NEW APPROACH TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: PLANT PROBIOTICS

With the increase in the world population every year, the need for plant and animal foods has increased. In order to meet these needs, the amount of fertilizers (with chemical content) used to increase productivity in agriculture has increased and has become a threat to the soil and the environment. In order to minimize the harms of chemical fertilizers and to preserve the fertility of the soil, new environmentally friendly applications have been researched. In this context, studies on "Plant Probiotics", which are one of the effective applications both in protecting the quality of the soil and increasing the yield in plant production, especially on local isolates and formulations to be prepared from them, have gained momentum. Plant probiotics are a group of microorganisms or microorganisms that can improve soil health, plant growth, and plant tolerance or immunity to various abiotic and biotic stresses, thanks to their potential role in enhanced nutrient acquisition and/or biocontrol activities by colonizing the root zone of plants, called the rhizosphere. As a result of inoculation of plants with strains of these bacteria, which have very different properties (nitrogen binding, phosphate solubilizing, biocontrol agent, stress resistance, phytohormone synthesis), it directly affects the growth and development of the roots and shoots of the plant, increasing the biomass, as well as contributing to the increase of the yield and quality of the product. In this context, the preparation and use of biofertilizer formulations of local plant probiotic bacteria, which will be obtained from their natural areas, has become very important in rational agricultural practices in recent years and intensive researches are carried out. With the use of the aforementioned plant probiotic formulations, environmentally friendly green production will be made by contributing to the production of both foodstuffs and feed raw materials in order to ensure the continuity of the world population. As a result, the protection of the ecosystem will be ensured by preventing environmental pollution, which is the problem of the whole world.

ROBOTS AND APPAREL MANUFACTURING

Aim: The main purpose of this manuscript is to examine the robot technologies developed or under development for use in apparel production. Then, based on the identified related robotic technologies, it is aimed to inform the apparel clothing companies about the latest status of robot technologies and to provide information about the identified shortcomings to the people or institutions interested in this field, leading to new studies. Method: Within the scope of the manuscript, the literature on the subject was searched. Results: As a result of the literature review, robotics developed or under development to perform fabric laying (PR2 robot, Gripper and Picking Pad), sewing (Kuka LWR 4 and Robotic Arm), ironing (Baxter and Humanoid robot TEO) and packaging (Robot Motoman SDA10D) technologies have been identified. However, no robot technology has been found for cutting and quality control processes. Conclusion: Although many robotic systems have been developed for use in the apparel production, it has been understood that new R&D studies are needed in this area in order for the production to be fully robotized.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY STEEL STRUCTURES ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT METHODS IN 2018 EARTHQUAKE REGULATIONS

Earthquake loads are the biggest obstacle to the design of multi-storey and irregular structures in countries located in the earthquake zone and with active earthquake faults. It is a dangerous natural disaster that can result in loss of life and property depending on the intensity of the earthquake. It is important to use comprehensive and up-to-date standards and regulations for the calculation of earthquake loads. In this study, considering TBDY-2018, dynamic behavior of multi-storey steel structure with irregularity called A1 Torsional Irregularity has been investigated. For seismic load calculations, mode combination method and equivalent earthquake load method, which are linear analysis methods, were used. In a 10-storey steel structure, central inverted V braces were used and the positions of these braces were changed and a total of 4 models were produced. Structural analyzes were made using the "Etabs" program. Then, the results obtained in the two methods used were compared, and in the structural analysis of the models used, it was seen that the internal forces and displacements gave greater results when the calculations were made with the Equivalent Earthquake Load Method. In addition, it has been stated that the torsional irregularity coefficient of the structure is effective in the horizontal displacement of the structure.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY STEEL STRUCTURES WITH IRRIGATION TO TORQUE ACCORDING TO 2018 EARTHQUAKE REGULATIONS

