KONFLIK UIGHUR DI XINJIANG, CHINA: PEMAHAMAN DARI SUDUT PENDEKATAN SEGI TIGA KONFLIK GALTUNG

Pergolakan antara etnik Uighur dan Kerajaan China sudah lama diperkatakan. Bermula pada tahun 1949 sehingga kini, konflik ini masih belum reda malah mengakibatkan ribuan nyawa terkorban dan harta benda musnah. Kedua-dua pihak masih memperjuangkan matlamat dan kepentingan masing-masing dan belum bersedia untuk mencari penyelesaian. Penulisan ini memfokuskan kepada pendekatan Segi tiga Konflik sebagai alternatif untuk memahami konflik yang bersifat berulang-ulang ini (Protracted Social Conflict). Terdapat tiga elemen utama dalam Pendekatan Segi tiga Konflik iaitu Situasi, Sikap dan Tingkah laku. Ketiga elemen ini saling berkaitan antara satu sama lain yang mendorong kepada turun dan naik intensiti konflik. Penulisan ini merujuk kepada sumber-sumber sekunder yang melibatkan perbincangan dalam buku, jurnal, hasil kajian, laporan media dan lain-lain lagi. Data yang diperoleh ini kemudiannya dianalisis melalui pengaplikasian elemen Segi tiga Konflik sebagai alternatif memahami konflik yang berpanjangan tersebut. Kebergantungan antara tiga elemen ini membolehkan kita memahami punca-punca konflik tersebut terperangkap di intensiti yang ekstrem. Hasil daripada pengaplikasian elemen Segi tiga Konflik ini mendapati bahawa dari sudut ‘Situasi’, konflik tersebut berlaku akibat perebutan Wilayah Xinjiang (konflik material) antara etnik Uighur dan Kerajaan China dan kini telah bertukar kepada konflik nilai (agama dan identiti) sehingga sukar dikompromi dan diselesaikan. Begitu juga dengan elemen ‘Sikap’, apabila konflik yang berpanjangan tersebut telah meningkat elemen psikologi yang tidak terkawal seperti marah, benci, cemburu, imej musuh, stereotaip dan prejudis. Akhirnya, ia membentuk elemen ‘Tingkah laku’ yang memaksa, memujuk, mengugut, ancaman, diskriminasi, asimilasi dan pembunuhan. Salah satu contoh ialah penahanan kem pendidikan dan vokasional ke atas etnik Uighur di Xinjiang yang merupakan tingkah laku asimilasi yang melibatkan ancaman dan ugutan; ia berkaitan dengan elemen psikologi stereotaip dan double standard Kerajaan China ke atas etnik Uighur. The unrest between the Uighurs and the Chinese government has elongated for quite a long time. Since 1949, the conflict has not subsided and resulted in thousands of lives lost and property destruction. Both sides are still fighting for their respective goals and interests, and not ready to find solutions. This paper focuses on the Galtung’s Conflict Triangle Approach as an alternative to understand this recurring conflict (Protracted Social Conflict). There are three main elements in the Conflict Triangle Approach namely Situation, Attitude and Behavior. These three elements are interconnected, leading to escalated and de-escalated of conflict intensity. This paper has made reference to secondary sources involving discussions in books, journals, research results, media reports and others. In order to understand the protracted social conflict, the data obtained are analyzed using the application of the Conflict Triangle. The interdependence between these three elements allows us to understand the causes of this conflict is trapped in extreme intensity. As a result of the application of the Conflict Triangle elements, it is found that from the ‘Situation’ point of view, there is a dispute over Xinjiang province (material conflict) between the Uighur ethnic group and the Chinese government in which has turned into a values conflict (religion and identity) that is difficult to compromise and resolve. Attitude is found as an element from the protracted social conflict which was resulted to an uncontrollable psychological element such as anger,hatred, jealousy, enemy images, stereotypes and prejudice. Eventually, it forms the behavior element of coercion, persuasion, intimidation, threats,discrimination, assimilation and murder. One example is the establishment of educational and vocational detention camps for the Uighur ethnic group in Xinjiang. The camps are part of the assimilation strategy of the government to asimilate the Uighurs. The camps are reported to execute inhuman behavior involving threats and intimidation which relate to the stereotypical psychological elements and the Chinese government’s double standard on the Uighur ethnic group.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy of Patients with Somatic Symptoms—Diagnostic and Therapeutic Difficulties

