Turning Tool Wear Estimation Based on the Calculated Parameter Values of the Thermodynamic Subsystem of the Cutting System

Today, modern metalworking centers are not yet able to reliably assess the degree of wear of the tool used in metal cutting. Despite the fact that a large number of methods for monitoring the service life of the tool have been developed, this issue still remains a difficult task that needs to be solved. Idea: The article proposes a new, previously unused method for estimating the power of a cutting wedge in metalworking. The aim of the study is to develop a method for indirectly estimating the tool wear rate based on a consistent model of intersystem communication that describes the force, thermal and vibration reactions of the cutting process to the shaping movements of the tool. Research methods: The study consists of experiments on a measuring stand and a homemade measuring complex. It also uses the Matlab mathematical software package for processing and graphical interpretation of data obtained during experiments. The results show that the proposed method of estimating the current tool wear is applicable for the interpretation of experimental data. Statistically, the modified Voltaire operator of the second kind models the temperature more accurately; at the peak, this method is three times more accurate than the other.

Basic principles of construction of high-quality analytical adaptable control systems for thermal energy processes

The modeling results and industrial tests of a typical automatic control system (ACS) and the proposed invariant cascade ACS are presented. The advantages of structural-parametric optimization methods for creating high-quality control systems for heat-and-power processes have been substantiated. The following algorithm for forming a block diagram of a high-quality invariant cascade SAR is proposed. At the beginning, the structure of the optimal transfer function of the stabilizing regulator is determined as the product of the inverse transfer function of the leading section of the object by a given transfer function of the open system of the internal circuit in the form of an ideal integrating link with one calculated parameter of dynamic tuning, which allows optimally working out both internal disturbances and the task of the stabilizing regulator. Then, the parameters of the dynamic adjustment of the corrective regulator are calculated for optimal processing of the extreme external disturbance. Next, an equivalent external perturbation is isolated without its direct measurement using a complete model of the inertial section of the object. At the same time, the obtained difference between the main adjustable value and the model output is fed to the input of an equivalent external perturbation compensation device implemented in the form of a differentiator, which makes it possible to increase the accuracy and speed of the invariant SAR compared to the standard one. To ensure high quality control over the entire range of load changes, the parameters of the dynamic adjustment of the invariant SAR and the model of the inertial section are adjusted in the load function.

Quantitative Method for Evaluating Shale Oil Resources Based on Movable Oil Content

The light hydrocarbon content ( S 1 ) of shale oil is lost in aboveground experimental measurements, which do not accurately reflect actual underground light hydrocarbon content and cannot meet the demands of resource quantity calculation. Based on field and laboratory experimental data from the second member of the Kongdian Formation in the Cangdong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, the retained oil and movable oil contents in shale were calculated using a mathematical formula, and the total resources were quantified. The correction coefficient of S 1 from pyrolysis and the adsorption of oil by the total organic carbon (TOC) were determined to be 1.25 and 100 mg/g, respectively. The calculated parameter movable oil content ( S movable ) and the corresponding calculation formula of S 1 are proposed. The lower limit of S 1 is 100 mg HC/g rock, the TOC content is 4 wt % and 6 wt %, and the corrected movable oil content of 3 mg/g and 6 mg/g, respectively, will be of great significance in shale oil geology and engineering. The optimal geological and engineering settings are divided into three categories and eight subcategories on the basis of these findings. Methods for evaluating total, movable, and recoverable oil resources from shale are discussed, which elucidate a new method for quantitative evaluation and ranking of shale oil resources. This approach is suitable for application in other shale oil exploration and development areas globally.

Specifities of the storage pool and morphology of platelets in children with unspecified hemorrhagic syndrome

Despite modern possibilities of laboratory diagnosis of hemorrhagic syndrome, in some patients, the causes of bleeding remain unspecified. Among these reasons, mild defects in the platelet link of hemostasis can potentially be hidden. The aim of the work is to identify the features of the function of the platelet hemostasis in children with unspecified hemorrhagic syndrome. This study is supported by the Independent Ethics Committee and approved by the Academic Council of the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology. We examined 50 patients aged 2 to 17 years with various manifestations of bleeding and lack of laboratory data proving coagulopathy and/or thrombocytopenia; platelet cytofluorometry with activation was performed. The morphological characteristics of platelets in terms of size/granularity (FSC/SSC), the density of the CD62p receptor as a marker of a-granule secretion, and d-granules of platelets were assessed by the fluorescence of loaded mepacrine. Platelet activation was performed with a CRP + TRAP mixture. Comparison was carried out with the results of examination of 50 healthy children (control group - CG) aged 2 to 17 years. The severity of hemorrhagic syndrome was assessed using the standardized ISTH BAT score. The severity of hemorrhagic manifestations according to BAT ISTH score ranged from 2 to 6 points. As a result of the study, two groups of patients differing in the calculated parameter of the FSC/SSC ratio for non-activated platelets were identified. In the CG, the median FSC/SSC was 1.235 (from 1.1 to 1.4), in group 1 (n = 19), the median was 0.97 (from 0.9 to 1.05), and in group 2 (n = 31), the median was 1.24 (from 1.11 to 1.43). The number of platelets of the CG and the groups of patients did not differ significantly. A significant correlation between a decrease in the number of platelets and an increase in their size and granularity, while maintaining a high correlation between size and granularity was observed in groups of patients. In group 1, the overall granularity was increased regardless of the size and number of platelets, the volume of dense granules and membrane CD62p was increased, but the granular CD62p was decreased. The degranulation mechanism was not impaired in both groups of patients. Our results indicate convincingly the contribution of the storage pool and platelet morphology disorders to the development of hemorrhagic manifestations in children with unspecified hemorrhagic syndrome.