When observing the consequences of earthquakes, it is accepted that earthquakes are one of the most dangerous natural disasters in the world. Therefore, special engineering methods are used to explore and analyze the effects of earthquakes on structures and to design earthquake resistant structures accordingly. In applying these methods, it is important to investigate the irregularities in the carrier system correctly. There are six irregularities in the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBDY-2018), one of the most important of which is A1 Torsional Irregularity [TBDY 2018]. In this article, considering TBDY 2018, the dynamic behaviour of structures with different ratios of torsional irregularity in multi-storey steel structures is examined. In a 10-storey steel structure with the same purpose and size, four type models were produced using the central inverted V cross member and changing the cross positions. The Equivalent Seismic Load Method is used in the analysis. Structural analyzes were performed with the "ETABS" finite element program. As a result of these studies; The displacements obtained from the structural analysis of 4 models with different torsional irregularity coefficients due to the cross member placement in various places in 4 buildings with the same dimensions were calculated by the Equivalent Seismic Load method.

PROTECTION OF ALUMINUM 6061 USED IN WATER VEHICLES FROM FLOUR FROM SALT CORROSION BY COATING

Aim: Every country in the world develops defense strategies in order to protect their borders and to be cautious against attacks from outside, according to their geographical locations. They use underwater and surface vehicles to meet the defense needs of countries that have coasts on seas or oceans. These vehicles need to be light in order to have low fuel consumption and high mobility. Method: Aluminum and aluminum alloy materials are generally used in these vehicles in order to meet these requirements and also to have high strength. In these vehicles, which are in motion in water, corrosion and abrasions occur on the surfaces due to high pressure and friction. Coating methods are applied to minimize these corrosions and abrasions. The selection of aluminum to be applied to these coating methods and the heat treatments to be applied to aluminum materials before coating will be evaluated. In this study, by giving examples of coating types, studies will be carried out on how much the formation of corrosion on aluminum surfaces reduces or prevents. Salt fog test will be applied in order to determine the decrease in the amount of corrosion formation. Salt fog testing will be performed in accordance with the MIL-STD-810G standard. Samples will be prepared for the studies to be carried out on the aluminum 6061 alloys. These samples will be aged by T6 heat treatment. After the aging process, for anodized coating types such as type 1 class 3, type 2 class 1 type 2 class 2 type 3 class 1 type 3 class 2 from anodic anodized coating types, each sample will be in the salt cabinet for 50 hours each turn to see the difference clearly. will be subjected to the fog test. After every 50 hours, the sample will be left to dry for 50 hours. After 50 hours of drying time, these samples, which were subjected to salt fog test, will be compared with each other before the test under normal conditions and after drying after the test.Results: In this study, it has been tried to determine how the aluminum 6061 alloy, which is one of the most preferred materials for underwater and above-water vehicles, behaves against corrosion after T6 heat treatment and the coating types that should be applied in order to maximize its resistance against this corrosion. Conclusion: When the images taken from the optical microscope were compared, it was observed that the type 3 class 1 type was more durable than the other coating types.

INSPECTION OF DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS IN THE INDUSTRY WITH IMAGE PROCESSING BASED ON DEEP LEARNING METHODS

Aim: This paper studies to detect the undetectable defects in casting such as air holes, pinholes, burrs, tensile defects, mold material defects, metal casting defects, metallurgical defects, and etc. Through images via deep learning methods. Method: In the study, an automatic reading review for submersible pump impeller is proposed and a deep learning model is developed. The data set of the images include defective and smooth submersible pump impeller has been utilized to prove the performance of the designed network architecture. Results: According to the obtained results, maximum accuracy of 89% for the classifier has been achieved in the training stage and it reached a maximum accuracy of 93% in the testing stage. Conclusion: Along with the developing systems, quality control systems have been evolved through image processing. Thanks to the image processing-based control systems, the capacity and efficiency of the production facilities can be increased and perfect products can be delivered to the end-user by making precise measurements. In this study, since casting is an important and frequently used process in the industry, its defects are evaluated and a deep learning model to automate the review process and detect the defective products of submersible pump impellers is presented. The success rate of 89% obtained show that the defective product inspection in the industry can be performed over the images by using a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture.

