Covid 19: Need of vaccine induced herd immunity in India

Introduction: Herd immunity is a traditional concept nothing but a form of indirect protection from contagious diseases. In a mass community, there is no need to be everyone immune. If a high proportion of members in the community are immune, spreading of the disease is reduced even to non-immunized patients. This study offers an overview of vaccine-induced herd immunity importance in this pandemic and how it will be achieved. Methodology: The data of basic reproduction number Ro values for COVID 19 of 10 weeks in India which were estimated by Ro package in R software are extracted from a research article (reference no.4) and taken the mean Ro value due to fluctuations as well as to avoid great errors by using MS Excel. Herd immunity is calculated by using a standard equation stated as R=(1-Pc )(1-P1)Ro Results: The mean basic reproduction number Ro for COVID 19 in India was calculated as 1.671 by using MS excel and the herd 3 determines that only 40.16% proportion of individuals need to immunized through a vaccine to achieve herd immunity towards COVID 19 in India. Conclusion: This study estimates mean base reproduction Ro as 1.671 and Herd Immunity Threshold (HIT) as 40.16% by using past data. This study concludes that vaccine-induced herd immunity helps us by playing a key role to eliminate novel coronavirus.

A detailed study of methotrexate treatment in ectopic pregnancy

Methotrexate is a folic acid antagonist, it works by inhibiting the dihydrofolate by interfering with the DNA synthesis. Ectopic pregnancy is a life threatening condition that may cause maternal mortality. The main aim of this review to show the efficacy of systemic methotrexate and shows the importance of methotrexate treatment in management of ectopic pregnancy with surgical treatment and dosage regimen with protocol treatment. The selection criteria of candidates in this review is pregnant women with <5000miu/ml, adrenal mass <4cm, presence of peritoneum <100mland no sign of cardiac activity. Data collections are made from most relevant article between the periods of 1987-2020. Ectopic pregnancy is an emergency condition if not timely diagnosed and most of the cases where identified in first trimester.

A Comparative study of oxidant and Anti-oxidant parameters in Chronic Renal Failure, Haemodialysis (Pre &Post) and Controls

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is featured by a progressive decline of kidney function and is mainly caused by chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. CKD is a complex disease due to cardiovascular complications and high morbidity; however, there is no single treatment to improve kidney function in CKD patients. Since biological markers representing oxidative stress are significantly elevated in CKD patients, oxidative stress is receiving attention as a contributing factor to CKD pathology. Aim of our study is comparison of oxidant and anti oxidant parameters in chronic renal failure, Hemodialysis (pre and post) and control subjects. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on a patient group comprising of 50 patients diagnosed with CRF, 50 were pre hemodialysis, 50 were post hemodialysis (MHD). This patient group was compared to a healthy group including 100 controls. All the study participants were admitted in the department of Medicine [Nephrology department] at “Fathima Institute of Medical Sciences”, Kadapa. Andhra Pradesh. India. The obtained serum samples were used for biochemical analysis for estimating MDA, vitamin A and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx). Conclusion: Our results reflects the primary mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation during hemodialysis which may cause of CVD development in hemodialysed patients.

To study the organization of LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and inflammatory marker CRP in acute myocardial infarction

There is an increasing incidence of coronary artery disease in India. We therefore need a tool to evaluate the severity and prognosis of this acute myocardial infarction. In acute myocardial infarction, the function of plaque rupture and inflammation has already been identified. Aim: To study the organization of LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and inflammatory marker CRP in acute myocardial infarction. Methods and Material: Patients who have been diagnosed as acute myocardial infarction (ST Elevation Acute myocardial Infarction or Unstable angina/Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) and admitted to ICCU of Rajiv Gandhi institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa, AP. are the subjects. Sample consists of 100 cases of acute myocardial infarction. Case history was taken from the patients, and studied according to proforma. Conclusion: Elevated levels of CRP are independent indicators of adverse effects. When contrast with the LDL / HDL ratio, CRP is used for risk stratification and as a prognostic predictor. These findings suggest that in patients with acute myocardial infarction, raised CRP Levels is significant as compared to LDL/HDL ratio.

An appraisal on quality of life in AIDS patient

Quality of life is the expectation of the individual or society for a good life which outline both positive and negative features of life. Acquired immunodeficiency disease is caused by human retrovirus which was considered as a fat illness before the introduction of proper treatment. Symptoms of the disease include flu like illness, skin rash, sore throat, opportunistic infections, enlarged lymohnodes in necks and so on. According to Who ,since the beginning of pandemic 76 million people have been infected with hiv virus and about 33 million deaths has been reported. At the end of 2019 about 38.0 million people were living with the disease globally. Antiretroviral drugs are used for the treatment of human immune deficiency virus. The review paper was prepared by referring review and research papers from research gate, pubmed, goggle scholar, science direct and search was based on key words such as AIDS, HAART, Quality of life in Aids patients. Aids was considered as a fatal illness till the introduction of proper treatment regimen. The morbidity, mortality and disease severity was reduced to a great extent by antiretroviral drugs. Quality of life was also seen to be improved in patients. Social support has a positive impact on quality of life. Factors like depression, emotional stress, unemployment, suicidal ideation affect the quality of life in AIDS patients.