In every somatic disease we can find a psychological element, just as it is not uncommon for numerous physical symptoms to occur in a mental disease. Nowadays, the patient is no longer just the “owner” of the sick organ but is considered and treated as a “whole”. The interpenetration of somatic manifestations with mental health problems forces patients who experience subjective suffering, including mental suffering, from current symptoms to visit specialists from different fields of medicine, and their treatment does not bring about any improvement. Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy (CBT) is one form of therapy that attempts to respond to the needs of an increasing—in recent years—number of patients who demonstrate somatic disorders of a multifaceted nature. The co-occurrence of physical and mental disorders repeatedly makes it impossible to determine which symptoms were the cause and which were the effect; hence, it is difficult to establish clear boundaries between the categories of these disorders and diseases. The therapist, to whom the patient with somatic diseases is eventually referred, may be faced with a diagnostic dilemma, the solution of which will give direction to further psychotherapeutic work. The common feature of this group of patients is a strong focus on physical ailments, while omitting or almost completely ignoring the psychological factors involved. The purpose of this paper is to present the causally diverse circumstances in which a patient with physical symptoms needs diagnosis and therapeutic support from the perspective of a cognitive behavioral approach.

A Comparative Study: Anxiety as an Impact of Slavery in Toni Morrison’s Beloved and William Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom!

This paper discusses the anxiety as an impact of slavery reflected in two outstanding African-American novels: Toni Morrison’s Beloved and William Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom!. These novels are set in around the slavery period which shows how cruel and brutal slavery practices in the United States. The plots consist of some traditions and beliefs among White and African-American which have emerged since the antebellum period. By using a comparative approach, this paper focuses on the types of anxiety mentioned by Sigmund Freud. The analysis shows that both neurotic and moral anxieties play a pivotal psychological element throughout the intense “black-white” binary narratives. In this case, Toni Morrison’s Beloved consists of neurotic anxiety in the form of trauma experienced by Sethe and William Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom! consist of moral anxiety in the form of shame for having Negro bloodline in aristocrat Southern plantation culture. Both novels show that slavery, whether it stands as a tradition or as an economic value, has significantly shaped the direction of American society.

Landasan Psikologis Pendidikan Kristen dan Relevansinya dalam Pendidikan Kristen Masa Kini

Building a family, church, educational institution or business world cannot be separated from the concept of an education. Education is an important reference in seeing, directing and bringing about a very significant and maximum change. By using descriptive descriptive method, through the literature study approach, research can describe the journey of education in a person, family, educational institution, church or business world, which cannot be separated from the psychological element which is the basis for further understanding. This is because there are many people who have not taken Christian education seriously in the family, work environment, even in churches with a clear curriculum. In the context of this discussion, education is focused on Christian education. It is very necessary to build a strong psychological foundation in Christian education, so that it can be used as a reference in building an ideal and maximum Christian education. The principles in this presentation will formulate some of the psychological foundations which are the foundation of Christian education. Because Christian education is very important in building a wholeness of view that is in accordance with the truth of God's Word and the character of Christ.

Justification to Others

Prichard posed the question of whether there was a reason for persons to take on the obligations of morality. Scanlon offers a distinctive contractualist answer to this question, which is based on the notion of what it is reasonable for persons to act on as moral duties. It is useful to contrast Scanlon’s theory will John Stuart Mill’s conception of sanctions. For Scanlon, by contrast with Mill, there is no need to appeal to a special psychological element to explain how a person could be moved to moral action. The motivation is adequately captured in the idea of external reasons, which derive from the social relations in which persons stand to one another. This is not intended as a reply to the egoist, but as an account of what moves people to act morally. Scanlon has to assume a thesis of ‘purity of heart’ akin to that of Rawls, and this is implausible. A useful way of understanding Scanlon’s approach is via the idea of relative necessity, where the necessity is relative to the code of a particular society. However, understood in this way, Scanlon’s thesis is vulnerable to the fact that some societies have deep divisions, in which there is no coherent and agreed moral code. Yet, there can still be justice between strangers.

