Facet-selective morphology-controlled remote epitaxy of ZnO microcrystals via wet chemical synthesis

We report on morphology-controlled remote epitaxy via hydrothermal growth of ZnO micro- and nanostructure crystals on graphene-coated GaN substrate. The morphology control is achieved to grow diverse morphologies of ZnO from nanowire to microdisk by changing additives of wet chemical solution at a fixed nutrient concentration. Although the growth of ZnO is carried out on poly-domain graphene-coated GaN substrate, the direction of hexagonal sidewall facet of ZnO is homogeneous over the whole ZnO-grown area on graphene/GaN because of strong remote epitaxial relation between ZnO and GaN across graphene. Atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy corroborates the remote epitaxial relation. The non-covalent interface is applied to mechanically lift off the overlayer of ZnO crystals via a thermal release tape. The mechanism of facet-selective morphology control of ZnO is discussed in terms of electrostatic interaction between nutrient solution and facet surface passivated with functional groups derived from the chemical additives.

Creation and Evaluation of Atomically Ordered Side- and Facet-Surface Structures of Three-Dimensional Silicon Nano-Architectures

The realization of three-dimensional (3D)-architected nanostructures, that is, the transformation from novel two-dimensional (2D) film-based devices to 3D complex nanodevices, is of crucial importance with the progress of scaling down devices to nanometer order. However, little attention has been devoted to controlling the atomic ordering and structures of side-surfaces on 3D structures, while techniques for controlling and investigating 2D surfaces, namely, surface science, have been established only for planar 2D surfaces. We have established an original methodology that enables atomic orderings and arrangements of surfaces with arbitrary directions to be observed on 3D figured structures by developing diffraction and microscopy techniques. An original technique, namely, directly and quantitatively viewing the side- and facet-surfaces at the atomic scale by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), can be used to determine process parameters in etching. This chapter introduces methods of evaluation by RHEED and LEED based on a reciprocal space map and methods of creating various atomically flat 111 and {100} side-surfaces of 3D Si nano-architectures and tilted 111 facet-surfaces fabricated by lithography dry and wet etching processes, followed by annealing treatment in vacuum.

An Anatomical Evaluation of the Trapezium and Its Relationship to Basilar Joint Osteophytic Change

Background To perform a comprehensive osteologic investigation into trapezium anatomy and investigate the relationship between anatomical factors and osteophyte formation, focusing on sex-specific differences. Methods This was a cadaveric study involving 1233 trapezia and first metacarpals. Two subgroups (“Control” and “Main Study”) were established. The “Control” cohort was used to identify features of the trapezium in specimens devoid of osteophytic change. The prevalence and severity of osteophytic change were investigated in the “Main Study” cohort. Sex differences were specifically assessed. Regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with osteophyte formation. Results Three discrete surface morphologies exist at the trapezium trapeziometacarpal (TM) facet: heart, quadrilateral, and bean. Controlling for height, men have a larger trapezium TM facet surface area. However, the trapezium assumes the same off-center saddle shape in both sexes. The presence of osteophytes at the basilar joint is a common finding; no differences in osteologic prevalence exist between sexes. The progression of osteophytic change complements the radiographic Eaton-Littler classification system. The trapezium TM facet increases the surface area with incremental osteophyte involvement, with the degree of surface area expansion correlated with increases in the severity of osteophytic change. Increased age, increased surface area, bean morphology, and decreased volar joint depth are associated with more severe osteophyte formation. Conclusions Anatomical features of the trapezium may contribute to osteophyte development. Although the prevalence of osteophytic disease appears equal between sexes, sex differences exist in some anatomical parameters. These differences may help explain the increased prevalence of symptomatic basilar joint disease in women.

Determining the Cadastral-tax Areas for the Real Estate Premises Based on the Model of Qualitative and Quantitative

The approach to the cadastral value of the property is an indicator of the development of the real estate market, and therefore there are still divisions between countries preferring addictive this value from the surface and from values. The article comments on regulatory presented in selected European Union countries and presents original solution for the determination and correction of the cadastral value of the property, which is the basis to determine the property tax. About the tax character of this value, the fact that the introduction of social concern. Based on Poland, more than twenty years there has been discussion on this subject, but without regulation, there is only a discuss about the concepts of the system. The first attempts spatial analysis in order to determine the cadastral-tax areas have not yielded sufficient results, which is why the authors decided to present original solution resulting from the combination of statistical methods inclusive quantitative traits (facet surface) and qualitative characteristics (standard flat) with the characteristics of spatial (location, neighbourhood), in to determine the cadastral value of the property to eventually create the zones in cadastral-tax-zones. As an example, the property from the city Bochnia were used. The paper sought optimal zoning, to minimize variations and create homogeneous collections, which are enclosed areas, so that the weightings were small. To do this, the property housing was selected, as constituting the highest percentage of items on the market.

Morphological Asymmetry of the Superior Cervical Facets from C3 through C7 due to Degeneration

Introduction. Knowledge about facet morphology has already been discussed extensively in literature but is limited regarding asymmetry and its relation to facet degeneration. Method. Facet dimensions, surface area, curvature, and degeneration of the superior facets were measured in 85 dried human vertebrae from the anatomical collection of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. The vertebrae were analysed using the Microscribe G2X digitizer (Immersion Co., San Jose, CA) and a grading system for the evaluation of cervical facet degeneration. Coordinates were processed mathematically to evaluate articular tropism. The statistical analysis includes the paired t-test and the Pearson correlation. Results. On average, no systematic differences between the left and right facets were found concerning morphology and degeneration. However, there were significant differences regardless of the side-occurrence. There was a significant correlation between the dimensions of the total facet surface and the degree of degeneration but not for the recognizable joint surface. Conclusions. Facet tropism of the upper joint facets occurred often in the cervical spine but without side preference. A bigger difference in degeneration asymmetry was associated with a bigger difference in facet joint dimension asymmetry.

