microbes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Abiodun Daramola ◽  
C. T. Kester ◽  
O. O. Allo
Keyword(s):  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Ambient Storage ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Study Sites

The study was carried out to assess some microbiological qualities of smoked African catfish, Clarias gariepinus retailed in Sango and Ota markets in Ogun state, Nigeria. Six smoked fish retailers were randomly selected from the markets and 36 fish samples were collected. The samples of smoked catfish were assessed weekly for a period of six weeks for microbiological parameters such as Total plate count (TPC), Total coliforms count (TCC), Staphylococcus count and mould count. In this study, the microbial load of the smoked Clarias gariepinus samples retailed in the two study sites increased weekly during the period of storage. TPC increased from 4.75±0.014 log10 CFU/g for smoked samples from Ota market, retailer 1 (OMR1) in week 0 to 5.11 ±0.021 log10 CFU/g for samples from Ota market, retailer 3 (OMR3) in week 5.  TCC ranged from 1.47±0.001 log10 CFU/g to 2.43±0.049 log10 CFU/g; Staphylococcus from 2.15±0.070 log10 (CFU/g) to 2.66±0.014 log10 (CFU/g) and 1.82 ±0.070 log10 CFU/g to 2.92±0.071 log10 CFU/g for mould counts. The smoked Clarias gariepinus from the markets could not keep well till the 6th week. Hence, it can be inferred that smoked catfish with moisture content of about 10% or less will have a shelf life of about 4 - 5 weeks under ambient storage conditions before the effect of spoilage microorganisms.

EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum L) SEBAGAI PENGAWET ALAMI PADA IKAN LELE DUMBO (Clarias gariephinus) SEGAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Dyah Anggraeni ◽  
Nurlela Nurlela
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Natural Preservatives ◽  
Colony Counter

Background: Natural preservatives are compounds produced by natural ingredients that can suppress bacterial growth and development. Natural preservatives are carried out because most of the preservatives circulating are chemicals and unsafe for the body. One of the natural preservatives is by using garlic extract (Allium sativum L).  Objective: This study is aimed to determine the effectiveness of the antibacterial garlic (Allium sativum L) as a natural preservative in fresh African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).  Method: This research used the Pour Plate iroculation method. African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) which is soaked with garlic (Allium sativum L) with a concentration of 7%, 14% and 21% for 30 minutes, then the fish will be kept at room temperature with a storage period of 24 hours and 48 hours and calculated growth in bacterial numbers with the Colony counter.  Result: Based on the research result, it was found that garlic extract (Allium sativum L) can obstruct the effectiveness of antibacterial in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) at a concentration of 14%.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND LARVICIDAL EFFECT EVALUATION OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA (L) LEAF EXTRACT ON DERMESTES MACULATUS (DE GEER, 1774) INFESTATION OF SMOKED CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Sadam Sulaiman Indabo ◽  
Rufai Zakari
Keyword(s):  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Range Finding ◽  
Dermestes Maculatus ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Initial Source

Dermestes maculatus is a major pest of stored fish in Nigeria, fish is preserved with highly persistent synthetic chemicals. There have been an increasing effort at developing plant-based toxicants that are environmentally friendly. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica for phytochemical constituents. The efficacy of the methanolic leaf extract of the plant against D. maculatus was also evaluated. The leaves of A. indica were obtained, processed and taken to laboratory for methanolic extraction. Phytochemical screening was carried out to identify saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, glycosides, triterpenes and carbohydrates using standard procedure.  Both clean and infested samples of smoke-dried Clarias gariepinus were purchased from Sabon Gari Market, Zaria. The infested samples were used as initial source of D. maculatus larvae. Range finding test was carried out prior to the bioassay. During the bioassay, clean un-infested fish samples were weighed and introduced into kilner jars and respective dosages of 0.2g, 0.4g, 0.6g and 0.8g of extract were added. Another set of fish samples without the extract were maintained as control. The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design with three replicates. Fifteen larvae of D. maculatus were introduced into both treated and control containers and covered. Mortality was recorded after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Data obtained revealed an increase in mortality with increasing dose and time. Mortality ranged from 1.67 to 11.00. Therefore, leaf extract of A. indica should be incorporated in the development of larvicide against D. maculatus.   

scholarly journals Response of Clarias gariepinus to Allium sativum-based diet on growth performance and Staphylococcus aureus challenge infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 755-759
Author(s):  
A.A. Nwabueze ◽  
J.K. Ekelemu ◽  
O.A. Owe
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Fish Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fish Samples

