A COMPARISON OF TURKEY-MALAYSIA LADM COUNTRY PROFILE FOR 3D CADASTRE PURPOSES

This paper summarises the comparison of Turkish and Malaysian cadastral registration systems based on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM, ISO 2012) associated with 2D and 3D cadastral situations. Literature review shows that many countries propose their profile based on the LADM, such as The Netherlands, Australia/ Queensland, China, Greece and others. Turkey and Malaysia are some of the potential candidates for the LADM based country profile, as described in this paper. The study presents a detailed overview of the Turkish and Malaysian cadastral system, and LADM-based country profiles developed by the two countries are compared thanks to the common ontology offered by LADM.

DEVELOPMENT OF A 3D CADASTRE AUGMENTED REALITY AND VISUALIZATION IN MALAYSIA

This paper discusses the capabilities of cadastre augmented reality (AR) and three-dimensional (3D) visualization in enhancing the stratified property visibility and information of the current strata plan in Malaysia. Currently, 2D information representation from the 2D+1D cadastre system is seen to be insufficient in serving real land management of the 3D aspect and property. Hence, toward a better digital 3D strata/property registration and land administration system in Malaysia, this study has explored the process in utilizing AR and 3D model to the current strata plan to enhance digital strata information contents and enabling the virtual strata plan presentation. The software used to develop the AR application smartphone was Unity3D software while Autodesk Revit applied to develop the 3D model and preparation of strata information. The interesting findings has been shown in this study. First result showed 3D models and strata parcel’s attribute that has been developed for AR digital content preparation. Secondly, this 3D-AR processes can continuously gather of user’s ambient information, conduct real-world recognition, and obtain real-world perception through smartphone device. Lastly, with utilization of AR technology in strata, it provides a more information to the strata plan without needing to change the current format of strata plan as the information are being displayed virtually onto the reality. With the integration of augmented reality and 3D visualization, the documentation of stratified properties in strata plan is potential to be enhanced from 2D planimetric to 3D representation. overlaid 3D model of the stratified property and standard strata information virtually on the present strata plan which has created an enhanced reality. This can allow the information to be viewed by more stakeholders with less restriction by using smartphone device.

PRODUCING AND VISUALIZATING 3D BUILDING GEODATABASE AS A PART OF 3D CADASTRE PROJECT

Digital data production possibilities have developed with the emerging technologies, and it has become possible to use different data formats together. The usability of three-dimensional (3D) data on various application areas has increased with the multidimensional use of geographic data in established information systems, for 3D visualization, presentation, and analysis. Topography-related analyzes such as digital elevation models, digital terrain models, slope maps and visibility maps can be made from geographic data sets produced in 3D. In addition, the use of 3D data in Building Information Modeling (BIM) has added various innovations for geographic data analysis. In this study, a geographic database was established by taking the vector data produced in the 3D Cadastre project that was carried out by the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre as an example. Data obtained from photogrammetry and architectural projects were used in accordance with the OGC CityGML standard. After creating 3D building database in GIS environment, as result of various visualization and analysis techniques, the contributions of this project to BIM were revealed for various applications such as real estate valuation, disaster management, renewable energy, 3D city models, and smart city projects.

3D TOPOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN SPATIAL DATABASES: AN OVERVIEW

The storage of spatial data that consists of spatial and non-spatial properties requires a database management system that possesses spatial functions that can cater to the spatial characteristics of data. These characteristics include the geometrical shape, topological and positional information. Parallel to how geometries describe the shape of an object, topological information is also an important spatial property which describes how the geometries in a space are related to each other. This information describes the connectivity, containment and adjacencies of spatial objects which are the foundation for more complex analysis such as navigation, data reconstruction, spatial queries and others. However, the topological support provided by spatial databases varies. This paper provided an overview on the current implementations of topological support in spatial databases such as ArcGIS, QGIS, PostgreSQL and others. The native topology in most spatial databases was found to be 2D topology maintained by 2D topology rules with limited representation of 3D topological relationships. Consequently, 3D objects represented by 2D topology had to be decomposed into objects of lower dimensions. Approaches to implement additional topological support for spatial databases included the use of topological data models, data structures, operators, and rules. 3D applications such as 3D cadastre required more detailed representations of topological information which required a more comprehensive 3D topological data model. Nonetheless, comprehensive preservation of topological information also mandates voluminous storage and higher computational efficiency. Thus, the appropriate 3D topological support should be provided in spatial databases to accurately represent 3D objects and meet 3D analysis requirements.

Accuracy Tests and Precision Assessment of Localizing Underground Utilities Using GPR Detection

Applying georadar (GPR) technology for detecting underground utilities is an important element of the comprehensive assessment of the location and ground infrastructure status. These works are usually connected with the conducted investment processes or serialised inventory of underground fittings. The detection of infrastructure is also crucial in implementing the BIM technology, 3D cadastre, and planned network modernization works. GPR detection accuracy depends on the type of equipment used, the selected detection method, and external factors. The multitude of techniques used for localizing underground utilities and constantly growing accuracy demands resulting from the fact that it is often necessary to detect infrastructure under challenging conditions of dense urban development leads to the need to improve the existing technologies. The factor that motivated us to start research on assessing the precision and accuracy of ground penetrating radar detection was the need to ensure the appropriate accuracy, precision, and reliability of detecting underground utilities versus different methods and analyses. The results of the multi-variant GPR were subjected to statistical testing. Various analyses were also conducted, depending on the detection method and on the current soil parameters using a unique sensor probe. When planning detection routes, we took into account regular, established grids and tracked the trajectory of movement of the equipment using GNSS receivers (internal and external ones). Moreover, a specialist probe was used to evaluate the potential influence of the changing soil conditions on the obtained detection results. Our tests were conducted in a developed area for ten months. The results confirmed a strong correlation between the obtained accuracy and the measurement method used, while the correlation with the other factors discussed here was significantly weaker.

