The system "seaport - "dry" port"

The monograph presents an approach to solving the problem of increasing the throughput and processing capacity of seaports in conditions of limiting their territorial dislocation and increasing the unevenness of external and internal cargo flows. The basis of the approach is the proposed system of the main parameters of the dry port and the methodology of simulation modeling of the functioning of the system "seaport - dry port". The material is illustrated with examples of the implementation of the developed approach, including model scenarios of multi-agent optimization of the parameters of the system under study. The proposed approach and the developed methodology can be used to justify management decisions on the balanced development of transport and logistics infrastructure of the regions hosting sea and dry ports. It is intended for specialists of transport and logistics companies, engineering and technical workers engaged in solving problems in the field of logistics, supply chain management and transport infrastructure design. In addition, it is recommended to students in the following programs: postgraduate studies 23.06.01 "Land transport engineering and technology" (focus "Transport and transport-technological systems of the country, its regions and cities, organization of production in transport") and 27.06.01 "Management in technical systems" (focus "Management of transportation processes"); master's degree 23.04.01 "Technology of transport processes" (profile "Organization of transportation and management in a single transport system"); bachelor's degree 38.03.02 "Management" (profile "Logistics") and 23.03.01 "Technology of transport processes".

Self-care: Concept, Rationale, and Framework

The role and importance of self-care in the continuum of health care are becoming important subjects of debate among social scientists and health professionals. Interest in the self-care component of health services is stimulated by the convergence of diverse pressures common to health services systems. Depersonalized medical care, rising costs of high technology, focus on curative care, growth of lay knowledge, recognition of the limits of medical care, and documentation of the impact of the individual’s health behavior on patterns of morbidity are all factors stimulating new thinking regarding the importance of individuals and families to the effective and efficient functioning of health service systems.

Technology Focus: Health, Safety, and Environment (August 2021)

In some respects, the prospect of returning to some degree of normality is evident on the horizon. However, climate and the future of energy show little sign of a return to prepandemic normalcy. The future of our energy system is being transformed, and oil and gas are crucial for energy stability as well as the transformation. One of the miracles over the past year has been the accumulated knowledge around the human genome and application of this science to the rapid development of efficacious vaccines. As within oil and gas, humans can rise to the challenge to solve complex problems when identified. This is playing out as we see societal drivers around climate change and net-zero carbon emissions. Over the past year, SPE produced 11 events focused on the energy transition and continued the development of the Gaia Sustainability Program initiated by the SPE Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability (HSES) discipline. It is now a thriving community of SPE members across all disciplines committed to enabling and empowering all members and other interested parties who wish to engage in the alignment of the future of energy with sustainable development. An on-demand library of Gaia Talks and other resources has been built using the strategic programming framework (www.spe.org/en/gaia). Advances in our understanding and application of technology, and the development of those who can use it to better the world, are highlighted in the selections made for this month’s Technology Focus—genome sequencing of invasive species, technology to identify fatigue, and development of human capital for the industry in Kazakhstan. We must not forget the key element in any strategic improvement of performance: the human being. This starts with developing human capital at the university level. The industry is also working on progressing our understanding and application of human factors and human performance. As mentioned in the October 2020 JPT, the oil and gas industry has formed the Human Performance Oil and Gas (HPOG) alliance modeled after the very successful Dropped Objects Prevention Scheme program. The return to a more-normal life also means that our traditional conference model can reengage membership. Face-to-face meetings accelerate networking and the transfer of knowledge, which is core to the SPE mission. Events focusing on HSES this year include a planned in-person gathering the first week of November: HSES Focus on the Future—Responding to Changes and How the HSES Function Will Grow (3–5 November). This event will primarily cover health, environment, and sustainability with one panel on land transportation safety. It is strategically planned for the same week and at the same hotel in Fort Worth, Texas, where the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers will hold its first Joint Congress on Safety (1–3 November). A key element in building strategies within the SPE HSES discipline is the future of the function. Leading the efforts around this will be the newly formed HSES Executive Advisory Committee (EAC). This EAC, led by Fawaz (Fuzzy) Bitar, senior vice president of HSE and carbon at BP and former chair of the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers, includes HSE leadership from various upstream operators and contractors and will help with guidance and direction for SPE HSES Technical Director Annamaria Petrone. The EAC will hold a meeting and participate in plenary panels during the SPE HSES event in November. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 202737 6×6 Occupational Health Hazard Risk Rating Matrix: A Useful Tool in the Determination of Risk Levels of Workplace Health Hazards by Bufford Ang, Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, et al. OTC 30840 Self-Certification and Safety Compliance for Robotics Platforms by Osama Farouk Zaki, Heriot-Watt University, et al. SPE 201312 Long-Term, Periodic Aerial Surveys Cost-Effectively Mitigate Methane Emissions by Sri Sridharan, Pioneer Natural Resources, et al.