X-ray Diffraction Investigation of Stainless Steel—Nitrogen Thin Films Deposited Using Reactive Sputter Deposition

An X-ray diffraction investigation was carried out on nitrogen-containing 304 stainless steel thin films deposited by reactive rf magnetron sputtering over a range of substrate temperature and bias levels. The resulting films contained between ~28 and 32 at.% nitrogen. X-ray analysis was carried out using both the standard Bragg-Brentano method as well as area-detector diffractometry analysis. The extent of the diffraction anomaly ((002) peak shift) was determined using a calculated parameter, denoted RB, which is based on the (111) and (002) peak positions. The normal value for RB for FCC-based structures is 0.75 but increases as the (002) peak is anomalously displaced closer to the (111) peak. In this study, the RB values for the deposited films were found to increase with substrate bias but decrease with substrate temperature (but still always >0.75). Using area detector diffractometry, we were able to measure d111/d002 values for similarly oriented grains within the films, and using these values calculate c/a ratios based on a tetragonal-structure model. These results allowed prediction of the (002)/(200) peak split for tetragonal structures. Despite predicting a reasonably accessible split (~0.6°–2.9°–2θ), no peak splitting observed, negating the tetragonal-structure hypothesis. Based on the effects of film bias/temperature on RB values, a defect-based hypothesis is more viable as an explanation for the diffraction anomaly.

Holistic Approach to the Uncertainty in Shelf Life Prediction of Frozen Foods at Dynamic Cold Chain Conditions

Systematic kinetic modeling is required to predict frozen systems behavior in cold dynamic conditions. A one-step procedure, where all data are used simultaneously in a non-linear algorithm, is implemented to estimate the kinetic parameters of both primary and secondary models. Compared to the traditional two-step methodology, more precise estimates are obtained, and the calculated parameter uncertainty can be introduced in realistic shelf life predictions, as a tool for cold chain optimization. Additionally, significant variability of the real distribution/storage conditions is recorded, and must be also incorporated in a kinetic prediction scheme. The applicability of the approach is theoretically demonstrated in an analysis of data on frozen green peas Vitamin C content, for the calculation of joint confidence intervals of kinetic parameters. A stochastic algorithm is implemented, through a double Monte Carlo scheme incorporating the temperature variability during distribution, drawn from cold chain databases. Assuming a distribution scenario of 130 days in the cold chain, 93 ± 110 days remaining shelf life was predicted compared to 180 days assumed based on the use by date. Overall, through the theoretical case study investigated, the uncertainty of models’ parameters and cold chain dynamics were incorporated into shelf life assessment, leading to more realistic predictions.

Intensification of data processing and obtaining new information on multidimensional signals of the "electronic nose"

This study describes the ways to optimize the stage of processing multidimensional data of simulation systems with an integrated analytical signal such as an electronic nose. Programming models are presented in Exel tables for calculating additional parameters of the qualitative composition of a mixture of gases and vapors. Programming spreadsheets greatly simplifies the processing of the initial data of a set of sensors and allows you to quickly get new parameters to characterize the composition of the smell of samples. The formulas for calculating 4 additional characteristics are presented: identification parameters of sorption, kinetic parameter, sorption parameter for 3 sensors, mass fraction of components, mainly sorbed on each sensor in the array of electronic nose, and Pearson's similarity parameter for sets of these characteristics in order to compare the multi-component composition of the odor analyzed samples. The example of analyzing the smell of human skin shows the possibility of developing software for personal devices. The software includes the calculation of the characteristics of the proposed models and the visualization of their sets for easy perception by untrained users. The software allows you to quickly process data from the device, to present the possible causes of the deviation of the state from the average statistical norms. For a set of identification parameters of sorption, the boundaries of numerical values are defined, which characterize the normal functioning of the organism as a whole, individual organs and systems. When a calculated parameter enters these boundaries in the state diagram, it is colored green. The numerical limits of parameters and for anomalous states are determined. When the values of the calculated parameters fall into these intervals, on the state sphere, the zones of the corresponding parameters are colored yellow or red.So, untrained users easily perceive information without complex processing of multi-dimensional data.