DEVELOPMENT OF 3D CADASTRE IN NEW SOUTH WALES THROUGH E-PLAN LODGEMENT

With rapid growth of urban environments worldwide, there is an increasing need to develop more innovative and efficient land administration systems. In Australia, various jurisdictions are currently in the process of implementing 3D cadastre to support better land administration services to the wider community. The ‘Cadastre 2034 Strategy’ published by the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) for Australia in 2014 indicates that a digital cadastre will be implemented as part of that strategy. As part of development of 3D cadastre, State of New South Wales has used the ePlan model based on LandXML for digital lodgement and validation of cadastral plans. This initiative aims to replace PDF cadastral plans with the digital format of LandXML. However, with the introduction of LandXML as the chosen formats for digital cadastral plans in NSW, there has been a significantly low level of Strata Plan digital capture and submission in LandXML format by the surveying industry. The research aims to identify the main challenges and explore a suitable method to improve the adoption of the digital format for Strata Plan submission and development of 3D cadastre in NSW. In this research paper, a mixed method research approach has been used by integrating both qualitative and quantitative data. The primary data was collected using online questionnaires and surveys of different stakeholders from government and the private surveying industry. The data allowed for the assessment of the effectiveness and implications of the digital system currently maintained by the NSW LRS (Land Registry Services). A case study was used for the creation, validation and lodgement of an existing strata plan using LandXML format. This paper demonstrates that implementation of 3D digital cadastral plans needs to be more structured in order to satisfy all stakeholders involved. More investment into the representation of complex 3D geometric models and classification for validation will improve the uptake by surveyors. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of the proposed strata plan implementation strategy and proposes future research within the topic of strata plan validation in NSW, Australia.

TO THE QUESTION OF REGULATORY AND LEGAL SUPPORT FOR THE CREATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL REAL ESTATE CADASTRE IN RUSSIA

The paper discusses some issues that may arise in the formation of the regulatory framework for the creation and maintenance of a three-dimensional real estate cadastre in Russia. An analytical review of the prerequisites for the creation of a three-dimensional real estate cadastre in Russia has been carried out. The priorities of interaction between urban planning and cadastral activities are considered, as well as the definition of scientifically grounded requirements for the accuracy of cadastral work, taking into account the introduction of the third, high-altitude coordinate H. Close attention is paid to the expansion of the requirements for the technical plan, in the transition to a 3D cadastre, the general availability of information about real estate objects on the public cadastral map.

Development of an Integrated BIM-3D GIS Approach for 3D Cadastre in Morocco

With rapid population growth, there is an increasing demand for vertical use of space. The wide spread of complex and high-rise buildings, as well as the increasing number of infrastructure above or underground, requires new methods for efficient management of land property. 3D cadastre has, thus, become a necessity for land administration. However, the success of 3D cadastral systems relies on the definition of legal and institutional frameworks and requires implementing performant technical solutions. The potential of BIM and 3D GIS in this field has been demonstrated by several authors. However, cadastral development is strongly related to the national context of each country in terms of laws, institutions, etc. In this paper, an integrated approach based on BIM and 3D GIS for the implementation of a 3D cadastre in Morocco is presented. This approach demonstrates the relevance of such integration for the efficient management of cadastral information. First, a Conceptual Data Model (CDM) based on an extension of CityGML, was proposed for the management of cadastral information in Morocco. Then, a BIM modeling process was developed according to the model’s specifications and then translated to CityGML format. After that, a 3D Geodatabase was implemented in ArcGIS based on the proposed CDM. Our method was applied to a case of co-ownership building, showing several difficulties and limits in terms of 2D representation. The results show several advantages in terms of representation and management of 3D cadastral objects. In addition, some improvements are proposed to extend the concept of co-owner share to a volumetric calculation.

3D Property Research from a Legal Perspective Revisited

The concept of 3D cadastre is widespread internationally and part of many nations’ legal infrastructure. Since the publication of a literature survey on 3D cadastre research by Paulsson and Paasch in 2013, there has been a considerable amount of research output and activities in regard to 3D cadastre, which led us to believe that a new investigation of 3D cadastre publications could be of interest. The aim of this study is to analyze the development in 3D cadastre research during the years 2012–2020, focusing on the legal perspective of 3D property. A classification was made into main groups, legal, technical, registration and organizational, also investigating the occurrence of sub-themes such as visualization, BIM and standardization. The results of other literature studies on 3D cadastre research were compared with the outcome of this study. The number of identified publications during the analyzed years was 530. The study showed that the number of publications on legal topics has increased, but in relation to the other groups is still rather low. The 3D cadastre research community could benefit from the inclusion of the legal perspective in publications from other main groups, along with an increased focus on international comparative studies.