Potential Use of Plant Biomass from Treatment Wetland Systems for Producing Biofuels through a Biocrude Green-Biorefining Platform

The potential of using the biomass of four wetland plant species (Iris pseudacorus, Juncus effusus, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia) grown in treatment wetland systems and under natural conditions were tested to produce high-value materials using hydro-thermal liquefaction (HTL). The results show that the wetland plants biomass is suitable for biocrude and biochar production regardless of the origin. The hydrothermal liquefaction products’ (biocrude, biochar, aqueous and gaseous phase) yields vary according with the specific biomass composition of the species. Furthermore, the results show that the biomass composition can be affected by the growing condition (treatment wetland or natural unpolluted conditions) of the plants. None of the single components seems to have a determinant effect on the biocrude yields, which reached around 30% for all the analyzed plants. On the contrary, the biochar yields seem to be affected by the composition of the biomass, obtaining different yields for the different plant species, with biochar yields values from around 12% to 22%, being that Phragmites australis is the one with the highest average yield. The obtained aqueous phase from the different plant species produces homogeneous compounds for each plant species and each growing environment. The study shows that biomass from treatment wetlands is suitable for biocrude production. The environmental value of this biomass lies on the fact that it is considered a residual product with no aggregated value. The treatment wetland biomass is a potential sustainable source for biofuel production since these plants do not need extra land or nutrients for growing, and the biomass does not compete with other uses, offering new sources for enhancing the bioeconomy concepts.

Snail Shells Adsorbent for Copper Removal from Aqueous Solutions and the Production of Valuable Compounds

This research explored the efficiency of snail shells powder (SSP) for Cu(II) removal from aqueous solutions and the production of valuable compounds from the residual product. To confirm its chemical and mineral components, the material was characterized by different instrumental techniques. The effects of experimental parameters such as the pH of the solution, the effect of SSP dose, particle size, and initial concentration of Cu(II) on the removal process were studied. The removal of Cu(II) was reasonably fast to be completed within a time frame of 90 min. The kinetics following the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.979) were better compared to the pseudo-first-order model (R2 = 0.896). The increase in pH values leads to an increase in the amount of Cu(II) adsorbed. Afterward, the adsorption capacity reaches stability at pH near 7. The maximum Cu(II) removal occurred with a mass of 8 g·L−1 and a particle size of 300 μm. This particle size presents approximately 44.5% of SSP particles, which is the largest proportion of the sample as shown by particle size analysis. The adsorption isotherm was well described by Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The thermodynamic parameters values showed that the Cu(II) adsorption was a spontaneous and exothermic process. Furthermore, with the presence of CaCO3, the precipitation of Cu(II) in the form of posnjakite occurred with a high Cu(II) removal rate close to 99%. The residual SSP was used for the production of valuable compounds through the thermal decomposition process at various temperatures.

ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH KAKAO MENJADI PAKAN TERNAK DI PT BERAU COCOA, KALIMANTAN TIMUR

Waste is the residual product from an industrial process and the household, useless, no economic value and is a serious problem in the industrial era 4.0, where regulations on environmentally friendly industrialization are an important issue. Primary industries such as sugar cane, oil palm, cocoa produce a lot of wastes during the pre-harvest period such as leaves and three litters, and in the post-harvest period such as pulp, fruit skins, and fruit pulp. PT Berau Cocoa processes cocoa skin waste into animal feed which is applied to cattle in Binungan. This research uses a descriptive research method and how to teach data by distributing 50 questionnaires to cocoa farmers. The results of data analysis show the fact that most cocoa farmers are male of 38 peoples (76%), high school education level of 33 peoples (82%), joined along 4-6 years as 45 peoples (90 %), all respondents are married, and own private land. Supporting factors that influence the processing of cocoa waste into animal feed can be seen from the average value of each factor, method factor (0.596), material factor (0.512), human factor (0.416), and money factors (0.404), and the lowest average is the engine factor (0.312).

Farmers' Willingness to Pay for Bio-slurry Fertilizer in Central Java

Bio-slurry is the residual product of biogas processing waste through the decomposition process without oxygen (anaerobic). Bio-slurry can be used as organic fertilizer for agricultural land. This study aims to: 1) assess the value of willingness to pay (WTP) for bio-slurry fertilizer, 2) find factors affecting farmer’s willingness to pay (WTP) of bio-slurry fertilizer. The research was carried out from January to February 2020 in Central Java. Determination of the location is purposive based on the farmers in Magelang and Demak Regency that have utilized biogas waste to be organic fertilizer and had been commercialized. Primary data were obtained from 80 farmers using purposive sampling, with the aid of questionnaire. Data analysis using contingent value method (CVM) to evaluate the farmer’s willingness to pay and logistic regression to analyze its determinant factors. The result showed that farmer’s willingness to pay (WTP) rate of bio-slurry fertilizer was IDR. 937,5/kg, which was above the market price. The determinant factors are farm income, education, price, and experience using organic fertilizer positively related to farmers’ willingness to pay bio-slurry fertilizer whereas land area negatively related to farmers’ willingness to pay bio-slurry fertilizer. The value of willingness to pay show the opportunity for bio-slurry fertilizer to survive in market by taking into account continuity of production and quality.