Clinical implications of polymers and lipids in designing drug delivery systems in geriatric use

This paper will emphasize some of the clinical implications of polymers and lipids in designing drug delivery systems in the geriatric population. This article will give us an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of polymers and lipids in formulating DDS in individuals over 65 in the United States. Lipid polymer hybrids can be advantageous in systemic drug bioavailability to patients who have decreased drug carrier capacity. Older adults may benefit from lipid polymer hybrids as it enhances drug delivery and drug targeting process. Most of the older adults use a minimum of 4 to 6 medications for a variety of medical ailments and conditions. Polypharmacy may be an advent situation in some of the cases, which can be reduced by innovative drug delivery options.

Clinical implications of novel polymer and lipid based drug delivery systems

The use of lipids in drug delivery is not a new trend, some of the lipid dosage forms have been in use for a long time such as suppositories, creams, and emulsions. However, there has been much advancement in the designs of lipid carriers over the past decade. In the same way from the past two decades, new approaches in biodegradable and bio-reducible polymers have paved a way for many recent drug delivery systems. Applications of these novel drug delivery formulations have been promising clinically. However, each system has its pros and cons in various factors depending upon their use and intended route of administration. This review focuses on upbringing the challenges in the use of novel lipid and polymer drug delivery systems in clinical settings and few insights on how to overcome them.

Effect of physical training on gender difference in trained personal

Many controlled studies and neurological studies demonstrate that men and women are physically and mentally different. The purpose of this study is to find out whether there is any gender difference in respiratory capacity between trained athletes of both gender. This study was conducted at Kolkata (Serampore area), West Bengal, India. The subject was trained table tennis players of age group was 14 – 17 years. Significant differences have been found in height (cm), W/H ratio and PIF (l/s) between male and female lawn tennis players and all these values are significantly higher (P<0.05) in male than female players. Greater mean height in trained male than female tennis player of same age range is advantageous for male. This might be due to their own growth pattern under the influences of different specific hormones which is not considered in this study. Higher centrally located fats in trained male than female tennis player in this age range might be due to less affectivity of physical training in male. Higher central fat distribution may hinder different lung capacities by influencing abdominal cavity. Higher peak inspiratory flow in trained male than female tennis player indicates inspiratory muscles are more powerful in male player of this age range. So, it can be concluded from this study that gender differences in lung capacities can be minimized by proper training load in female trained player at least in 14-17 years age range. This study also claimed that stature is not only the decisive factor for differences in lung capacities in male and female trained tennis player of 14-17 years age range. Body composition, central fat distribution, active inspiratory muscles and proper physical training have definite role in improving lung capacities of trained male and female tennis player.

A statistical analysis on the remission of pain and the intensity of depression in rheumatoid arthritis patients

Rheumatoid arthritis and depression commonly occur together. Although this is known, people with rheumatoid arthritis often aren't screened for depression, so it may not be diagnosed or treated. The main aim of the work is to evaluate the remission of pain and estimate intensity of depression in rheumatoid arthritis patients. We collected 40 cases of Rheumatoid arthritis at VIRRD hospital and collected the details. By using Visual analogue scale we have estimated the pain remission and by using Beck Depression Inventory we evaluated intensity of depression. This study shows the Adults (Above 18 years) are affected more with RA than that of other age groups. This study reveals that people affected with RA are 80% of female. So that females are more affected. As chronic pain is the important symptom of RA we evaluated the remission of pain. We observed there is decrease in pain after using the medication which indicates that there is remission of pain in patients when they are on regular treatment. This study showed a strong relation between RA and subsequent risk of depression. Based on the study almost 62.5% RA patients have some level of depression. We suggest that for optimal care and better outcomes of RA patient, detection and management of depression is important as there is some level of depression in RA patient and for such patients the treatment should be based on their level.

Impact of microvascular complications on quality of life in diabetic patients

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Diabetes is a serious health concern all over the world. Among people with diabetes, a key factor influencing quality of life (QOL) is degree and nature of diabetes related complications experienced by the patients over a lifetime. QOL is important health related factor and one of the most widely used measure to self-assess the effect of the management of chronic disease on health and monitors the physical, psychological, and social aspects of personal health.Methodology: This study is a prospective questionnaire based observational study which was conducted over a period of 6 months in a tertiary care hospital among diabetic patients. The subjects are interviewed with WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire and relevant information was collected. The domain wise scores are calculated.Results: A total of 140 diabetic patients were included in the study of which 100 were with complications and 40 were without complications. On conducting single sample unpaired test analysis, we found significant difference in the patients. The inference obtained this study was that nephropathy is the most common microvascular complication and affects the psychological and environmental status of subjects.Conclusion: The study was done to know the influence of complications on QOL and to reduce the burden of disease by improving QOL by effective counselling points and self-care management. We conclude that taking proper diabetic diet and self-care can prevent the worsening of QOL in patients with microvascular complications.