Analysis and forecasts of Salmonella spp. antibiotic resistance in Dnipropetrovsk region (Ukraine)

The paper presents data of the research aimed at studying the species composition of major pathogens circulating in the region and the resistance to antibacterial drugs in pathogens of salmonella, one of the most common zoonoses. Within the period 2014–2018 the qualitative composition of microflora from biological and pathological materials from different groups of animals was studied in Dnipropetrovsk region. Own research results and the results of the regional veterinary statistical reporting were analyzed. Within the short period of five years, 237 cultures of Gram-negative bacteria were detected and studied. The dominant agent in the studied region was E. coli (56.7%) from the Enterobacteriaceae family. The second most frequent agent in the pathology was Salmonella spp. (10.5%). In total, 29 cultures of salmonella infection were isolated from six species of animals with a predominance of bird isolates. Thus, for different age groups of poultry the most common were S. Gallinarum-Pullorum (56%) and S. Enteritidis (32%). An antibiotic resistance increase in pathogenic salmonella was observed for β-lactam antibiotics (cefazolin, ceftriaxone), aminoglycosides (gentamicin, streptomycin, kanamycin), as well as for tetracycline and polymyxin. Taking into consideration the high level of resistance against norfloxacin in the region’s dominant pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae family, we performed a forecast in MS Excel graphically and added a trend line. In the course of work it was proved that the Dnipropetrovsk region is a geographic zone with a stable high (86 ± 3.7%) allocation from different groups of animals of Gram-negative microorganisms. It was found that local dominant pathogens are representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae family (E. coli, Salmonella spp.). This data can be used as surrogate resistance markers. The epizootological patterns of animal salmonellosis are determined. It is shown the possibility of forecasting the distribution of antibiotic resistant strains in MS Excel in graphical form by adding a trend line, using quantitative information on the sensitivity of bacteria. Prospects for further research are the prevention and control of the emergence of resistance to antibiotics in veterinary medicine and agriculture in the region and in the country

Status of metabolic processes in horses during spring period

The purpose of these studies was to determine status of metabolic processes in clinically healthy horses of sport breeds in spring period. Blood samples for biochemical studies were collected from 12 clinically healthy 7–9 month-old stallions of Ukrainian horse breed at Dnipropetrovsk region equestrian club. Protein (albumin, globulin, urea and creatinine) and mineral (common calcium and inorganic phosphorus) metabolic statuses, level of glucose, vitamins A and E and acid, as well as activity of hepatospecific enzymes (ALT, AST and AP) were determined using common techniques. It has been found that common protein level was within the limits of physiologic norm, although the level of albumins was decreased at the average rate of 12.0%, and the level of β- and γ-globulins was increased at the average rates of 5.2 and 11.3% respectively. AST activity was decreased at the rate of 38.0% regarding to physiological norm. Thereby, urea and creatinine concentrations were within the referent levels. Hyperglycaemia was observed in 50.0% of tested animals with maximal excess at the rate of 44.0%. Also, decreasing of common calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels was determined at the rate of 16.0 and 58.6%, vitamins А and Е — at the rate of 64.0 and 48,6% respectively, in comparison to lower level of physiological norm. The average index of acid capacity reached maximal referent levels. At the same time, it was increased in 33.3% of animals. Therefore, detected changes in biochemical indices in horse blood evidence that various metabolic disorders progress in clinically healthy stallions at spring and may furtherly lead to the appearance of metabolic syndrome

Effectiveness of the “Guanidez” disinfectant on the agents of bee infectious diseases in laboratory conditions

The aim of the work is to study the effect of the disinfectant “Guanidez” on bee infectious diseases agents in vitro. Clinical-epizootological and microbiological methods have been used in the work. There were detected high disinfecting properties of the disinfectant “Guanidez” against pathogens of putrefactive diseases of bees. According to the results of the research, the technological regulation for the manufacturing of the preparation was developed: polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride at a concentration of at least 20.0%, hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of at least 35.0% and dimethylsulfoxide — 0.05 %. Disinfectant “Guanidez” exhibits pronounced bactericidal properties against the following cultures of microorganisms: Paenibacillus larvae (pathogen of American foulbrood), Melissococcus pluton, Paenibacillus alvei (pathogens of European foulbrood). The results of the “Guanidez” test indicate the effectiveness of the combined use of polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride, hydrogen peroxide and dimethylsulfoxide. The analysis of the results of laboratory tests of the “Guanidez” disinfectant for prophylactic and forced disinfection confirm its effectiveness and expediency of use for the control of putrefactive diseases

