scholarly journals Investigation on the Influence of Building Materials Price Fluctuation on Cost of Building Products in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-130
Author(s):  
Felix Uche Ikechukwu
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Cost Overrun ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Price Fluctuation ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Price Fluctuations ◽  
Price Forecast ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Government

Volatility in the fluctuation of prices of building materials has made price forecast on the cost of the materials less reliable in building project management in Nigeria. In the light of this, the study examines the causes of the constant increase in the prices, as well as the implication of the price fluctuation on building projects in the study area. Survey research designs used to gather information for the study are non-parametric in nature. Data were analyzed using chi-square and likert scale to rank the various factors involved in the price fluctuation, as well as the effects of the variation on building projects respectively. Other analytical tools are price index for the rate of changes in the prices of the materials from time to time on average, and simple regression analysis for the relationship between changes in the average price of building materials and the average house rent within the last ten years. Findings reveal that inflation, force of demand and supply, and exchange rate, as economic factors among others are the most significant ones responsible for the building materials price fluctuations in the study area. Difficulty in forecast and planning, project cost overrun, as well as shortage and high cost of accommodation however, are found as the most common effects of the building materials price fluctuations. Besides, the mean un-weighted aggregate price index, and the mean house rent index for each of the successful year are discovered to be 11.02% and 8.73% respectively. Increase in the aggregate price of the building materials however caused approximately a proportional increase in the house rent, especially in the early part of the period. The variables therefore have a positive and linear relationship with the regression model of Y=5776+0.98xi, as derived from Equ.6. It is therefore recommended that research, development and improvement on local material resources be encouraged by the government and the construction stakeholders with legislative instruments against the importation of the basic building materials in Nigeria. Nevertheless, an appropriate framework designed with the aggregate building materials price indices, the model relationship between the effect of change in the aggregate price of the building materials and the consequent change in the residential house rent should be adopted in the management of building projects; for effective forecast and planning of the projects towards sustainable delivery in the study area.

scholarly journals Analysis of Egg Price Fluctuation and Cause

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 581
Author(s):  
Wu Yuhuan ◽  
Qin Fu
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Consumer Spending ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Price Fluctuation ◽  
Sudden Drop ◽  
Price Fluctuations ◽  
Protection Policy ◽  
Environmental Protection Policy ◽  
The Government

In 2017, egg price in China has experienced a lot of ups and downs, which has had a significant impact on the laying hen farmers and the enterprises and related enterprises. In the first half of 2017, egg price fell, which has dropped to a minimum of 4.02 yuan/kg, while the profits of egg producers were impaired and the profit of egg processing enterprises declined. Starting in July, egg price recovered, breaking a price of 5 yuan/kg. Egg price rose sharply in August, reaching an average of 8.53 yuan/kg. In October, egg price began to fall, with a price of 7 yuan/kg. In November, egg price began to rise, rising to 8 yuan/kg. The sudden drop of egg price greatly affects the income and culture psychology of laying hen farmers, and influences the development of the egg industry. This study is aimed at egg price and egg price fluctuations in 2017, and get two conclusions: From January to July, due to the amount of laying hens breeding, breeding cost, information technology and the government’s environmental protection policy and terminal weak consumer spending, egg price fell sharply; egg price rebounded in August and December, and the highest price was in September and gradually steadied. At the same time, this paper analyzes the causes of egg price fluctuation from two aspects of supply and demand, and puts forward some suggestions on how to deal with the price fluctuations from the two aspects of enterprise and laying hen breeding farmers.

scholarly journals Overweightness and obesity prevalence among university students in 2015-2016 educational season

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 5884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eren Uluöz
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual

