Early flowering and rapid grain filling determine early maturity and escape from harvesting in weedy rice

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Zhao ◽  
Wenrong Xu ◽  
Xiaoling Song ◽  
Weimin Dai ◽  
Lei Dai ◽  
...  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Zhao ◽  
Wenrong Xu ◽  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Lingchao Meng ◽  
Weimin Dai ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Shorter grain-filling period and rapid endosperm development contributes to early maturity in weedy rice (Oryza sativa L. f. spontanea). However, the differences in programmed cell death (PCD) process and anti-oxidative enzymes system in the caryopsis between weedy and cultivated rice are largely unexplored. Main Text: we selected four biotypes of weedy rice and associated cultivated rice (ACR, Oryza sativa) from different latitudes to conduct a common garden experiment. The difference of PCD process between weedy rice and ACR was compared by chemical staining, and the cell viability and nuclear morphometry of endosperm cells were observed by optical microscopy, and anti-oxidative enzymes activity were also measured during grain filling. We found that the PCD progress in weedy rice was more rapid and earlier than that in ACR. The percentage of degraded nuclei of weedy rice were 10%-83% higher than that of ACR. Endosperm cells in weedy rice lost cell viability 2-8 days earlier than that in ACR. The anti-oxidant enzymes activity of weedy rice were lower than that of ACR during grain filling. The ability of weedy rice to scavenge reactive oxygen species is weaker than that of ACR, which may contribute to the rapid PCD process in the endosperm cells of weedy rice. Conclusion: The rapid PCD process and weaker ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species in endosperm cells lead to the shorter grain-filling period of weedy rice.


Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-178
Author(s):  
Can Zhao ◽  
Wenrong Xu ◽  
Lingchao Meng ◽  
Sheng Qiang ◽  
Weimin Dai ◽  
...  

AbstractEarly maturity allows weedy rice (Oryza sativa L. f. spontanea) to persist by escaping harvest in paddy fields. A shorter grain-filling period contributes to the early maturity of weedy rice. However, the differences in morphology and endosperm development in the caryopsis between weedy and cultivated rice are largely unexplored. Here, we selected four biotypes of weedy rice and associated cultivated rice (ACR; Oryza sativa) from different latitudes to conduct a common garden experiment. The endosperm development process of the caryopsis was observed by optical microscopy and electron microscopy. Endosperm cell division and starch accumulation rate during grain filling were also measured. The grain development progress in weedy rice was more rapid and earlier than that in ACR. The endosperm development progress of weedy rice was 6 to 8 d earlier than that of ACR. The endosperm cells of weedy rice cellularized earlier and more rapidly than those of ACR, and the starch grains of weedy rice were more sharply polygonal and compactly arranged than those of ACR. The active endosperm cell division period in weedy rice was 4 to 7 d shorter than that in ACR, while the active starch accumulation period of weedy rice was 2 to 8 d shorter than that of ACR. The rapid development of endosperm cells and starch grains leads to the shorter grain-filling period of weedy rice. weedy rice.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Zhao ◽  
Wenrong Xu ◽  
Hewei Li ◽  
Weimin Dai ◽  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
...  

Shorter grain-filling period and rapid endosperm development endow weedy rice (WR) with early maturity compared to cultivated rice (CR). However, the role of the cytological features and antioxidative enzyme system during grain development are largely unexplored. We selected four biotypes of WR and their associated cultivated rice (ACR) types from different latitudes to conduct a common garden experiment. The difference in the cytological features of endosperm between WR and ACR was compared by chemical staining, and the cell viability and nuclear morphometry of endosperm cells were observed by optical microscopy. Furthermore, antioxidative enzyme activity was measured during grain filling. Anatomic observation of endosperm shows that the development process of endosperm cell in WR was more rapid and earlier than that in ACR. The percentage of degraded nuclei of WR was 2–83% more than that of ACR. Endosperm cells in WR lost viability 2–6 days earlier than those in ACR. The antioxidant enzyme activity of WR was lower than that of ACR during grain filling. The ability of WR to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) was weaker than that of ACR, which may contribute to the rapid cytological process in the endosperm cells of WR. The rapid cytological process and weaker ability to scavenge ROS in endosperm cells may contribute to early maturity in WR.