Pengembangan Game Edukasi Pilah Sampah berbasis Android 2 Dimensi

Abstrak Objektif. Game edukasi merupakan bentuk permainan yang dikemas untuk merangsang daya pikir manusia. Game edukasi dapat dijadikan salah cara untuk menarik perhatian dari seseorang supaya mau belajar tentang suatu hal dengan cara yang tidak membosankan atau belajar dengan cara yang menyenangkan. Sampah merupakan hasil sisa dari kegiatan manusia. Saat ini, banyak sampah yang berserakan terlihat disepanjang bantaran sungai. Hal ini menjadi salah satu masalah yang sangat berbahaya. Penanggulangan terhadap masalah sampah sudah sering dilakukan oleh pihak pemerintah maupun warga. Namun demikian, banyak juga warga yang belum bisa merubah kebiasaan membuang sampah di sembarang tempat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang sebuah permainan yang diharapkan dapat membantu meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat terkait pengelolaan sampah. Material and Metode. Pengembangan game menggunakan metode Game Development Life Cycle. Dalam metode GDLC terdapat 5 tahapan yaitu mulai dari prototype, pre-production, production, beta, sampai dengan live. Hasil. Pengembangan game menghasilkan jenis game edukasi tentang pilah sampah. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa game edukasi pilah sampah yang telah diujikan kepada 50 responden meghasilkan nilai rata-rata tingkat kesenangan dalam bermain game sebesar 70%. Kesimpulan. Dengan mengacu pada metode Game Development Life Cycle (GDLC) dalam pengembangan game edukasi menjadi lebih terstruktur dari setiap tahapan yang dikerjakan. Abstrak Objective. Educational game is a form of game that is equipped to think of human power. Educational games can be used as a way to attract the attention of someone who wants to learn about something in a way that cannot be done or learn in a fun way. Garbage is a residual product of human activities. At present, a lot of littering garbage can be seen along the riverbanks. This has become one of the most dangerous problems. Prevention of waste problems has often been done by the government or citizens. However, there are also many citizens who have not been able to change the habit of littering in any place. This research discusses game planning which is expected to help increase public awareness regarding waste management.. Materials and Methods. Game development uses the Game Development Life Cycle method. In the GDLC method there are 5 stages, starting from prototype, pre-production, production, beta, to live. Results. Game development generates types of educational games about waste sorting. The results of this study indicate that the educational waste sorting game that has been tested on 50 respondents produced an average value of pleasure in playing a game of 70%.. Conclusion. By referring to the Game Development Life Cycle (GDLC) method in the development of educational games, it becomes more structured from each stage undertaken..

Modelling the Microbial Carbon Pump in a changing ocean: current state and future directions

<p>Circa 624 gigatons of carbon are locked in the ocean as dissolved organic matter (DOM), an amount comparable with the entire CO<sub>2</sub> content of the extant atmosphere. This DOM is operationally defined as refractory, meaning that it is resistant to bacterial degradation and persists in the ocean for millennia. Refractory DOM is considered primarily a residual product of heterotrophic bacterial activity after the bacterial consumption of more labile (i.e. easily degradable) DOM produced by marine autotrophs through photosynthesis. The process through which bacteria form refractory-DOM is termed the ‘Microbial Carbon Pump’ (MCP). Abiotic degradation (e.g. photo-degradation) is thought to balance refractory DOM production, thus maintaining its current pool in steady state. However, recent studies suggest that changes in surface ocean inorganic nutrient availability, due to climate change related increases in thermal stratification, could modify MCP activity, increasing refractory-DOM production with respect to its consumption. Marine bacteria thus have the potential to mitigate increases in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> by shunting more photosynthesised carbon into refractory-DOM. This hypothesis can only be tested by including the MCP in numerical models used for climate prediction. However, the lack of mechanistic understanding of the process (due, in turn, to the lack of experimental data) has hitherto prevented the development of adequate model formulations. In this talk, I will discuss the potential (and limitations) of existing process models to simulate (at least partially) the MCP and highlight future research directions (and related challenges) to develop new model formulations describing this process.</p>