Formation of resistance to the disinfectant drug “Dezaktin” in mycobacteria

The purpose of the work was to study the resistance formation in mycobacteria at multiple passages in the presence of the disinfectant “Dezaktin”, to compare the critical concentrations of “Dezaktin” at repeated and single exposure, as well as depending on the phase of growth of the seed. Under the conditions of the constant effect of “Dezaktin” on mycobacteria, it has been established that the mechanisms of resistance formation in pathogens and saprophytes have different paths. The adaptive response of pathogens of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis to adverse conditions in vitro is similar to the process that occurs in vivo and was characterized by transformation into dormant and CWD-forms. The mechanism of resistance in M. phlei to “Dezactin” consisted in the formation of heteromorphic populations with a partial or complete loss of acid resistance, thickening of the cell wall, and an increase in adhesive and hydrophobic properties. M. phlei had the highest biocide resistance, and MAP among pathogenic cultures. After 13 consecutive passages, the critical concentration of “Dezactin” in the medium for M. bovis and M. avium increased 100 times, for MAP — 7, for M. phlei — 1.4 times. The research results allow us to conclude that the processes of adaptation of pathogenic and saprophytic mycobacteria to the negative effects of the environment have different paths, which, in our opinion, is due to the evolutionary niche of their existence, namely, the first group are intracellular parasites, and others are environmental mycobacteria

Research of acute toxicity, allergizing and local-irritative action of the veterinary drug “Yodozol”

The purpose of the work was to determine, in experiments on rodents, the parameters of acute toxicity, allergenic and locally irritative effects of iodine-containing uterine drug for the treatment and prevention of intrauterine infections of animals. Materials and methods. Preclinical studies of acute toxicity of “Yodosol” containing iodine and potassium iodide were performed on 90 white mice, 30 white outbred rats and 6 rabbits. Clinical, pharmacotoxicological and statistical methods were used. Results of work. It has been found that at intragastric administration in experimental rats and mice, DL50 values exceed 8,000 mg/kg body weight and have no effect on the behavioral responses and physiological parameters of laboratory animals. It has been investigated that “Yodosol” aerosol has no local toxic and irritant effects on the skin and mucous membranes of laboratory animals (rabbits). Conclusions. The use of the drug «Yodosol», in doses above 8,000 mg/kg body weight, does not affect the behavioral responses and physiological parameters of laboratory animals. The drug has no local toxic and irritant effects on the skin and mucous membranes. According to the requirements of SOU 85.2-37-736:2011 and GOST 12.1.007-76, the newly developed drug “Yodosol” belongs to low-toxic substances — 4 toxicity classes

Application of insecticides in industrial animal breeding

Entomoses of farm animals are widespread in the territory of Ukraine and cause significant economic losses to animal husbandry. It is established that the sick animals have reduced milk, meat and wool productivity, breeding qualities; weakened young animals, which are easily exposed to various diseases of infectious and non-infectious etiology, are born. Among all modern methods and means for artificial reduction of the number of insects, the most effective is the chemical method. To protect animals from midges the most cost-effective is the spraying of animals with insecticides and repellents. The analysis of the presented literature data allows us to say that sufficiently large range of effective preparations of both domestic and foreign production is presented on the market of disinsection agents. However, it has been reported that resistance to insects has formed for most of them, some of the products are highly toxic to warm-blooded animals, and also they are quite expensive and their use is economically unjustified. Great scientific and practical importance has the development of modern methods of combating the causative agents of farm animal entomoses based on strict regulations for treatment-and-prophylactic means, which make it possible to reduce the number of parasites to an economically intangible level, prevent environmental pollution by pesticides, and obtain safe animal products of high sanitary quality. The insecticide market has a fairly large range of efficient products, both domestic and foreign, but most of them do not meet modern challenges and advanced livestock technologies. At the present stage of the disinfectology development, the search for new compositions of chemical compounds for disinsection in animal husbandry to combat harmful insects is promising

Application of new domestic disinfectants for prevention and control of the silkworm infectious diseases

Regimes for the use of new disinfectants for disinfection of grains of Bombyx mori L. silkworms have been developed. Use of “I Med-Vet” at a concentration of 0.1% with an exposure of 5 minutes allows to increase the viability of young caterpillars by an average of 5.2% (p < 0.05), the overall viability by 7.66% (p < 0.05) and the yield of cocoons by 0.50 kg (p < 0.01). The use of the “FAG” preparation in concentrations of 1.5% with an exposure of 15 minutes and 2% with an exposure of 10 min. leads to a tendency to increase the viability of younger caterpillars (on average by 1.71%), an increase in their overall viability (by 2.66%) and a decrease in the cocoon-capercaillie index (by 2.00%)

The results of cryopreservation of bull sperm in vegetable fortifier using sorbent