INVESTIGATION OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND CAUSES IN THE AERIAL WORK PLATFORM FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY SPECIALISTS AND OPERATORS

Aim: This study is aimed to reveal its cause and the accidents on the aerial work platform that are occured, in line with the survey questions answered by operators using the aerial work platform and occupational safety specialist. Method: Its causes and the accidents on the aerial work platform, are explained by using Pearson correlation analysis, Mann-Whitney U test and considering the opinions of occupational safety specialists and operators Results: In this study, it is appeared that the falling down from height reveals psychological problems in the ongoing process, although fatal cases do not occur in consequence of the falling down from height, which is one of the most common accidents on the aerial work platform. It is found that 80% of work accidents are caused by falling from height due to inexperience and lack of education. 70% of electrical shock occupational accidents are caused by inexperience and lack of education. Near misses are caused by mechanical problems in the devices as well as carelessness. Conclusion: The presence of experienced people who use the aerial work platform will prevent work accidents. According to both occupational safety specialists and operators, work accidents caused by the falling down from height are caused by both lack of education- experience and mechanical problems.

THE EFFECT OF PLACEMENT OF L-TYPE SHEAR WALLS IN RC STRUCTURES ON STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR

Aim: In this study; In this study, it was investigated how the symmetrical and different positions of the L-type shear walls on the floor plan affect the structural behavior in the reinforced concrete residential and office buildings with a symmetrical structural system. Method: In the study, three different carrier system types were created for a symmetrical reinforced concrete structure with 5 floors (ground floor + 4 normal floors), according to the shear wall layouts, and on a total of 12 different models (ground floor heights of 2.5 m, 3.0 m, 4.0 m and 5 m) was examined. Results: It was determined that as the ground floor height increased, the natural vibration period, soft floor irregularity coefficient and peak displacement value also increased in all models examined in the study. It has been observed that the natural vibration period is greater when the shear walls are located at the corners of the outer axles than if they are located in the middle of the outer axles and in the inner axles. It has been observed that in all cases of ground floor height, the number of soft floor irregularities in the corner shear wall layout model on the outer axes is approximately 0.2% higher than in the Type 2 situation. Conclusion: In this study, for the 5-storey reinforced concrete structures used for workplace and residential purposes, whose structural system is determined symmetrically so that torsional irregularity does not occur, the results obtained by changing the placement of L-section shear walls in the plan, drew attention to the fact that the position of the shear wall affects the structural behavior. For buildings with a ground floor height less than or equal to the normal floors, the most appropriate shear wall placement is when the shear walls are on the outer axes and in the corner. For buildings with a ground floor height higher than normal floors, the most appropriate shear wall placement takes place on the inner axes of the building.

EFFECT OF MECHANICAL ANCHORAGE IN HEAT TREATED BEAMS RETROFITTED WITH CFRP

Aim: Locally deformed beams and girders could be temporarily repaired by heat treatment but this practice causes the decrease in the load capacity of the member. Besides, fiber reinforced polymer strips could be used to gain a permanent retrofitting solution for the deformed elements. Method: In this study initially the behavior of heat treated IPE-80 beam strengthened by Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strips bonded with epoxy is observed. This practice causes a significant increase in the load capacity but it is also being observed that epoxy scatters earlier, which does not allow the CFRP to resist much more load. Scaled steel IPE80 beams are selected and they are subjected to three-point bending test. Load-deflection behavior is recorded for each test and conclusions are derived by comparing the results. Conclusion: Preliminary laboratory experiments on shell plates shows that using anchorage by employing bolt has better results compare to those observed by using anchorage made by CFRP fabric only. This study suggests implementation of anchorages through bolts or CFRP fabrics along with epoxy bonding to retrofit the heat treated elements.