The Influence of Removing the Perception of Achievement on Performance in Volitional Time-to-Exhaustion Cycle Ergometer Trials

The purpose of this brief report is to report the findings of an investigation of the potential influence of the removal of achievement feedback on subjects undertaking maximal fitness testing. Subjects were asked to complete a two incremental volitional time-to-exhaustion cycle ergometer trials, one with feedback and one without. The final minute of each trial, following the last increase in increment in resistance was broken down into four 15-second intervals and a frequency count made of how many subjects stopped within each interval. A chi-square test was used to determine that there was a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies (p<0.05) in the feedback condition. With feedback, subjects were significantly more likely to stop in the first interval (0-15s) while without feedback subjects were evenly distributed across all four intervals. There was also a non-significant, but medium-to-large difference, in time-to-exhaustion with those in the feedback condition going an average 39.44s longer. This suggests a potential psychological element related to goal achievement that influences performance in incremental volitional time-to-exhaustion cycle ergometer trials. The information subjects have available on which to base goals (level of increment, time etc.) needs to be managed to prevent spontaneous goal setting and ensure true time-to-exhaustion is achieved.

Generasi Insan Maju Berbasis dalam Perspektif Tafsir Penyucian Jiwa Al-Mizan Thabataba’i

The perspective of materialism initiated by some western scholars has obscured the concept of man. One of them is limiting that humans are merely material, the implication is that the progress of a generation is determined by the abundance of material aspects. In addition, by limiting humans to materiality, it also affirms human limitations, due to limited material. If humans are only limited matter, when the material is destroyed, human existence ends. The above view is increasingly making efforts to foster materialism, thus giving serious problems to almost all social order. Of course the above view is not in accordance with the principles in the Koran. However, in some circles of Islam there is a similarity with materialists regarding the benchmarks of the success of a human progress that is through achievements that are materialistic and put aside the spiritual elements, one of which is the discourse of territorial control in the name of Islam carried by radical Islamism, even willing to do acts of terror that worry the public. Fatally, this was legitimized through their interpretation of the Koran. These two understandings, both materialism and radical Islamism are not able to create an advanced generation, because they deny the spiritual or psychological element of man which is the most principle for humans, which distinguishes humans from other creatures. In addition to the two contexts of the problem, Islam in the archipelago is geneologically has a character that tends to be spiritual, so it is not appropriate to develop the concept of an advanced archipelago based on materialistic achievements as promoted by modernist materialism and radical Islamism. Purification of souls interpreted by Thabathaba'i in Al-Mizan provides an advanced concept of spiritual construction based on the Qur'an which is essential and in line with the spiritual characteristics of the archipelago. From it, an important aspect of humanity, which is spirituality, is to be accommodated, and used as a motor to create an advanced spiritual person, without ignoring materiality. This paper seeks to uncover Thabathabai's interpretation and is contextualized with the views of Islamic and Sufi philosophers regarding the mentality of the soul and its relationship to human behavior with descriptive analysis methods. Thus the spiritual beings of the archipelago are developed going forward that accommodate all aspects of humanity and are based on the Qur'an.