Observation of the Surface Morphology on the (0001)C Facet of 4H-SiC Boules

The surface morphology on the (000-1)C facet of 4H-SiC boules grown by the physical vapor transport method was examined in various scales (from millimeter to nanometer) using different types of microscopies such as differential interference contrast (DIC) optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The DIC optical microscope observation revealed that there exist three distinct morphological regions at the growth front of the 4H-SiC boules; they are facetted, non-facetted, and the intermediate region between them. The local inclination of the facet surface from the (000-1) basal plane increases toward the facet edge and then decreases over the intermediate region. AFM observations revealed characteristic step structures in these two regions and also that they are significantly influenced by nitrogen-doping. Based on the results, the formation mechanism of the facet morphology on 4H-SiC boules is discussed.

Localized and Generalized Simulated Wear of Resin Composites

SUMMARY A laboratory study was conducted to examine the wear of resin composite materials using both a localized and generalized wear simulation model. Twenty specimens each of seven resin composites (Esthet•X HD [HD], Filtek Supreme Ultra [SU], Herculite Ultra [HU], SonicFill [SF], Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill [TB], Venus Diamond [VD], and Z100 Restorative [Z]) were subjected to a wear challenge of 400,000 cycles for both localized and generalized wear in a Leinfelder-Suzuki wear simulator (Alabama machine). The materials were placed in custom cylinder-shaped stainless steel fixtures. A stainless steel ball bearing (r=2.387 mm) was used as the antagonist for localized wear, and a stainless steel, cylindrical antagonist with a flat tip was used for generalized wear. A water slurry of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads was used as the abrasive media. A noncontact profilometer (Proscan 2100) with Proscan software was used to digitize the surface contours of the pretest and posttest specimens. AnSur 3D software was used for wear assessment. For localized testing, maximum facet depth (μm) and volume loss (mm3) were used to compare the materials. The mean depth of the facet surface (μm) and volume loss (mm3) were used for comparison of the generalized wear specimens. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test were used for data analysis of volume loss for both localized and generalized wear, maximum facet depth for localized wear, and mean depth of the facet for generalized wear. The results for localized wear simulation were as follows [mean (standard deviation)]: maximum facet depth (μm)—Z, 59.5 (14.7); HU, 99.3 (16.3); SU, 102.8 (13.8); HD, 110.2 (13.3); VD, 114.0 (10.3); TB, 125.5 (12.1); SF, 195.9 (16.9); volume loss (mm3)— Z, 0.013 (0.002); SU, 0.026 (0.006); HU, 0.043 (0.008); VD, 0.057 (0.009); HD, 0.058 (0.014); TB, 0.061 (0.010); SF, 0.135 (0.024). Generalized wear simulation results were as follows: mean depth of facet (μm)—Z, 9.3 (3.4); SU, 12.8 (3.1); HU, 15.6 (3.2); TB, 19.2 (4.8); HD, 26.8 (6.5); VD, 29.1 (5.5); SF, 35.6 (8.4); volume loss (mm3)—Z, 0.132 (0.049); SU, 0.0179 (0.042); HU, 0.224 (0.044); TB, 0.274 (0.065); HD, 0.386 (0.101); VD, 0.417 (0.076); SF, 0.505 (0.105). The ANOVA showed a significant difference among materials (p<0.001) for facet depth and volume loss for both localized and generalized wear. The post hoc test revealed differences (p<0.05) in localized and generalized wear values among the seven resin composites examined in this study. The findings provide valuable information regarding the relative wear characteristics of the materials in this study.

FACET PREPARATION OF SILICON NANO-WAVEGUIDES BY CLEAVING THE SOI CHIP

Optical facet preparation of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides was done by polishing after saw dicing or cleaving after two different techniques of scoring by a mechanical saw and fs-laser. Cleaving after fs-laser scoring leads to smooth facet surface of air covered SOI waveguides; polishing after dicing is more efficient with SiO2covered waveguides. The prepared end facets were investigated using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SOI waveguides were characterized by optical transmission of telecommunication wavelength (1.5 μm).

Uncertainty Analysis and Characterization of the SOFAST Mirror Facet Characterization System

Sandia Optical Fringe Analysis Slope Tool (SOFAST) is a mirror facet characterization system based on fringe reflection technology that has been applied to dish and heliostat mirror facet development at Sandia National Laboratories and development partner sites. The tool provides a detailed map of mirror facet surface normals as compared to design and fitted surfaces. In addition, the surface fitting process provides insights into systematic facet slope characterization, such as focal lengths, tilts, and twist of the facet. In this paper, a preliminary analysis of the sensitivities of the facet characterization outputs to variations of SOFAST input parameters is presented. The results of the sensitivity analysis provided the basis for a linear uncertainty analysis which is also included here. Input parameters included hardware parameters and SOFAST setup variables. Output parameters included the fitted shape parameters (focal lengths and twist) and the residuals (typically called slope error). The study utilized empirical propagation of input parameter errors through facet characterization calculations to the output parameters, based on the measurement of an Advanced Dish Development System (ADDS) structural gore point-focus facet. Thus, this study is limited to the characterization of sensitivities of the SOFAST embodiment intended for dish facet characterization. With reasonably careful setup, SOFAST is demonstrated to provide facet focal length characterization within 0.5% of actual. Facet twist is accurate within ± 0.03 mrad/m. The local slope deviation measurement is accurate within ± 0.05 mrad, while the global slope residual is accurate within ± 0.005 mrad. All uncertainties are quoted with 95% confidence.