Technology Focus: Decarbonization (July 2021)

Have you noticed the change in the oil and gas industry over the past year with its engagement in carbon management, decarbonization, and net-zero-emissions targets? Policy support and technology advances in alternative energies have delivered massive cost reduction in renewables more quickly, and to a greater degree, than expected. Over the past few years, more of the world’s capital has been spent on electricity than oil and gas sup-ply, and more than half of all new energy-generation capacity is now renewable. Some elements of society, therefore, have suggested that this is the beginning of the end for the fossil-fuel sector and call for investors to turn away from oil and gas and “leave it in the ground.” In more than a century of almost continuous change, however, the oil and gas industry has a long track record of innovative thinking, creative solutions, and different business models. SPE papers and events that covered decarbonization during the past year show that a wide variety of solutions already exist that avoid, reduce, replace, offset, or sequester greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is clear, therefore, that decarbonization technologies will now be as important as 4D seismic, horizontal wells, and hydraulic fracturing. That is why we now bring you this inaugural Technology Focus feature dedicated to decarbonization. The experience and capability of the entire JPT community in decarbonization is critical. Please enjoy the following summary of three selected papers on the role of natural gas in fuel-switching; carbon capture, use, and storage (CCUS); and hydrogen technologies that deliver the dual challenge of providing more energy with less GHG emission. There are many ways to engage in the SPE decarbonization efforts in the remainder of 2021. Regional events have addressed CCUS, hydrogen, geothermal, and methane. There is also the new SPE Gaia sustainability program to enable and empower all members who wish to engage in the alignment of the future of energy with sustainable development. The Gaia program has an on-demand library of materials, including an existing series on methane, and upcoming similar events on other energy transition, natural capital and regeneration, and social responsibility priorities. Get involved through your SPE section or chapter or contact your regional Gaia liaison to find out what Gaia programming you can support or lead at www.spe.org/en/gaia.

Technology Focus: Wellbore Tubulars (July 2021)

How we think about the future of the pipe industry must evolve. How must tubular design and manufacturing change as we transition to clean energy? Geothermal energy is an area that needs attention and, further, needs very specific attention on tubulars. Tubulars are an important component in the construction of geothermal wells, and we must align our requirements for geothermal energy. Some of the main challenges encountered in geothermal wells are corrosion and scaling. Moreover, temperature becomes a major consideration for tubulars, even more so with the temperature excursion during geothermal production. Perhaps the critical aspect in the design of the geothermal wells involves casing selection and design. Beyond manufacturing casing pipes to withstand these problems, considering the manufacturing of other components, such as connections, float collars, and float shoes, also is essential. Thermal expansion and thermal excursion of casings are well-integrity concerns; thus, casing design is important for long-term sustainability of geothermal wells. Apart from thermal simulations, guidelines and software are needed to undergird the designs to withstand not only temperature excursions but also thermomechanical and thermochemical loadings. Engineered nonmetallic casings also provide an alternative solution because they provide the desired strength and corrosion resistance in addition to meeting the goals of sustainability. Undoubtedly, the future of the tubular industry is going to be revitalized. The question now is how we can retrofit existing abandoned wells for this purpose. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 199570 - Special Considerations for Well-Tubular Design at Elevated Temperatures by Gang Tao, C-FER Technologies, et al.

Technology Focus: Cementing and Zonal Isolation (May 2021)

