Epilogue

The ‘Epilogue’ draws together the two parts of the book: the meanings granted and contested in particular spaces in the city and the embodied experiences of the city by its residents. We use a description of a single site as the catalyst for drawing these parts together: the collapsed bridge over the Chathe River at Naga United Village, a large locality skirting the eastern edge of Dimapur along its border with Assam. In 2017, the site of the collapsed bridge had become a magnet for protest signs bemoaning development failure and corruption, as well as attempts at DIY urban development by citizens. At the collapsed bridge, the visions of Dimapur as a cohesive urban space, as city-like, meet the reality of its patchwork of places demarcated and governed as almost distinct units. The common spaces in between fall into disrepair and become a locus for community frustrations; frustrations materialized in concrete slabs collapsed into the riverbed and an ornate village gate leading nowhere.

Roundup causes embryonic development failure and alters metabolic pathways and gut microbiota functionality in non-target species

Background Research around the weedkiller Roundup is among the most contentious of the twenty-first century. Scientists have provided inconclusive evidence that the weedkiller causes cancer and other life-threatening diseases, while industry-paid research reports that the weedkiller has no adverse effect on humans or animals. Much of the controversial evidence on Roundup is rooted in the approach used to determine safe use of chemicals, defined by outdated toxicity tests. We apply a system biology approach to the biomedical and ecological model species Daphnia to quantify the impact of glyphosate and of its commercial formula, Roundup, on fitness, genome-wide transcription and gut microbiota, taking full advantage of clonal reproduction in Daphnia. We then apply machine learning-based statistical analysis to identify and prioritize correlations between genome-wide transcriptional and microbiota changes. Results We demonstrate that chronic exposure to ecologically relevant concentrations of glyphosate and Roundup at the approved regulatory threshold for drinking water in the US induce embryonic developmental failure, induce significant DNA damage (genotoxicity), and interfere with signaling. Furthermore, chronic exposure to the weedkiller alters the gut microbiota functionality and composition interfering with carbon and fat metabolism, as well as homeostasis. Using the “Reactome,” we identify conserved pathways across the Tree of Life, which are potential targets for Roundup in other species, including liver metabolism, inflammation pathways, and collagen degradation, responsible for the repair of wounds and tissue remodeling. Conclusions Our results show that chronic exposure to concentrations of Roundup and glyphosate at the approved regulatory threshold for drinking water causes embryonic development failure and alteration of key metabolic functions via direct effect on the host molecular processes and indirect effect on the gut microbiota. The ecological model species Daphnia occupies a central position in the food web of aquatic ecosystems, being the preferred food of small vertebrates and invertebrates as well as a grazer of algae and bacteria. The impact of the weedkiller on this keystone species has cascading effects on aquatic food webs, affecting their ability to deliver critical ecosystem services.

Strategi Pembangunan Dan Pengembangan Permukiman Dalam Penanganan Permukiman Kumuh Di Jawa Timur

AbstrakPermukiman kumuh merupakan wilayah yang lahir karena kegagalan pembangunan, kemiskinan dan tingkat kepadatan penduduk tinggi. Seperti yang kita ketahui, permukiman kumuh tidak memenuhi kriteria permukiman layak huni. Penelitian ini akan membahas bagaimana strategi pembangunan dan pengembangan infrastruktur permukiman oleh pemerintah daerah dalam penanganan permukiman kumuh di Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan cara deskriptif analisis melalui data yang diperoleh dari studi kepustakaan. Hasil dari studi kepustakan merupakan komparatif program pemerintah dari dua wilayah yaitu Kabupaten Sidoarjo dan Kota Malang. Berdasarkan hasil studi komparatif dari kedua wilayah tersebut dapat diketahui pelaksanaan program KOTAKU (Kota Tanpa Kumuh) dan capaian yang telah diperoleh kedua wilayah tersebut.Kata Kunci: Pembangunan; Infrastruktur; Permukiman Kumuh; AbstractSlums are areas that were born because of development failure, poverty and high population density. As we know, slums do not meet the criteria for habitation. This research will discuss how the development strategy and development of settlement infrastructure by local governments in handling slums in East Java. This Study uses a qualitative method by means of descriptive analysis through data obtained from literatur studies. The result of the literatur study are comparative government programs from two regions namely Sidoarjo Regency and Malang city. Based on the result of a comparative study of the two regions, it can be seen the implementation of the KOTAKU (City Without Slums) program and the achievements that have been obtained by the two regions. Keywords: Development; Infrastructure; Slums;