Author(s):  
Hamid Khazaei ◽  
Frederick Stoddard ◽  
Clara Lizarazo ◽  
Ken Street

Crop yields in Finland are limited by many factors, such as the short growing season and spring drought. Thus earliness is an important breeding goal in Finnish agriculture, and is especially needed in some crops such as faba bean that have a longer growing period than cereals. During 2009-2011, 400 accessions of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) from 34 countries were evaluated for morpho-physiological traits related to drought resistance and the earliest accessions were identified. The four earliest accessions, from Cyprus and Syria, were sown in a pot experiment, together with Kontu and Witkiem Manita (an early-flowering, large-seeded Dutch cultivar) in order to determine days to flowering, podding and maturity under controlled conditions. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. There were highly significant differences for all studied traits (p<0.001). Accessions D497, D557 and D505 had significantly faster progress to flowering and podding compared to Kontu. Accession D497 was the earliest genotype with 947 GDD (Growing degree-days to maturity), followed by accession D557 (985 GDD), and Kontu and Witkiem Manita were latest accessions in this study (1165 and 1159 GDD, respectively). The linkage of early flowering and early maturity to large seed size needs to be tested. These accessions may be valuable sources of earliness that could be used in faba bean breeding for short seasons such as those in Finland.


1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-507
Author(s):  
Jari Peltonen ◽  
Tuula Sontag-Strohm

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown under a wide range of climatic conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the underlying physiological phenomena which affect the quality of grain yield. The aim ofthis project was to study the interactions between cultivars in theiraccumulation and relative concentrations of the different protein groups of storage proteins at various stages of wheat grain development. Yield components, protein quantity and the quality of flour were examined. The study was carried out at the University of Helsinki, Department of Plant Production during 1989-1990. The cultivars used were Heta, Ruso, Reno and Kadett. Innorthern latitudes the early maturity class of a genotype is an important selection criterion associated with good breadmaking quality. The short grain filling period leads to a high rate of accumulation ofhigh molecular weight glutenins, because it coincides with a rapid expansion of the endosperm in the middle of grain filling. The associated yield loss in these cultivars may be compensated by higher number of grains per ear. Therefore, selection ofproductive wheat lines with earlymaturity, high protein concentration and high relative amount ofhigh molecular weight glutenins, and high grain number per ear instead of high kernel weight may lead to more stable yield and improved breadmaking quality.


2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (04) ◽  
pp. 1255-1261
Author(s):  
Ejaz-ul Hasan

Drought is one of the most damaging environmental stresses, which decreases the achene yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The objectives of our experimentations were to determine the type of gene action in sunflower under drought stress, for the identification of the lines with higher achene yield for purpose of developing hybrid with higher achene yield. Thirty-two single cross hybrids from 12 inbred lines were developed through line × tester mating design through crossing 8 drought tolerant inbred lines with 4 drought susceptible lines. The evaluation experiment was performed under an alpha (0,1) lattice incomplete block design with three replications. The achene yield related traits like DF, DM, PH, NL/P, HD, SG, AY/P and TAW were evaluated under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions. Values of degree of dominance greater than one indicating that traits were under the control of dominant genetic effect. Based on GCA effects, L1 proved good combiner for early flowering, maturity and short stature; while L6 was a good combiner for NL/P, HD and AY/P while L8 for HD, SG, AY/P and TAW under drought stress condition. Based on SCA effects, Hybrid 20 was found a good SCA combiner for early flowering, early maturity, short stature, higher HD, AY/P and TAW under normal as well as drought stress conditions. It was suggested form our study that the lines L1, L6 and L8 can be further used to develop drought tolerant hybrids for higher yield and L5 × L12 (Hy 20) was proposed for general cultivation in irrigated as well as rainfed areas of Pakistan.


1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. McCaig ◽  
R. M. DePauw

The Western Bread Wheat Cooperative test and Central Bread Wheat Cooperative test are the bases of evaluation for cultivar registration in the Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat class. Historical data from these tests were analyzed with the objectives of comparing grain-yield-related variables of recently registered cultivars with those of earlier cultivars and determining the yield advances made within the CWRS wheat class. Canadian cultivars increased maximum yield potential approximately 6–9 kg ha−1 yr−1 during a 90–yr period. Yield potential of sawfly-resistant cultivars has been increasing at a rate of 11 kg ha−1 yr−1, although they consistently yielded less than the highest yielding hollow-stem cultivars. In general, the genetic yield increases resulted from an increase in the number of kernels produced rather than an increase in kernel size. This suggests that bread wheat grown on the prairies has been sink limited during grain filling. Breeding efforts focused on increasing Canadian production through the development of numerous CWRS cultivars with specific traits (e.g., early maturity, disease resistance) to allow hard red spring wheat to be grown over a broad geographical range. Plant height, time to maturity, and hectolitre weight did not change significantly during the 1947–1992 period. Key words:Triticum, kernel number, kernel weight, height, hectolitre weight


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Yu. Lavrynenko ◽  
R. Vozhegova ◽  
O. Hozh