The Concept of Researching the Development of Destructive Personality Traits in Convicts

The priority tasks of modern Russian penitentiary policy include the development of an effective system of enforcing criminal punishments and other criminal law measures. The implementation of this multi-faceted task is impossible without taking into consideration the personal traits of convicts sentenced to incarceration. When prisoners spend time in a correctional institution and are forced to enter its specific environment, they acquire social and personal attitudes that, unfortunately, are more often negative than positive. In the current article the authors examine problems connected with identifying the traits that characterize the personality of a convict as a specific criminological category. They attempt to present their own concept of researching the signs (primarily, penitentiary ones) of the formation of destructive personality traits in convicts. The realization of this task includes studying those features and characteristics of a convicts personality that possess the meaning and content highlighting the value and systemic essence of this personality. The authors believe that a multi-level criminological concept would be most suitable for such research, this concept should make it possible to study the whole structure of a convicts personality in a comprehensive way, and it is the motivation of a convicts behavior. A convict, just like any person, possesses a complex of leading motives that comprise the essence of his personality and determine his behavior. When researching the motivation of criminal behavior, it is possible to trace the interconnection of internal and external factors, study the methods and conditions of a specific crime, the personality of a criminal. At present, the researchers in the penitentiary field and the employees of the penitentiary institutions agree that it is necessary to conduct special research of the formation of an integrated system of specific factors that influence the motivation of convicts and cause the destruction of personality traits, which is typical of places of confinement. The authors believe that a characteristic feature of the socio-psychological element of a convicts personality is the disruption in the development of his sphere of motivation and senses as one of the factors of its formation.

Comparative Study of Property Destruction Crime Case Study: Iranian and British Law

Destruction of property means the deliberate destruction or incomplete destruction of material property belonging to others, which is punishable by law. In Islamic law, according to the rule of loss, the sentence is punishable by indemnity (civil liability), and the act of damaging another's punishment is punishable by damaging the property of another. In the criminal law of Iran, the crime in addition to the common elements of all crimes has its own specific elements, not only in the Islamic Penal Code, but also in the various laws and regulations that the legislator has prescribed to prevent the deliberate loss of some property. , There is . In British law, the Criminal Destruction Act of 1971 also includes one major offense, one misdemeanor offense, and two minor offenses. To another, without legal excuse. Conduct of destruction shall be subject to the above provisions if it is to occur in a material positive manner and shall be subject to criminal offenses such as property, documents, buildings and antiquities, including matters prohibited by law to the It explicitly provided that the said offense shall not only have the property not to be committed by the offender, but shall result in the loss or defective operation of the offense, causing the owner to have a material loss, otherwise due to the consequence of the offense, The offender's offenses do not have a criminal character, so as soon as the causal relationship between the offender and the outcome (loss) is realized, He is a convicted felon, no matter what the offender used, but the use of certain means intensifies his punishment. In British law, the possibility of a crime of destruction by the act of abandonment is accepted. In British law, like Iran, property must belong to another, but in one case, the destruction of one's own property is also considered a crime, and in the UK the use of some means of destruction will increase the punishment. The psychological element of the crime of property destruction is intentional, except in specific cases, and it is necessary that the specific, general nature of the offense and the dispossession of the property belong separately to the other. Finally, the commencement of the crime if it does not fall under the heading of other criminal offenses is not a crime and cannot be pursued. In the United Kingdom the psychological element of criminal damage in English law is direct or indirect or objective negligence defined by the House of Lords. The punishment for the offense also varies for each individual case.

Moving beyond mindfulness: Defining equanimity as an outcome measure in meditation and contemplative research

In light of a growing interest in contemplative practices such as meditation, the emerging field of contemplative science has been challenged to describe and objectively measure how these practices affect health and well-being. While “mindfulness” itself has been proposed as a measurable outcome of contemplative practices, this concept encompasses multiple components, some of which, as we review here, may be better characterized as equanimity. Equanimity can be defined as an even-minded mental state or dispositional tendency toward all experiences or objects, regardless of their origin or their affective valence (pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral). In this article, we propose that equanimity be used as an outcome measure in contemplative research. We first define and discuss the inter-relationship between mindfulness and equanimity from the perspectives of both classical Buddhism and modern psychology and present existing meditation techniques for cultivating equanimity. We then review psychological, physiological, and neuroimaging methods that have been used to assess equanimity either directly or indirectly. In conclusion, we propose that equanimity captures potentially the most important psychological element in the improvement of well-being, and therefore should be a focus in future research studies.