The main purpose of this study is to find out the obesity prevalence among university students. In addition to the main purpose, another aims of this study is to determine the individual features of participants related to obesity such as gender, age, being an obese in family and doing physical activity.This study was performed on university students from five different faculties of Çukurova University in 2015-2016 educational season. In this study, 894 volunteer students accepted for attending to the research. The mean age of female participants was 21.39±2.53 years. However, mean of males was 22.28±2.73 years. Descriptive study design and causal comparative methods were used. The individual information form created by the researcher was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the participants. BMI was analyzed both quantitative and categorical ways in this study. WHO’s classification method was used for categorizing of BMI. All findings in the study were summarized by descriptive statistical methods such as mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage, etc. The independent sample T test, the ANOVA test, Pearson correlation test and chi-square test were used. In all analyzes, significance level was accepted as p <0.05.The mean of the BMI was calculated as 22.40±3.49 kg/m2. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean BMI of males (23.80±3.40 kg/m2) and female participants (21,01±2,99 kg/m2, t(-13,043)=892, p<0.05). Also, it was found statically significant difference among BMI classification groups for gender (obesity rate of male: 4.9% ; female:1.1%) , x2(df=3, n=894)=101.21, p<0.05. These results have indicated that the rate of obesity among university students is lower than normal population in Turkey. At the same time the findings of this study have shown similar characteristics with the university students’ of other countries reported by previous studies.In conclusion, it should be taken some measures for reducing overweightness and obesity such as increasing physical activity possibilities for people in all condition by local and central Governments, increasing the number of hours of physical education and sports lessons in schools as much as possible and the processing of these courses must be inspected strongly, more strict measures taken by the government to reduce obesity rates in society, informing and awareness of community on obesity, informing adequate and balanced nutrition by using the all media devices and facilities.

scholarly journals Impact of Oil Price Fluctuations on Human Development: A Standard Study of Iraq

2018 ◽  
pp. 396-399
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Price Fluctuation ◽  
Price Fluctuations ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
Oil Revenues ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oil Price Fluctuation

This paper examines the impact of oil price fluctuations on Human development in Iraq. We employed UNDP statistical data in HDI and oil prices were obtained from OPEC official statistics. EGARCH model is applied to estimate the series of oil price fluctuation. Further, we applied ARDL bound test approach to estimate the long run relationship between HDI and oil price fluctuation. Evidence shows that there is a long run relationship among the variables under study. A significant impact on human development index is witness due to fluctuations in oil prices. Since the dependence of Iraqi economy on oil exports tightly align the government spending with oil revenues. Therefore, this study proposes that Government should adopt a diversified policy and invest in other sectors of the economy, such as the industrial sectors. Investment in these sectors will help to increase the output of exportable goods. Exports of these goods can earn more foreign exchange. This will reduce the heavy reliance on oil revenues. The government needs to spend more money to provide infrastructure like transport facilities and stable electricity supply. This will help encourage private companies to invest more in their economic resources by reducing the cost of doing business.

scholarly journals Efficacy Of Eel Cookies On Improving Nutritional Status Of Pregnant Women With Chronic Energy Defifiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Devi Pratiktowati ◽  
Dewi Marhaeni Diah Herawati ◽  
Ginna Megawati ◽  
Deni Kurniadi Sunjaya
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Chronic Energy Deficiency ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Government

A high prevalence chronic energy deficiency (CED) in pregnant women exist in Indonesia, which approximately 16.2%. The government had made various efforts to eliminate CED in pregnant women. Therefore, our study aimed to analyze the efficacy of eel cookies on improving nutritional status of pregnant women with CED risk. An experiment with a pre-post design of 36 pregnant women with risk of CED in Ciletuh, Sukabumi was carried out for 30 days. Pregnant women in intervention group were given eel cookies, while control group were given cookies without eel. At the beginning and end of the study, MUAC were measured and food intake was assessed through a 24 hour recall. The research data was analysed using t-test, Mann-Whitney test and chi square. Significant difference in body weight between intervention and control groups was not found (p > 0.05). The mean bodyweight in intervention group after intervention (48.5) was higher than in control group (48.3). The Mean bodyweight and MUAC in the two groups before and after intervention also did not show a significant difference  (p> 0.05). The risk of CED in pregnant women who received eel cookies were lower compared to the control group. Consumption of eel cookies can reduce CED risk in pregnant women by 35%, while cookies without eel only reduce the risk by 29.4%. Eel cookies had higher efficacy compared to cookies without eel on reducing CED risk in pregnant women.

scholarly journals Failure of Public Building Projects: An Investigation of Abandoned Hospital Projects in Imo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Uche Felix Ikechukwu ◽  
John Chiagoghalamuoke Ozuzu
Keyword(s):  
Living Standard ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Imo State ◽  
Parametric Data ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Developmental Continuity ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Government ◽  
Procurement Method