The purpose of the research is to identify effi cient microfertilizers and growth stimulants considering biologi- cal features of new corn hybrids of different FAO groups under irrigation conditions in the South of Ukraine and trace their impact on grain productivity of the plants. The methods of the research are the fi eld method – to study the interaction of the research object with experimental factors of the natural environment, to register the yield and evaluate the biometrical indices; the laboratory method – to measure soil moisture, grain moisture content and grain quality indices; the statistical method – to evaluate the reliability of the obtained results; the calculation methods – for economic and energetic assessment of the growing techniques used. The results of the research. The paper defi nes the impact of microfertilizers and growth stimulants on the yield and grain quality of the corn hybrids of different maturity groups and on the economic effi ciency of growing them. The conclusions of the research. Under irrigation conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine it is recommended that the following hybrids should be grown in dark-chestnut soils: early maturity DN Pyvykha, medium-early Skadovskyi, medium maturity Kakhovskyi and medium-late Arabat, using the growth stimulants – treating the seeds with Sezam-Nano and fertilizing with Grainactive at the stage of 7–8 leaves.


2020 ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
Т.Э. Остонакулов ◽  
А.А. Шамсиев

В 2017–2019 годах изучены сортообразцы сладкого картофеля на староорошаемых лугово-сероземных почвах Зарафшанской долины. Цель исследований – комплексная оценка сортообразцов батата в условиях Зарафшанской долины по скороспелости, росту, развитию, интенсивному размножению, формированию урожая, компактности клубней в гнезде, продуктивности, урожайности и лежкости клубней и выделение из них перспективных, а также разработка приемов агротехнологии получения высоких урожаев для данных условий. Почвы опытного участка характеризуются благоприятными агрофизическими и водными свойствами и низким содержанием гумуса, нитратного азота, подвижного фосфора и содержанием обменного калия от низкого до среднего. Сравнивали 18 сортообразцов батата. Выделенные сортообразцы изучали при ширине междурядий 70 и 90 см со схемой 70×25 и 90×20 см по 1, 2 и 3 растения в гнезде. Для получения рассады сортообразцов батата брали по 40 клубней и высаживали 20–22 февраля в пленочной теплице при температуре 15–18 °C, заделывая их на глубину 3–5 см. Влажность почвы поддерживали на уровне 65–70%. Через 7–10 дней после высадки почки начинают прорастать, а через 43–48 дней формируется рассада высотой 12–15 см, готовая для высадки в поле. Высадка рассады, как и других рассадных культур (томата, перца, баклажана) – по схеме 70×20–25 см во второй-третьей декаде апреля. Уход включал в себя междурядную обработку (культивация), прополку, борьбу с сорняками, подкормку, поливы. Уборка урожая – в конце сентября-начале октября с помощью картофелекопателя. В результате исследований выделились сорта по скороспелости, дружности формирования ростков, ускоренному размножению, продуктивности, компактности клубней в гнезде и с высоким товарным урожаем – Сочакинур, Хар-Бей и Япон. Возделывание этих сортообразцов по схеме 70×25 и 90×20 см способствует получению товарного урожая высокого качества не менее 43–48 т/га. In 2017–2019, studies were conducted on the study of varieties of sweet potatoes on old-irrigated meadow-gray-earth soils of the Zarafshan valley. The purpose of the research is a comprehensive assessment of sweet potato varieties in the conditions of the Zarafshan valley in terms of early maturity, growth, development, intensive reproduction, yield formation, compactness of tubers in the nest, productivity, yield and keeping quality of tubers and the selection of promising ones, as well as the development of methods of agricultural technology for obtaining high yields for given conditions. The soil is characterized by favorable agrophysical and water properties and low content of humus, nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus and a low-average content of exchange potassium. Eighteen sweet potato varieties were compared. The selected variety samples were studied with a row spacing of 70 and 90 cm with a scheme of 70×25 and 90×20 cm for 1, 2 and 3 seedlings in the nest. To obtain seedlings of sweet potato varieties, 40 tubers were taken and planted on February 20–22 in a film greenhouse at a temperature of 15–18 °C, seeding to a depth of 3–5 cm, the soil moisture was maintained at 65–70%. 7–10 days after planting, the buds began to germinate, and after 43–48 days, seedlings were formed with a height of 12–15 cm, which is ready for planting in the field. Planting seedlings in the field is carried out, as well as other seedlings (tomato, pepper, eggplant) according to the scheme 70x20–25 cm in the second or third decade of April. Growing includes inter-row processing (cultivation), weeding, weed control, top dressing, watering. Harvesting in late September, early October with a potato digger. As a result of the research, varieties were identified in terms of early maturity, sprout formation, accelerated reproduction, productivity, compactness of tubers in the nest and ensuring a high marketable yield – Sochakinur, Xar-Bey, and Japon. The cultivation of these varieties according to the scheme 70×25 and 90×20 cm contributes to the production of a commodity crop at 43–48 t/ha with good qualities.