Why Development Failed? Facts and Analysis of Development Failure in Sumenep

This research was conducted to find a complete picture as well as to study comprehensively on the facts and factors causing the failure of development using the regional budget in Sumenep regency, East Java. During this time, national development which is supported by the efforts of regional governments in maximizing the potential of the regional budget is an important foundation in achieving public welfare. This research implemented an explanative qualitative method, with a single case study in Sumenep Regency that has an area consisting of mainland and islands, so it required large development funding. Data collection was done by in-depth interviews, direct observation, and online document search. This study also uses a quantitative method that measures the effect of the regional budget on development. From the research, it was found that with a large number of development funds from the regional budget there were still a lot of stagnant, abandoned physical developments that were not utilized. The aftermath was that the realized development fund could not overcome poverty, unemployment, and could not increase the income and welfare of residents in Sumenep Regency. Several factors were causing the failure of development in Sumenep Regency which was described comprehensively throughout the study.

The Cytotoxic Effect of Genistein, a Soybean Isoflavone, against Cultured Tribolium Cells

The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum is a known pest of various grains and stored-products such as wheat flours; however, T. castaneum feeds on and infests soybean and soy products. For more than 60 years, soy flour has been suggested to be unstable food for Tribolium spp. because it causes larval development failure. However, it remains unknown whether soy flour affects adult beetles. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of soy flour and its related isoflavones against T. castaneum using an artificial dietary intake assay. Beetles were fed gypsum (a non-digestible compound) mixed with either water (control) or soy flour. Significantly fewer beetles survived after being fed the soy flour treatment. Although the soy isoflavone genistein, a defensive agent and secondary metabolite, decreased the T. castaneum adult survival, it required a long time to have a lethal effect. Therefore, the cytotoxic effects of soy flour, i.e., the rapid biological responses following isoflavone addition, were also examined using a cultured cell line derived from T. castaneum. Both genistin and genistein significantly affected the survival of the cultured cells, although genistein had a stronger lethal effect. This study demonstrated the toxicity of genistein found in soybean against T. castaneum cultured cells within 24 h period. Genistein may be used as an oral toxin biopesticide against T. castaneum.

Efektivitas Media Leaflet dan Film dalam Peningkatan Pengetahuan Pubertas di SMP N 226 Pondok Labu

Background: Adolescent is a trantition phase from childhood to adulthood. Knowledge about puberty is important during this phase. If there is no sufficient information about it, it could cause several problems such as adolescence growth and development failure and healt problems. Health promotion to increase awareness of puberty is definitely needed by junior high students aged around 8 to 14 years old. Puberty health promotion could be delivered through visual media such as leaflet or audiovisual media such as animation film. The aim of this study was to discover effectivity of leaflet and animation film in increasing puberty awareness in students of Public Junior High School 226, Pondok Labu, South Jakarta. Method: This study was a quasi experiment with one group pre test-posttest design. Population of this study was whole students of 7th grade Public Junior High School 226. Sampling technique used was total sampling as many as 256 students. Data was analyzed by Wilcoxon test to find out effectivity of leaflet and animation film, meanwhile Mann Whitney test was used to discover effectivity between leaflet and animation film. Results: Both leaflet and animation film were effective to improving knowledge for adolescent (p-value<0,001). Conclusion: Either leaflet or animation film increased puberty awareness of students. There was no effectivity difference between both media in increasing puberty awareness of students at Public Junior High School 226.

‘From disaster to master’: Exploring the journey beyond desistance in Ireland

Desistance scholars maintain that innovative and sustainable mechanisms are needed to support the enhancement of human development. Failure to desist is often attributed to limited personal agency and structural disadvantages such as a lack of education attainment and meaningful employment. Therefore, it is argued that criminal justice responses should break down educational and employment barriers in the desistance process, if we are to help remove hurdles to both social cohesion and social integration. To provide additional insights into this phenomenon, this article presents an autobiographical, reflective and experiential account of these challenges in the life of a desister from multiple perspectives. The narrative reveals that the change process extends beyond the attainment of education and meaningful employment, and describes the challenges faced by both work colleagues and the desister. These accounts are accompanied by a reflective academic commentary that situates these personal work experiences within the wider desistance literature, helping to add a critical appraisal of existing knowledge as viewed through the lens of one person’s desistance process over a 10-year period through education and into employment.