Failure and abandonment of government projects have been a global phenomenon. The study aims at evaluating factors involved in the abandonment of the proposed hospital building projects in the 27 local government areas in Imo State, Nigeria; with a view to developing a framework that will be used as a guide to revive the abandoned health facilities. Among the specific objectives is to evaluate the factors responsible for the abandonment, compare the performance of the procurement method used for the hospital project with other procurement methods, and to assess the effects of the abandoned hospital projects on the socio-economy and environment of Imo state. The targeted population includes the 4 members of the community government Council (CGC) and the building production professionals in the study area. Field survey research method was adopted for collection of both parametric and non parametric data. Ranking of the factors of abandonment was done using the Relative Importance Index (RII), student t-test and ANOVA were use to carry out tests on differences amongst variables of two and more than two sample populations respectively. Chi-square test was used to ascertain dependency of factors of casual relationships. Findings show that the three most significant factors that could cause the abandonment of the hospital project are; poor project implementation, negative politics practiced by the government, and inadequate structure to ensure continuity of projects. The study also finds that the failure of the abandoned project does not depend on the procurement method used. Again, the condition of contract used on the abandoned hospital project is deficient. Lowering of living standard, lack of trust on the government by the citizenry, and visual defects of the environmental are the three most significant implications of the abandoned hospital projects on the socio-economy and environment of the Imo state are. The study however succeeds in developing a framework which can be used as a guide to revive the abandoned hospital project in Imo state; through integration of structure for developmental continuity from one administration to the other, and independent body of monitoring and implementation responsibilities. It is therefore recommended that the ingredient contained in the frame work be applied in the study area.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Infeksi Kecacingan terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin pada Remaja Putri dengan Anemia

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
DWI RAHAYU
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Fecal Examination ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Government ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

<p><strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong><em> Anemia is one of the health problems in Indonesian. The government has launched anemia prevention programs, including for young women, but the prevalence of anemia is still high. Helminth infections can decrease hemoglobin (Hb) levels through gastrointestinal bleeding and decreased food intake. This study aimed to determine the effect of helminth infections on Hb levels in young women.</em></p><p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong><em> This study was an observational analytic study with a case control approach. Research subject involved of 46 students of senior high school in Sukoharjo Regency and were divided into 26 young women with anemia and 20 young women without anemia. Helminth infection was determined using fecal examination. All collected data were analyzed by Chi square test and Independent sample t-test with p&lt;0.05.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> The mean of Hb levels in young women with anemia was 10.24±0.92g/dL and the mean of Hb levels in young women without anemia was 13.07±0.44g/dL. 7 young women suffered helminth infection, divided into 2 young women with anemia and 5 young women without anemia. However, there was not statistically significant relationship between helminth infection and anemia (p=0.11). The mean of Hb levels in young women with helminth infection were higher both those who suffered anemia (11.30± 0.56 g /dL) or not (13.08 ± 0.42g /dL) compared with Hb levels in young women without helminth infection (anemia 10.37±1.06g/dL; not anemia 11.34±1.52g/dL).</em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong><em> Helminth infection was not related to the incidence of anemia in young women even though Hb levels in helminth infections were higher compared to Hb levels without helminth infections.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>

Comparision of two fluoride varnishes for controlling white spot lesions. Randomized clinical trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Alberto Luengo - Fereira
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trial ◽  
White Spot ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
White Spot Lesions ◽  
Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
The Mean

Objective: To compare two fluorinated varnishes for the control of white spot lesions.Material and Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted. A total of 103 active whitespot lesions on permanent upper anterior teeth from 24 patients, aged 7 to 9 years were randomly assigned totwo groups, G1: Duraphat® (n=52) and G2: DuraShield® (n=51). Weekly applications were perform for fourconsecutive weeks. Fifth week the dimension, regression and activity of the lesions were evaluated. Student’sT test, Wilcoxon Ranks and Chi square were used at 5% significance. Results: At the end of the study, the lesion reduction was observed in 69.7%, finding significant differences(p<0.05) in the mean of the initial and final dimensions in general (2.74 mm to 1.91 mm) and in each group, G1(2.84 mm to 2.03 mm), G2 (2.64 mm to 1.78 mm). In the activity of the lesions, it was found in the G1, 12 active and6 inactive lesions; while in G2, there were 14 active and 29 inactive; these differences were significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: The two evaluated products showed similar clinical efficacy in the remineralization of activewhite spot lesions after 4 weeks of therapy.