The response of Clarias gariepinus to Allium sativum on growth performance and as anti-bacterial agent in Staphylococcus aureus challenge infection was evaluated. A. sativum was included at 0% (control), 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% in fish diet. Twenty fish samples each were randomly distributed into four tanks (T1, T2, T3 and T4). Fish were fed twice daily at 5% body weight for twelve weeks. All fish were challenged with 0.5ml of pure culture of S. aureus. A significant (P<0.05) increase in body weight, total length and standard length was observed. A. sativum at 3.0% inclusion promoted highest growth with feed conversion ratio (1.25-1.41), protein efficiency ratio (1.72-0.56), specific growth rate (1.92-2.09), condition factor (0.83-1.99) and survival rate (60-95). Fish-fed A. sativum diet showed that 4.5% inclusion had the least S. aureus activity. Bacteria load significantly (P<0.05) decrease at week 12. Culture water had dissolved oxygen of 4.0 - 4.2 mg/L, pH 6.0 - 7.0 and temperature of 26.0-28.0oC. This study has shown that A. sativum supplemented diets enhanced growth of C. gariepinus and functioned as antibacterial agent against S. aureus. A. sativum at 3.0% inclusion in diet is recommended for better fish growth and 4.5% A. sativum for antibacterial action. Keywords: Fish, herb, growth, infection

Impact of Ogun River pollution on antioxidants and proximate composition of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-184
Author(s):  
B. O. Onunkwor ◽  
T. O. Akinpelu ◽  
O. J. Oladipupo ◽  
R. N. Ugbaja ◽  
O. J. Olaoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ogun River

Most rivers in Nigeria are polluted without conscious efforts to abate ensuant consequences. Thus, Clarias gariepinus, an aquatic commercial food from Ogun River, Nigeria, was studied to investigate the impact of pollution on antioxidants and proximate composition. During the rainy season, 50 C. gariepinus (average weight 426.53 ± 24.40g and length 37.73 ± 0.95cm) were site sampled, 10 from each of Ago-Odo, Ago-Ika, Oke-Sokori, and Quarry along Ogun River course. Ajegunle-Adao cultured pond, served as control. The parameters assayed for included: some heavy metals and physico-chemical properties of sampled water, antioxidants and proximate composition of the fish samples. Physicochemical parameters of river studied showed that temperature of all sites ranged from 26 to 29°C, pH: 6.9 to 7.8, dissolved oxygen: 9.5 to 21.6, biochemical oxygen demand: 3.60 to 14.10, and chemical oxygen demand: 60 to 650. Lead (Pb) concentration ranged from 4.0 to 17.0 μg/L and cadmium (Cd): 0.0 to 6.0 μg/L. Blood Pb, Cd, activities of: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, plasma xanthine oxidase, and lipid peroxidation level of fish samples from Ago-Ika were most significantly (p < 0.05) high, with significant (p < 0.05) lowest reduced glutathione concentration amongst the samples from polluted sites when compared to control fish. Proximate analysis showed that the fish samples from Ogun River had significantly (p < 0.05) lower protein, fat contents, and higher nitrogen-free extract while Ago-Ika, Oke-Sokori and Quarry sites had significantly (p < 0.05) lower moisture, ash and fibre contents when compared with control. It can be concluded that the impact of pollution induced oxidative stress and significantly diminished the nutritional value of C. gariepinus from Ogun River.

Description of Freshwater Fish Traditional Smoking in the Western Region, Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
Felix Meutchieye ◽  
Henri Grisseur Djoukeng ◽  
Youssouf Jamilou Ngouyamsa ◽  
Yacouba Manjeli
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
Average Quantity

Western Cameroon is one of the regions most in needs of innovative and healthy solutions for freshwater fish conservation. This study aimed at evaluating the socio-economical characteristics of fish smokers and technical factors on the species smoked in the Noun Division. A total of 91 fish smokers were chosen. The socio-economic data were on age, gender, religion, number of dependents, marital status, ethnic group, education level, economic activities, smoking goals and workforce. The results of this study showed that fish smoking is practiced mainly by women (70%) which is common in Sub Sahara Africa small scale fish sector. The smokers are aged from 20 to 50 years (80%), married (92.2%) and taking care of a family of 1 to 10 persons (80%). These smokers are Muslim (74%), belonging to the Bamoun ethnic group (81%). They were also involved in other activities: agriculture (29%) and trade (1%). About 67% of the sampled smokers’ population had an experience of more than 10 years in the domain. The Purpose of smoking was largely sales (97%) and subsistence (3%). Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was the most smoked species (36%), followed by African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) with a proportion of 32%. The average quantity of fresh fish smoked was 110 kg/day/smoker, with Oreochromis niloticus being more produced (60±4.74 kg/day/smoker). With regard to the smoking techniques used, hygiene measures were poorly respected. The major constraints revealed by the survey were that freshwater’s traditional fish smoking activities in Noun Division are influenced by gender, economic and cultural background. There is a lack of technical support material and financial means. Any implications for future investigations on health and food safety will be suitable for fresh fish smokers and the entire consumers.

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