The paper presents results of the production and use of the phytofortificant of cytoplasmic sperm membranes based on legume hydrolysate with additional purification with sorbents for cryopreservation of bull sperm as an alternative to yolk diluents. The aim of the research was to achieve biosafety, that is, to avoid infectious gynecological diseases, agents of which can be transmitted by the yolk, to increase the fertility rate of females after artificial insemination and to create the conditions for the development of new long-term cryoprotective diluents. It has been established that legumes grain and their hydrolysates contain a toxic nickel element that adversely affects the cytoplasmic membrane of sperm. To reduce this influence, we conducted a study of the action of different sorbents. Activated charcoal standard, silicon dioxide and fine silica were used as sorbents. Sorbents were added in relation of 3% of the volume of medium. According to the results of the studies, the best results were in semen, diluted with medium using high-dispersion silicon dioxide

The study of epizootic sera obtained from ruminant animals in complement fixation test (CFT) with the use of Paratuberculous antigen

The paper presents results of the study of epizootic blood sera in the complement fixation test (CFT) with paratuberculous antigen. Blood sera were sampled from the cattle and goats. The antigen was produced from the culture filtrate of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in the laboratory for tuberculosis study. The aim of the present study was to clarify the epizootic situation concerning Johne’s disease among the dairy cattle in different regions of Ukraine. To achieve this aim the blood sera from cattle and goats were collected from farms in different regions of Ukraine. Those sera samples were studied in the complement fixation test with the use of paratuberculous antigen that was produced from the culture filtrate of MAP. The above mentioned blood sera were collected from the cattle that had positive allergic reactions on the use of tuberculin (PPD) for mammals. Those animals belonged to the free from tuberculosis and paratuberulosis milk farms. The study of obtained samples of blood sera was conducted in the accordance with the methodological guidelines “Laboratory diagnostics of paratuberculosis” (shutter. NMR FEFU pr. No. 1, dated December 19, 2014). There were studied 1098 blood sera samples from cattle. In addition to this, investigation was conducted on 24 samples of blood sera from goats. As the result of conducted study it was found that 17 samples of blood sera contained specific antibodies against MAP (serum solution 1:10). These blood sera collected from the cattle belonging to 4 farms in Poltava, Donetsk and Khmelnitsky regions. Along with this it was obtained 9 uncertain results in compliment fixation test that was conducted between paratuberculous antigen (ACF) and blood sera from those 4 farms. The results of monitoring studies indicate that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis pathogen circulates in studied farms. This can lead to the complication of the epizootic situation regarding paratuberculosis and contribute to the spreading of this pathogen to other free from MAP infection farms. There are no anti-paratuberculosis antibodies in blood serum from goats. It is necessary to conduct annual monitoring serological studies of productive dairy cattle and imported animals in order to clarify and control epizootic situation concerning paratuberculosis on the territory of Ukraine

On the origin and evolution of Bacillus anthracis

The paper presents data on the monitoring of the origin and evolution of B. anthracis, which show that the microbe became virulent for humans and animals through the initial transformation into B. cereus group containing a number of closely related species of many spore forming microorganisms inhabiting soil. This was followed by the divergence of B. anthracis from the rest of B. cereus group as a result of obtaining virulence factors such as plasmids рХО1 and рХО2, which determine synthesis of the main virulence factors — the toxin and the capsule. The evolution of Bac. anthracis and the disease caused by the pathogen occurs at the present time as well, possibly even in a reversed direction, as suggested by multiple observations on the circulation of capsule devoid, avirulent forms in animals and in the environment. The new stage in the evolution of Bac. anthracis has started in conjunction with the mass vaccination of animals against anthrax with spore vaccines. In these conditions of vaccination and the presence of active immunity the anthrax bacillus is incapable of infecting an animal, subsequent multiplication, passage to the environment and conversion to the spore form. According to several authors, vegetation of the anthrax microbe in the environmental conditions different from a living organism where the reproduction occurs leads to the loss of virulent properties because they are not required to live in the soil. Other mechanisms of Bac. anthracis evolution cannot be excluded when it resides in the soil, especially at old burial sites where the anthrax bacillus can vegetate during the warm season and to be influenced by action of bacteriophages in the form of genetic transduction, transformation and conjugation. At present, the «anthrax-like» diseases of animals and humans caused by virulent strains of Bac. cereus and Bac. thuringiensis are being registered at increased rate. Diagnosing infectious diseases with clinical and gross-pathological findings of anthrax it is necessary to account the possibility of detection of unusual strains of Bac. anthracis or other bacilli. The correct diagnosis of anthrax can be made only with a complex approach including bacteriological and serological examination, biological assays in laboratory animals, and, essentially, molecular-genetic methods