Analisis Faktor Determinan Pelaksanaan Inisiasi Menyusu Dini Oleh Bidan Di Rumah Sakit Umum Anutapura Palu

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Ni Nyoman Novita ◽  
Gusman Arsyad
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Room ◽  
Peer Support ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Implementation Processes ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Government

Implementation of IMD in hospitals has decreased from the previous year and has not reached the target set by the government. Some IMD implementation processes have not been carried out according to applicable standards. So that babies do not get an IMD in accordance with existing SOPs. The purpose of this study was to determine the determinant factors associated with the implementation of the IMD by midwives in the Midwifery and Maternity Room Emergency Room (IGD) at the Anutapura General Hospital in Palu. This research method is analytical with cross sectional approach. The population of this study was that all midwives in the obstetrics emergency room and maternity room at Anutapura Palu Hospital were 37 respondents. The sample in this study is total sampling. The analysis used was univariate, and bivariate analysis using the chi square test with a confidence level of 95% (α = 0.05). The results of statistical tests on variable knowledge of midwives with the implementation of IMD p value: 0.018 (p value <0.05). APN training with the implementation of IMD p value: 0.697 (p value> 0.05). length of work with the implementation of IMD p value: 0.029 (p value <0.05). and peer support with the implementation of IMD p value: 0.007 (p value <0.05). Conclusions there is a relationship between knowledge, length of work, peer support with the implementation of the IMD, and training factors that have nothing to do with IMD implementation. The strongest factor in the relationship is peer support. It is recommended that the Anutarapura Palu Hospital be able to motivate midwives so that they can further enhance their role in the implementation and provide support to their colleagues so that the implementation of the IMD can be carried out in accordance with applicable standards.Keywords: Knowledge, APN Training, Duration of work, Implementation of IMD

scholarly journals Ex vivo accuracy of three electronic apex locators using different apical file sizes

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Carvalho de Vasconcelos ◽  
Leonardo de Alencar Matos ◽  
Elilton Cavalcante Pinheiro-Júnior ◽  
Antônio Sérgio Teixeira de Menezes ◽  
Nilton Vivacqua-Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Apical Constriction ◽  
Visual Measurement ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Mean

This study evaluated the accuracy of three electronic apex locators (Root ZX, Novapex, and Justy II) in root canal length determinations using different apical file sizes, considering the apical constriction (AC) and the major foramen (MF) as anatomic references. The diameter of the apical foramina of 40 single-rooted teeth was determined by direct visual measurement and the master apical file was established. Electronic measurements were then performed using 3 instruments: the selected master apical file (adjusted file), one size smaller (intermediate file), and two sizes smaller (misfit file). The distances from the tip of files fixed in the canals to the MF and to the AC were measured digitally. Precision at AC and at MF for the misfit, intermediate and adjusted apical files was as follows: 80%/88%/83% and 78%/83%/95% (Root ZX); 80%/85%/80% and 68%/73%/73% (Novapex); and 78%/80%/78% and 65%/78%/70% (Justy II). Considering the mean discrepancies, statistically significant differences were found only for the adjusted file at MF, with Root ZX presenting the best results at MF. The chi-square test showed significant differences between the acceptable measurements at AC and at MF for the Justy II and Novapex (± 0.5 mm) regardless of file adjustment. Under the conditions of the present study, all devices provided acceptable electronic measurements regardless of file adjustment, except for Root ZX which had its performance improved significantly when the precisely fit apical file was used. Justy II and Novapex provided electronic measurements nearest to the AC.

A cross sectional study: The association between sleeping quality and stress among second and third medical students at the University of Jordan

2021 ◽  
pp. 009121742110112
Author(s):  
AA Toubasi ◽  
BR Khraisat ◽  
RB AbuAnzeh ◽  
HM Kalbouneh
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
University Of Jordan ◽  
The University

Objective Medicine is considered one if not the most stressful educational field. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of stress and poor sleeping quality among medical students and the association between them. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Jordan on second- and third-year medical students. The questionnaire consisted of: 1) Demographics; 2) The assessment tools which were Pittsburgh Quality of Sleep Index (PSQI) and Kessler Psychological Distress Status (K10). Binary logistic regression, chi-square and linear regression were used to investigate the association between PSQI, K10, and their determinants. Results The mean for PSQI score was 6.76 ± 3.32. PSQI scores interpretation revealed that 61.7% of the 282 participants of this study were poor sleepers. Logistic regression results showed that only the category of not napping at all from the napping hours variable was significantly associated with sleeping quality. Furthermore, the mean of K10 scores was 24.5 ± 8.5. K10 scores revealed that 66.3% of the participants were stressed. Logistic regression results showed that gender and regular exercise were significantly associated with psychological distress. Additionally, chi-square test, logistic regression and linear regression showed that PSQI was significantly associated with K10 (P <0.01). Conclusions Stress and poor sleeping quality in medical students at the University of Jordan were highly prevalent and strongly associated. What determined PSQI was daytime napping, and for K10 were regular exercise and gender. Further investigations into stress and sleep quality in the Arabian region are needed.

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