Devising information technology for determining the redundant information content of a digital image

The information technology that implements evaluation of redundant information using the methods of preprocessing and segmentation of digital images has been devised. The metrics for estimating redundant information containing a photo image using the approach based on texture variability were proposed. Using the example of aerial photography data, practical testing and research into the proposed assessment were carried out. Digital images, formed by various optoelectronic facilities, are distorted under the influence of obstacles of various nature. These obstacles complicate both the visual analysis of images by a human and their automatic processing. A solution to the problem can be obtained through preprocessing, which will lead to an increase in the informativeness of digital image data at a general decrease in content. An experimental study of the dependence of image informativeness on the results of overlaying previous filters for processing digital images, depending on the values of parameters of methods, was carried out. It was established that the use of algorithms sliding window analysis can significantly increase the resolution of analysis in the time area while maintaining a fairly high ability in the frequency area. The introduced metrics can be used in problems of computer vision, machine and deep learning, in devising information technologies for image recognition. The prospect is the task of increasing the efficiency of processing the monitoring results by automating the processing of the received data in order to identify informative areas. This will reduce the time of visual data analysis. The introduced metrics can be used in the development of automated systems of air surveillance data recognition.

Refined burned-area mapping protocol using Sentinel-2 data increases estimate of 2019 Indonesian burning

Many nations are challenged by landscape fires. A confident knowledge of the area and distribution of burning is crucial to monitor these fires and to assess how they might best be reduced. Given the differences that arise using different detection approaches, and the uncertainties surrounding burned-area estimates, their relative merits require evaluation. Here we propose, illustrate, and examine one promising approach for Indonesia where recurring forest and peatland fires have become an international crisis. Drawing on Sentinel-2 satellite time-series analysis, we present and validate new 2019 burned-area estimates for Indonesia. The corresponding burned-area map is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551243 (Gaveau et al., 2021a). We show that >3.11 million hectares (Mha) burned in 2019. This burned-area extent is double the Landsat-derived official estimate of 1.64 Mha from the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry and 50 % more that the MODIS MCD64A1 burned-area estimate of 2.03 Mha. Though we observed proportionally less peatland burning (31 % vs. 39 % and 40 % for the official and MCD64A1 products, respectively), in absolute terms we still observed a greater area of peatland affected (0.96 Mha) than the official estimate (0.64 Mha). This new burned-area dataset has greater reliability than these alternatives, attaining a user accuracy of 97.9 % (CI: 97.1 %–98.8 %) compared to 95.1 % (CI: 93.5 %–96.7 %) and 76 % (CI: 73.3 %–78.7 %), respectively. It omits fewer burned areas, particularly smaller- (<100 ha) to intermediate-sized (100–1000 ha) burns, attaining a producer accuracy of 75.6 % (CI: 68.3 %–83.0 %) compared to 49.5 % (CI: 42.5 %–56.6 %) and 53.1 % (CI: 45.8 %–60.5 %), respectively. The frequency–area distribution of the Sentinel-2 burn scars follows the apparent fractal-like power law or Pareto pattern often reported in other fire studies, suggesting good detection over several magnitudes of scale. Our relatively accurate estimates have important implications for carbon-emission calculations from forest and peatland fires in Indonesia.

Influence of highest dominant frequency area on fibrillation dynamics and frequency spectrum on electrograms

Introduction Highest Dominant Frequency (HDF) has been extensively described as one of the descriptors for Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and some studies also describe the total area activating at this frequency. However, the influence of this area on the registered power spectrum of the electrogram is usually not explained. Objective To describe the role of the highest Dominant Frequency Area (DFA) on the electrogram signal. Methods HL1 cell line monolayers were used as AF in vitro model and cultured on p35 plates (N=15) until confluence was reached. Optical mapping was performed to evaluate the electrophysiological activity of the samples employing Ca2+ transient quantification and activation frequency (Hz). Pseudo electrograms were calculated from the recorded signals and their frequency spectrum was evaluated. Results Two different groups were identified during the study: a group in which the DFA was higher than 0.2% of the total area (hDFA) and a group in which it was lower (lDFA). For hDFA cultures, the ratio between the DF of the catheter and the culture was significantly higher in the hDFA group (0.90±0.18; 0.47±0.13; p-value &lt;0.0001), indicating that more complex scenarios lead to dissociation between the HDF of the tissue and HDF registered on the electrogram. This relation is identified in Figure 1, where the R2 values for both cases are 0.99 and 0.62 respectively. Figure 2 shows two examples with different DFA and the respective Ca2+ signals, electrograms, and power spectrum density of both signals, exemplifying how lDFA cases can lead to a mismatch between the power spectrum density of the optical mapping signal and the electrogram. Conclusions Complex arrhythmic scenarios identified as lDFA present a low correlation between the power spectrum registered on the culture and the electrogram, whereas samples in which the DFA is large, the DF from the catheter presents high correlation ratios among both signals, suggesting that clinical scenarios with high variability on the electrophysiological substrate may be difficult to interpret. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Instituto de Salud Carlos III and Ministerio de Ciencia Innovaciόn y Universidades Figure 1. HDF from tissue vs EGM-HDF Figure 2. Example of two cultures