Wow! What a year it has been! We have experienced enormous upheavals in our professional and social circles and wholescale changes in the way that we interact with each other. As engineers, though, we recognize that in every challenge there is an opportunity. I have been lucky to attend SPE online events, including a happy hour and a webinar on geothermal energy. As we witness a shift to renewable energy, I note that 2020 SPE President Shauna Noonan highlighted that our SPE professional expertise in the subsurface will be needed to both maintain existing energy production and develop new sources of energy. Cementing, zonal isolation, and well integrity continue to be an important piece of the puzzle. This year, in the presence of enormous challenges, the selected papers demonstrate step changes both in efficiency and in the results of cementing operations. Managed-pressure cementing extends the benefits of managed-pressure drilling, and a successful case is described in paper OTC 30481. Last year, we read about offline cementing in North America. Offline cementing continues to increase rig efficiency, and wellhead equipment that enables offline cementing is described in paper SPE 202439. Improving cementing results by enabling casing rotation with rotating cement heads is discussed in paper SPE 198970. Research that will enable future successful changes also continues. Although not summarized in this edition, extra reading is recommended for interesting discussions on proving shale as a barrier (SPE 200755), cement properties and initial state of stress in confined pressure conditions (SPE 201770), and the evaluation of neutron logging as a possible cement evaluation tool (SPE 202973). As an industry, we also continue to investigate materials that will provide effective isolation in the annulus. Papers about self-healing systems (SPE 203174), epoxy (SPE 202648), and expanding metal sealing systems (SPE 203354) are also recommended as extra reading. Although it has been a challenging year, operational improvements, research, and material investigation continue to provide engineering opportunities in cementing and zonal isolation. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 200755 - Innovative One-Trip System Helps Qualify Creeping Shale as Permanent Barrier for Plug and Abandonment of Wells on the Gyda Field by Thore Andre Stokkeland, Archer, et al. SPE 201770 - Laboratory Measurement of Cement Stress Before, During, and After Curing Under Undrained Condition With Constant Hydrostatic Pressure by Meng Meng, Los Alamos National Laboratory, et al. SPE 202973 - Potential Usage of Neutron Logging Technology for Casing Cement Evaluation—Feasibility Study by Espen Dommersnes, University of Stavanger, et al. SPE 203174 - A Game-Changing Technology for Cementing in Highly Deviated and Horizontal Wells Using Interactive Mud-Sealing Cement System by Choosak Orprasert, Mubadala Petroleum, et al. SPE 202648 - Primary Cementing Using Epoxy Resins as Additive: Experimental and Application by Khawlah Abdulaziz Alanqari, Saudi Aramco, et al.

Technology Focus: Completions (April 2021)

In the 2020 Completions Technology Focus, I stated that digitization will forever change how the most complex problems in our industry are solved. And, despite another severe downturn in the upstream industry, data science continues to provide solutions for complex unconventional well problems. Casing Damage Casing collapse is an ongoing problem and almost always occurs in the heel of the well. It prevents passage of frac plugs and milling tools. Forcing a frac plug through the collapsed section damages the plug, predisposing it to failure, which leads to more casing damage and poor stimulation. One team has developed a machine-learning (ML) model showing a positive correlation between zones with high fracturing gradients and collapsed casing. The objective is a predictive tool that enables a completion design that avoids these zones. Fracture-Driven Interactions (FDIs) Can Be Avoided in Real Time Pressurized fracturing fluids from one well can communicate with fractures in a nearby well or can intersect that well-bore. Such FDIs can occur while fracturing a child well and can negatively affect production in the parent well. FDIs are caused by well spacing, depletion, or completion design but, until recently, were not quickly diagnosed. Analytics and machine learning now are being used to analyze streaming data sets during a frac job to detect FDIs. A recently piloted detection system alerts the operator in real time, which enables avoidance of FDIs on the fly. Data Science Provides the Tools Analyzing casing damage and FDIs is a complex task involving large amounts of data already available or easily acquired. Tools such as ML perform the data analysis and enable decision making. Data science is enabling the unconventional “onion” to be peeled many layers at a time. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 199967 - Artificial Intelligence for Real-Time Monitoring of Fracture-Driven Interactions and Simultaneous Completion Optimization by Hayley Stephenson, Baker Hughes, et al. SPE 201615 - Novel Completion Design To Bypass Damage and Increase Reservoir Contact: A Middle Magdalena, Central Colombian Case History by Rosana Polo, Oxy, et al. SPE 202966 - Well Completion Optimization in Canada Tight Gas Fields Using Ensemble Machine Learning by Lulu Liao, Sinopec, et al.

Technology as a Pillar for Essential Oil Green Extraction

This paper focuses on essential oil (EO) extraction via steam distillation and the technological possibilities to enhance both operational and environmental performances. Steam distillation is the most common extraction method (93% of the worldwide volume), the opportunities in these production systems become a concrete target for improvements and are reflected in the businesses overall results. This paper brings the green extraction approach and the technology upgrade as an evolutionary path for this industry. A real process conception, in its current technology level, was assessed under the light of digital technology focus in order to enhance process effectiveness both in terms of material and energy balances, with direct effects over environmental performance and quality.