2020 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Е.Л. Макарова ◽  
Л.А. Чистякова ◽  
О.В. Бакланова ◽  
Ю.В. Борцова

Приведены экспериментальные данные оценки по хозяйственно полезным признакам одиннадцати новых партенокарпических гетерозисных гибридов огурца в условиях весенне-летнего оборота Кировской области. Проблема возделывания теплолюбивых культур в северных регионах страны формирует цели селекционных исследований. Выращивание культуры огурца в Кировской области усугубляется неблагоприятными климатическими условиями второй световой зоны (короткая продолжительность вегетационного периода, низкие положительные температуры, заморозки в третьей декаде июля и в первой декаде августа). Цель научной работы – оценка и выявление перспективных партенокарпических гетерозисных гибридов огурца для выращивания в условиях необогреваемых теплиц в весенне-летнем обороте второй световой зоны. Исследования проводили в лаборатории северного овощеводства Кировской области во Всероссийском научно – исследовательском институте овощеводства – филиале ФГБНУ «Федеральный научный центр овощеводства» в условиях поликарбонатных необогреваемых грунтовых теплиц в течение 2018-2019 годах. В результате фенологических наблюдений и оценки биометрических показателей определены раннеспелость, скороспелость и товарность испытуемых партенокарпических гетерозисных гибридов огурца селекции Агрохолдинга «Поиск» и ВНИИО – филиала ФГБНУ «Федеральный научный центр овощеводства»: F1Авоська, F1 Атос, F1 Букет для мамы, F1Малахитовая шкатулка, F1 Мультифрут, F1 Новатор, F1Пилигрим, F1 Спринтер, F1 Реванш, F1 Тонус, F1Экспресс в сравнении с районированным гибридом огурца F1 Каролина. Определено сильное негативное влияние климатических условий второй световой зоны на продолжительность периода «всходы-плодоношение», который в среднем за годы исследований в зависимости от гибрида варьировал от 47 до 55 суток. Установлено, что для получения ранней продукции огурца в условиях поликарбонатных необогреваемых грунтовых теплиц Кировской области следует выращивать гетерозисные партенокарпические гибриды огурца F1Спринтер (3,6 кг/м2), F1 Авоська (2,1 кг/м2) и F1 Атос (2,5 кг/м2). Отмечены партенокарпические гибриды огурца F1 Спринтер и F1 Атос, которые имеют наиболее высокий выход товарной продукции 95,7 и 94,0%, соответственно. Выделен самый урожайный партенокарпический гибрид огурца F1 Новатор (16,1 кг/м2). В результате исследовательской работы рекомендовано выращивать в условиях необогреваемых теплиц весенне-летнего оборота Кировской области партенокарпические гибриды огурца F1 Новатор, F1 Спринтер, F1 Атос и F1 Авоська. The article presents the experimental data on the assessment of economically useful traits of eleven new parthenocarpic heterotic cucumber hybrids under the conditions of the spring-summer turnover of the Kirov region. The problem of cultivation of thermophilic crops, which arises in the northern regions of the country, is one of the stages of breeding research. The cultivation of cucumber in the Kirov region is aggravated by unfavorable climatic conditions of the second light zone (short duration of the growing season, low positive temperatures, frosts in the third decade of July and in the first decade of August). The purpose of the scientific work is to evaluate and identify promising parthenocarpic heterotic hybrids of cucumber for growing in unheated greenhouses in the spring-summer turnover of the second light zone. The research was carried out in the laboratory of northern vegetable growing of the Kirov region at the All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Vegetable Centre in the conditions of polycarbonate unheated ground greenhouses during 2018-2019. As a result of phenological observations and assessment of biometric indicators, the early maturity, early maturity and marketability of the tested parthenocarpic heterotic cucumber hybrids of the selection of Agroholding Poisk and ARRIVG – a branch of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Centre were determined: F1 Avoska, F1 Atos, F1 Buket dlya mamy, F1 Multifrut, F1 Novator, F1 Piligrim, F1Sprinter, F1 Revansh, F1 Tonus, F1 Express in comparison with the zoned hybrid of cucumber F1 Carolina. A strong negative influence of climatic conditions of the second light zone on the duration of the seedling-fruiting period was determined, which on average over the years of research, depending on the hybrid, varied from 47 to 55 days. It has been established that to obtain early production of cucumber in polycarbonate unheated ground greenhouses of the Kirov region, heterotic parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids F1 Sprinter (3.6 kg/m2), F1 Avoska (2.1 kg/m2) and F1 Atos (2.5 kg/m2). Parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids F1 Sprinter and F1 Atos were noted, which have the highest yield of marketable products, 95.7 and 94.0%, respectively. The most productive parthenocarpic cucumber hybrid F1Novator (16.1 kg/m2) has been identified. As a result of the research work, it was recommended to grow parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids F1Novator, F1 Sprinter, F1 Atos and F1 Avoska under conditions of unheated greenhouses of spring-summer turnover of the Kirov region.


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