Effects of Mentha Piperita Essential Oil Uptake or Inhalation on Heart Rate Variability and Cardiopulmonary Regulation during Exercise

This study compares the effects of the uptake or inhalation of 50uL Mentha piperita (MP) essential oil for 10 days on heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiopulmonary regulation during various exercise intensities. Forty-eight healthy male subjects were randomly assigned to MP uptake (MPU; n=16), MP inhalation (MPI; n=16), and control group (C; n=16). All participants were measured resting HRV, respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic parameters during aerobic, anaero- bic, and graded exercise tests (GXT) before and after treatment. There were significant increases in the low-frequency area (LFa; 1.8±0.1 vs 2.2±0.2 ms²), the ratio of low frequency to respiration frequency area (LFa/RFa; 0.9±0.1 vs 1.3±0.1) at resting and carbon dioxide production (VCO 2 ; 41.2±4.0 vs 49.2±6.8 mL/min -1 /kg -1 ), ventilation per minute (V E ; 80.2±4.3 vs 97.5±5.5 L/min -1 ), and respiratory rate (RR; 38.2±1.9 to 44.3±2.1 breath/min -1 ) in an anaerobic test following MPU inter- vention. In GXT, maximal carbon dioxide production (VCO 2max; 51.9±3.5 to 59.1±6.4 mL/min -1 /kg -1 ), maximal ventilation per minute (V Emax ; 126.4±6.5 to 138.4±5.4 L/min -1 ) and maximal respiratory rate (RR max ; 52.7±3.6 to 60.1±2.3 breath/min -1 ) significantly increased in MPU. The correlations of ΔLFa with ΔVCO 2max , ΔV Emax , and ΔRR max in the MPU group were signifi- cant. Continuous uptake or inhalation of 50uL MP oil for 10 days does not improve aerobic capacity and maximal exercise performance, but 10 days’ uptake of MP essential oil increased sympathetic activity at rest and may relate to respiratory regulation under high-intensity exercise.

Spatial Patterns and Scaling Distributions of Earthquake-Induced Landslides—A Case Study of Landslides in Watersheds Along Dujiangyan–Wenchuan Highway

Earthquake-induced landslide has various spatial characteristics that can be effectively described with the frequency–area curve. Nevertheless, the widely used power-law curve does not reflect well the spatial features of the distribution, and the power exponent does not show the association with the background factors. There is a lack of standards for building the relationship, and its implication on the spatial distribution of landslides has never been analyzed. In this study, we propose a new form of frequency distribution and explore the parameters in the typical watersheds along the highway from Dujiangyan to Wenchuan in the Wenchuan earthquake region. The obtained parameters are related to the landslide density and proportions of the large-scale landslides. Furthermore, a hot spot analysis of landslides in the watersheds is conducted to assess the relationship between the parameters and the spatial cluster patterns of landslides. The hot spots highlight the size and distance of landslide areas that cluster together, whereas the distribution parameters reflect the density and proportions of landslides. This research introduces a new method to analyze the distribution of landslides and their association with the spatial features, which can be applied to the landslide distribution in relation to other influential factors.