Technology Focus: Artificial Lift (March 2021)

In a recent SPE Podcast, Shauna Noonan asked me why I chose a career in artificial lift. My answer was twofold. First, I explained that I love instant gratification and that there is probably no other discipline within petroleum engineering that allows you to see immediate results from your work the way artificial lift does. Second, I explained that, when I was an incoming freshman at Texas Tech University, I learned that past department chair Herald Winkler was revered throughout the industry as one of the pioneers of gas lift technology. I figured that, if artificial lift was a good enough career path for “Wink,” it was good enough for me. It did not take long, however, for me to learn that not everyone felt the same way. When I was given the opportunity to select a senior petroleum engineering elective, I chose Artificial Lift. On the first day of the semester, I was one of only two students to show up for that class. We were disappointed when, at 8 a.m., a department staff member informed us that the class did not make and that we had been enrolled in Thermal Recovery Methods instead. This would not be the last time I learned that artificial lift did not always receive the love that it should. Years later, I was visiting with a seasoned artificial lift professional at a meeting and mentioned the need to better leverage the resources SPE has to offer. He immediately retorted, “Oh, Greg, SPE is for reservoir engineers. Why waste your time?” I am pleased to report that, in the decade since that meeting, artificial lift has experienced something of a renaissance within SPE. Past President Shauna Noonan is a career artificial lift professional, and, during her administration, the SPE Board of Directors greatly expanded the role of artificial lift technology within our professional society. Since 2014, SPE International has presented a dedicated series of artificial lift conferences, the most recent of which was the virtual 2020 SPE Artificial Lift Conference and Exhibition—Americas. This biennial event has greatly enhanced the breadth, depth, and quality of artificial lift papers available to our members through the OnePetro online library. For the 2020–21 season, two artificial lift experts, Anthony Allison and Ken Decker, were selected as SPE Distinguished Lecturers. In 2020, SPE established a new technical section dedicated to artificial lift technology. Beginning in 2021, JPT is expanding its coverage of artificial lift to two features per year. Finally, since 2014, SPE has recognized 16 eminent artificial lift professionals for their outstanding contributions by presenting them with the Legends of Artificial Lift award. As it happens, the very first class of Artificial Lift Legends included both Herald Winkler and Joe Clegg—the very individual who told me that SPE was for reservoir engineers. One common theme shared by each of the Artificial Lift Legends in their talks is that artificial lift really shines during a downturn. This is because, when capital spending is constrained, artificial lift is one of the few levers an operator has available to increase production while reducing operating expenses. As my colleagues and I can attest, this was certainly the case in 2020. While many groups within my company and others like it struggled to stay busy, artificial lift professionals found that they had never been busier. I am proud of the work that my colleagues in the industry have done to help operators achieve positive free cash flow during one of the most challenging periods of our industry’s history. The results of your dedication, ingenuity, and hard work demonstrate the important role artificial lift technology plays in our industry today.

Technology Focus: High-Pressure/High-Temperature (March 2021)

For the past several months, the rig count in North America has been slowly but steadily improving and some pockets of deepwater operations are finally showing some activity, especially in Central and South America and Africa, where interesting discoveries continue. Arctic operations also are picking up, though not in North America, where a new administration in the US is bringing some uncertainty to upstream operations. Looking at leasing activity in 2020, however, the operators on federal land seem to have built up a backlog, so the immediate consequences of recent executive action seem not to be significant, though they do set an important precedent. More significant seems to be the opposition to pipelines, which are the most-efficient and safest way to transport any form of bulk material, be it gas, liquid, or slurry. Even if the most-stretched targets of an energy transition become reality, the need for pipeline transport will remain, and even increase, if the gas transported is biogas and hydrogen, where much larger volumes must be transported for the same calorific value of natural gas. In my tenure as a reviewer for JPT, I had refrained from a materials-focused special simply because high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) conferences and sessions seem to be dominated by them and I wanted to demonstrate a wider spectrum of the challenges of HP/HT operations. With the energy transition leading to the possibility of free hydrogen being introduced into the energy system outside of established chemical feedstock installations (which are all low-pressure), this is a good time to remind our industry (and the outside world) that vast experience exists in the oil and gas industry on the interaction of hydrogen and metal (at very high pressures), a challenge that is still not completely understood and that is still a large cause of pressure-vessel failures (e.g., in refineries). Also, if carbon dioxide is intended to be captured and contained in metal vessels, another set of metallurgical challenges emerges. This Technology Focus looks at two papers from Asia, where these challenges were discovered and mitigated, and one paper from Gulf of Mexico deepwater operations. Many learnings can be taken from these papers, and extremely costly and safety-critical failures and loss of containment can be avoided. Addressing technical risk, thorough and detailed front-end engineering is a cost-effective and cost-saving activity, and this applies especially for front-end corrosion engineering and testing, as we have seen from several megaprojects in the past where this was not done to the extent finally understood to have been required. So, I invite you all to understand and embrace the fact that sound and competent engineering, as well as communicating learnings across functions and industries, is the key enabler for future success in our stressed industry, and to use our engineering brainpower and imagination to bring those HP/HT projects currently deemed too expensive to develop within the realm of the current oil-price environment.