Разработка нового метода оценки качества загрязненной воды

Статья посвящена разработке нового метода оценки качества загрязненной воды водоисточников. В настоящее время наиболее широко используется индекс качества воды, являющийся расчетным параметром, показывающим суммарный эффект всех факторов, характеризующих качество воды. Дан краткий обзор показателей оценки загрязненности водоемов. В качестве базового положения проводимых исследований выбран известный факт о наличии некоторой статистической взаимосвязи между величиной WQIj водного объекта и видом отражательной характеристики. На основе двух известных показателей загрязненности водоемов: индекса качества воды WQI, рекомендованного Всемирной организацией здравоохранения, и многофакторной регрессионной оценки сформирован новый показатель в виде скалярного многочлена, численно равного величине WQI для исследуемой точки отбора проб. Показана возможность использования информации базы данных о загрязненности исследуемого водоема для вычисления предложенной оценки его загрязненности.The article dwells upon the development of a new method of estimating the quality of contaminated water in water sources. At present, the water quality index is most widely used which is a calculated parameter indicating the cumulative effect of all factors characterizing the water quality. A brief review of the indicators for estimating the pollution of water bodies is given. A well-known fact about the presence of some statistical relationship between the value WQIj of a water body and the type of the reflectance profile is selected as the fundamental proposition of the conducted studies. On the basis of two known indicators of the water body pollution: WQIj water quality index recommended by the World Health Organization, and multifaceted regression estimate, a new indicator is developed in the form of a scalar polynomial, numerically equal to WQIj value for the studied sampling point. The possibility of using the database information on the pollution of the studied water body is shown to calculate the proposed estimation of its pollution.

Relative aerobic and anaerobic energy contribution in race fit endurance and Thoroughbred racehorses during strenuous exercise

The objective was to compare fit Arabian endurance and Thoroughbred racehorses’ responses to a maximal intensity standardised incremental treadmill test (MaxSIT) with respect to: (1) their relative aerobic contributions during maximal exercise; and (2) selected physiological parameters related to performance. Six high-level endurance Arabians and six race-ready Thoroughbreds performed a MaxSIT starting at 8 m/s and increasing by 1 m/s increments 60 s until maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) was reached. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLac), haematocrit (Hct), minute ventilation (V̇E) and oxygen consumption (V̇O2) were measured. V̇O2max, the speeds at which the HR were 200 and 160 bpm, respectively (V200, V160), the speed at which the BLac reached 4 mmol/l (VLa4) and lactate at HR200 (BLa200) were calculated. The relative aerobic energy input was determined using ΔBLacPeak-Resting increase as previously described. Data were expressed as median with interquartile range and analysed with a Wilcoxon rank sum test (P<0.05). Endurance horses had greater V̇O2max (202.5 ml/(kg.min) (190.3-211) vs 152.7 ml/(kg.min) (140.5-158.3); P<0.001) and had a greater aerobic energy contribution to total exercise effort (89.9% (87.0-96) vs 82.8% (81.1-84.1); P=0.009) than Thoroughbreds. Endurance horses reached HR>200 bpm on the treadmill, but had a lower HRmax (210 bpm (205-217) vs 226 bpm (219-228); P=0.008), BLa200 (3.8 mmol/l (2.7-5.5) vs 4.8 mmol/l (3.6-5.2); P<0.001) and Hctmax (56.4% (54.9-57.5) vs 61.5% (59-64); P=0.002). Endurance horses median VLa4 was 11.6 m/s (11.0-13.0); V200=11.9 m/s (10.9-12.3) and V160=8.5 m/s (7.2-8.6). Because of the HR and speed characteristics of modern endurance races, we proposed BLa200 as a new calculated parameter with which to assess endurance horses. Trained endurance horses accumulate less lactate, have a greater V̇O2max and relative aerobic contribution to their energy requirements at maximal intensity exercise despite a lower blood haematocrit.

Study on the Intensity and Coherence Information of High-Resolution ALOS-2 SAR Images for Rapid Massive Landslide Mapping at a Pixel Level

A rapid mapping of landslides following a disaster is important for coordinating emergency response and limiting rescue delays. A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can provide a solution even in harsh weather and at night, due to its independence of weather and light, quick response, no contact and broad coverage. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive exploration on the intensity and coherence information of three Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) SAR images, for rapid massive landslide mapping in a pixel level, in order to provide a reference for future applications. Applied data were two pre-event and one post-event high-resolution ALOS-2 products. Studied area was in the east of Iburi, Hokkaido, Japan, where massive shallow landslides were triggered in the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake. Potential parameters, including intensity difference (d), co-event correlation coefficient (r), correlation coefficient difference (∆r), co-event coherence (γ), and coherence difference (∆γ), were first selected and calculated based on a radar reflection mechanism, to facilitate rapid detection. Qualitative observation was then performed by overlapping ground truth landslides to calculated parameter images. Based on qualitative observation, an absolute value of d (dabs1) was applied to facility analyses, and a new parameter (dabs2) was proposed to avoid information loss in the calculation. After that, quantitative analyses of the six parameters (dabs1, dabs2, r, ∆r, γ and ∆γ) were performed by receiver operating characteristic. dabs2 and ∆r were found to be favorable parameters, which had the highest AUC values of 0.82 and 0.75, and correctly classified 69.36% and 64.57% landslide and non-landslide pixels by appropriate thresholds. Finally, a discriminant function was developed, combining three relatively favorable parameters (dabs2, ∆r, and ∆γ) with one in each type, and achieved an overall accuracy of 74.31% for landslide mapping.