Intensifying fire regimes in the arctic-boreal zone: recent changes, global implications, and possible solutions

&lt;p&gt;Across much of the high latitudes, wildfires have been increasing in frequency, area burned, and severity in response to longer fire seasons, more severe fire weather, and increased ignitions. These fires not only affect the tundra and boreal forests they burn, but also global climate due to the high levels of carbon emitted during combustion that take decades to re-aggrade. Carbon emissions from high latitude fires are generally not included in global models that inform policy nor emissions reductions commitments from relevant countries. In this presentation we describe recent progress and critical unknowns related to intensifying fire regimes in high latitude ecosystems, with a particular focus on (i) trends in burned area and large fire years; (ii) changing ignitions sources including lightning, human, and overwintering fires; (iii) patterns and drivers of carbon emissions, including interactions with permafrost; (iv) implications for global carbon budgets; and (v) potential climate mitigation through increased resources for carbon-focused fire management.&lt;/p&gt;

Influence of different types of volutes on centrifugal aviation fuel pump

High efficiency and low vibration are two hot topics in the field of fluid mechanics. In this paper, different spiral volutes are designed for centrifugal aviation fuel pump based on Velocity Coefficient Method. Physical fields under different operating conditions are simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software that solved the Navier–Stokes equations for three-dimensional flow (3D-RANS). And theoretical and simulation values of radial and axial forces are analyzed. The unsteady pressure fluctuation based on the steady results at the monitoring point is solved and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used to obtain the influence of different volutes on pressure pulsation. The influence of three volutes on is analyzed and compared with the simulation. The results show that the double volutes improve significantly the large flow efficiency of the aviation fuel pump, 20%–30% higher than that of the single volute. The doubles volute can also optimize the radial force under the off-design condition. The radial force of the single volute fuel pump is 100 N. The radial force of the two types of double volute fuel pump is between 10 and 20 N. The three types of volute have no obvious influence on the axial force. Two types of double volutes provide excellent suppression of fuel pump pulsation spikes over the full frequency range. The peak value of single volute is mainly concentrated in the low frequency area below 2000 Hz. The blade frequency (170 Hz) and frequency multiplication are the main frequencies of the pulsation and the pulsation decreases rapidly in the high frequency area. The research results provide theoretical support for the design of aviation fuel pump with low pressure pulsation.

Increase in occurrence of large glacier-related landslides in the high mountains of Asia

Globally, a large number of glaciers are retreating due to global warming. Along with climate change, glacial melting has been identified as one of the main triggers of landslide activity in high mountain areas. Evaluations of the triggered mechanism alone do not provide comprehensive insight into the overall impact of glacier accumulation and ablation on landslide-induced denudation. To investigate recent trends, we built landslide and glacier datasets for the HMA using a Landsat time-series covering the past 21 years (1998–2018). Landslides that may have been caused by major earthquakes were identified and removed, leaving an inventory that is used to explore changes that may be related to climate change. Our results show a shift in the frequency–area distribution that indicates an increasing trend of large landslides in the HMA over the last decade. A decline in glacier area is associated with the increase in landslide area.

Cochlear Dysfunction after Kanamycin Injection in Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Patients

Background: Longterm exposure to aminoglycoside such as kanamycin to cochlear cells is known to be associated with damage to outer hair cells in the organ Cortiand type 1 sensory hair cells in the vestibular organs which ultimately causes permanent damage to hair cells. Hair cell damage occurs from the basal cochlea (high frequency area) to the apex cochlea (low frequency area) and followed by damage from the auditory nerve. Evaluation of cochlear dysfunction on multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) patients have been rarelyreported in the literature based on distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE).Objectives: To prove cochlear dysfunction after kanamycin injection in MDR TB patient based on DPOAE examination of the overall frequencies and specific frequency.Methods: An observational longitudinal analytic with pre and post design without control group conducted in the infection division of MDR TB Outpatients Pulmonology Department and Otorhinolaryngology Community division of ORL-HNS Department Dr. Soetomo general hospital Surabaya, within 3 months in 2018, 15 ear with the best baseline examination were taken by consecutive sampling and statistical analysis for cochlear dysfunction based on overall frequency and specific frequency DPOAE examination using Mc Nemar test.Results: Based on DPOAE examination of overall frequencies there was no cochlear dysfunction (p > 0.05) but a significant difference was found at frequency of 10,000 Hertz (Hz) (p = 0.002 ).Conclusion:On ototoxicity monitoring there was no cochlear dysfunction after 4 weeks Kanamycin injection but cochlear dysfunction occurs at a specific frequency of 10,000 Hz.

Digital processing of space images using global filtering in the frequency area

In modern systems, remote sensing widespread two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT) for processing satellite images and the subsequent image filtering. In this paper we consider the possibility of using combinations of high and low frequency filters to improve global images terrestrial surface.