583. Improving Catheter Scrub Technique and Compliance in a Level IV Neonatal ICU

Background Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are challenging to prevent in the neonatal population due to the long-term necessity of central access for nutrition and medication. Neonates are a population at high risk for CLABSIs, and infections in this group are associated with prolonged hospitalization, greater healthcare costs, and increased mortality. Current bundles for CLABSI prevention include a friction scrub of the catheter hub prior to each use. Real-time audits of correct technique can be challenging. In July of 2018, our team developed a new strategy for auditing scrub technique in an attempt to reduce CLABSI rates. Methods This project took place in a NICU with 118 level 4 beds from July 2018 to February 2019. Our NICU is located in a large metropolitan area and serves as a referral center for complex neonates throughout the region. The intervention period encompassed 25,085 patient-days and 6,206 line days. Real-time friction scrub audits were performed for both dedicated line team staff as well as bedside nurses. In order to determine whether a healthcare worker’s (HCW) scrub technique was successful, a colorless luminescent product was applied to a practice catheter hub that adhered to the hub, but was not visible to the HCW. The HCW would then demonstrate a friction scrub on the practice catheter, and the hub was placed under a black light to show where any residual product may be present. This process was repeated until the staff member was able to remove the product from the hub. Once the staff was successful, monthly real-time audits were continued to reinforce the correct technique. Results Between July 2018 and February 2019, compliance with scrub technique and ability to clear product from catheter hubs increased by 50%. The CLABSI rate in the first 9 months after intervention was 0.806 per 1000 line days as compared with 2.170 per 1000 line days in the previous fiscal year. Conclusion The number of CLABSI’s during the intervention period was 63% less when compared with the previous fiscal year. This process, in conjunction with our other CLABSI prevention practices, has significantly decreased both our CLABSI rate and overall numbers. This project emphasizes the importance of focusing on the basics of infection prevention practices and continual auditing to prevent practice creep. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

The Future of Publishing

The present era of publishing is marked by unusually intense transformations, driven by technological change and the digital revolution. Trying to understand the future of publishing is an important strategic question for all stakeholders, but it remains difficult: the track record of accurate prediction is poor. Another way to think about the future is via thought experiments. This chapter expounds eight possible experiments for thinking through change in publishing, including looking at what would happen if brand authors self-published; artificial intelligence superseded authorial functions; and books started to disappear from day-to-day life. It considers automated translation, online only bookselling, and all publishing and reading becoming pure service with no residual ‘product’. Lastly, it thinks through what would happen if ebooks were free but print was five times the price. None of these thought experiments are claimed as predictions; in thinking about them, we hope to gain a better appreciation of some possible fault lines in the future of publishing.

Gambaran Kadar Kreatinin Serum pada Vegetarian Lacto-Ovo

Creatinine is a residual product of the metabolism in the body which is generally used to estimate active tissues. Its precursor comes from protein. In vegetarians, their eating pattern affects the body condition. Lacto-ovo vegetarians consume all kinds of vegetable but do not consume any kind of meat; however, they still consume milk, egg, and daily product. This study was aimed to describe serum creatinine levels in lacto-ovo vegetarians. This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. There were 25 respondents in this study. The results showed that 23 respondents had normal creatinine serum level, and 2 respondents had low creatinine serum level. The average score of creatinine serum level was 0.8 mg/dL (SD±0.2 mg/dL). Conclusion: The majority of lacto-ovo vegetarians had normal creatinine serum level.Keywords: creatinin serum, lacto-ovo vegetarian Abstrak: Kreatinin merupakan produk sisa dari metabolisme tubuh yang biasanya digunakan untuk mengestimasi jaringan aktif tubuh. Prekursor kreatinin berasal dari protein makanan. Pola makan pada vegetarian berefek terhadap kondisi tubuh. Vegetarian lacto-ovo adalah tipe vegetarian yang mengonsumsi semua jenis sayur dan berpantang makan segala jenis daging tetapi masih mengonsumsi susu, telur, dan produk dari susu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar kreatinin serum pada vegetarian lacto-ovo. Jenis penelitian ialah deskpritif dengan desain potong lintang. Responden penelitian ini berjumlah 25 orang. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa 23 responden memiliki kadar kreatinin serum normal dan 2 responden memiliki kadar kreatinin serum rendah. Rerata nilai kadar kreatinin serum responden yaitu 0,8 mg/dL (SD±0,2 mg/dL). Simpulan: Sebagian besar vegetarian lacto-ovo memiliki kadar kreatinin serum yang normal.Kata kunci: kreatinin serum, vegetarian lacto-ovo

Enhanced photostability of cuprous oxide by lignin films on glassy carbon electrodes in the transformation of carbon dioxide

Lignin is a residual product can be reused for stabilize Cu2O on modified electrodes in CO2 reduction.