The ‘Omics’ Approach for Crop Improvement Against Drought Stress

2019 ◽  
pp. 183-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepti Jain ◽  
Nasheeman Ashraf ◽  
J. P. Khurana ◽  
M. N. Shiva Kameshwari
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Crop Improvement

scholarly journals Evaluation of Effect of Brassinolide in Brassica juncea Leaves under Drought Stress in Field Conditions

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 514
Author(s):  
Naveen Naveen ◽  
Nisha Kumari ◽  
Ram Avtar ◽  
Minakshi Jattan ◽  
Sushil Ahlawat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Enhanced Production

Drought stress is considered to be a major factor responsible for reduced agricultural productivity, because it is often linked to other major abiotic stresses, such as salinity and heat stress. Understanding drought-tolerance mechanisms is important for crop improvement. Moreover, under drought conditions, it is possible that growth regulators are able to protect the plants. Brassinosteroids not only play a regulatory role in plant growth, but also organize defense mechanisms against various tresses. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of brassinolide on physio-biochemical amendment in two contrasting cultivars (drought-tolerant RH 725, and drought-sensitive RH 749) of Brassica juncea under drought stress. Two foliar sprayings with brassinolide (10 and 20 mg/L) were carried out in both cultivars (RH 725 and RH 749) at two stages—i.e., flower initiation, and 50% flowering—under stress conditions. The results clearly revealed that the activities of antioxidative enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants (carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and proline) increased significantly in RH 725 at 50% flowering, whereas 20 mg/L of brassinolide showed the most promising response. The different oxidative stress indicators (i.e., hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage) decreased to a significant extent at 20 mg/L of brassinolide spray in RH 725 at 50% flowering. This study indicates that brassinolide intensifies the physio-biochemical attributes by improving the antioxidant system and photosynthetic efficiency in RH 725 at 50% flowering. It is assumed that enhanced production of proline, improvement of the antioxidant system, and reduction in the amount of stress indicators impart strength to the plants to combat the stress conditions.

FIELD EVALUATION OF TISSUE CULTURE DERIVED SORGHUM FOR INCREASED TOLERANCE TO ACID SOILS AND DROUGHT STRESS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 997-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. WASKOM ◽  
D. R. MILLER ◽  
G. E. HANNING ◽  
R. R. DUNCAN ◽  
R. L. VOIGT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Acid Soil Tolerance

Plant tissue culture is being recognized as an important tool for generating useful variants for crop improvement. The objective of this research was to determine if improved tolerance to acid soil and drought stress can be generated in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] through tissue culture. Two environments were used to screen for enhanced field tolerance: (1) a low pH field in Griffin, Georgia for testing acid soil stress tolerance, and (2) an arid environment in Yuma, Arizona for testing drought stress tolerance. A population of 212 R1 sorghum lines from tissue cultures of Hegari and Tx430 were increased in 1986. Screening was then conducted in both environments during 1987. Selected entries which showed improved tolerance were advanced and re-tested during 1988. From this original population, four lines were identified as having improved acid soil tolerance and five lines were identified as having improved drought tolerance as compared to the non-regenerated checks. Three of these lines performed better than the non-regenerated checks under both acid soil and drought stress conditions. These results indicate that somaclonal variants for increased tolerance to environmental stresses can be generated in tissue culture and be selected under proper field conditions.Key words: Sorghum bicolor, somaclonal variation, drought tolerance, acid soil tolerance, tissue culture

scholarly journals Use of physiological parameters as fast tools to screen for drought tolerance in sugarcane

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo de A. Silva ◽  
John L. Jifon ◽  
Jorge A.G. da Silva ◽  
Vivek Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Leaf Relative Water Content

Drought is one of the major limitations to plant productivity worldwide. Identifying suitable screening tools and quantifiable traits would facilitate the crop improvement process for drought tolerance. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of four relatively physiological parameters (variable-to-maximum chlorophyll a fluorescence ratio, F v/F m; estimated leaf chlorophyll content via SPAD index; leaf temperature, LT; and, leaf relative water content, RWC) to distinguish between drought tolerant and susceptible sugarcane genotypes subjected to a 90-d drought cycle. Eight field-grown genotypes were studied. By 45 d after the onset of treatments, the F v/F m, SPAD index and RWC of drought-stressed plants had declined significantly in all genotypes compared to values at the onset of well-watered treatments. However, the reductions were more severe in leaves of susceptible genotypes. Under drought stress, the tolerant genotypes as a group, maintained higher F v/F m (8%), SPAD index (15%), and RWC (16%) than susceptible genotypes. In general, LT of drought-stressed plants was higher (~4ºC) than that of well-watered plants but the relative increase was greater among drought susceptible genotypes. Under drought stress, LT of tolerant genotypes was on average 2.2ºC lower than that of susceptible genotypes. The results are consistent with the tolerant-susceptible classification of these genotypes and indicate that these tools can be reliable in screening for drought tolerance, with F v/F m, SPAD index and LT having the added advantage of being nondestructive and easily and quickly assessed.

scholarly journals Comparative Proteomic and Morpho-Physiological Analyses of Maize Wild-Type Vp16 and Mutant vp16 Germinating Seed Responses to PEG-Induced Drought Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songtao Liu ◽  
Tinashe Zenda ◽  
Anyi Dong ◽  
Yatong Yang ◽  
Xinyue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Abiotic Factor ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Proteomics Analysis

Drought stress is a major abiotic factor compromising plant cell physiological and molecular events, consequently limiting crop growth and productivity. Maize (Zea mays L.) is among the most drought-susceptible food crops. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying drought-stress responses remains critical for crop improvement. To decipher the molecular mechanisms underpinning maize drought tolerance, here, we used a comparative morpho-physiological and proteomics analysis approach to monitor the changes in germinating seeds of two incongruent (drought-sensitive wild-type Vp16 and drought-tolerant mutant vp16) lines exposed to polyethylene-glycol-induced drought stress for seven days. Our physiological analysis showed that the tolerant line mutant vp16 exhibited better osmotic stress endurance owing to its improved reactive oxygen species scavenging competency and robust osmotic adjustment as a result of greater cell water retention and enhanced cell membrane stability. Proteomics analysis identified a total of 1200 proteins to be differentially accumulated under drought stress. These identified proteins were mainly involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, histone H2A-mediated epigenetic regulation, protein synthesis, signal transduction, redox homeostasis and stress-response processes; with carbon metabolism, pentose phosphate and glutathione metabolism pathways being prominent under stress conditions. Interestingly, significant congruence (R2 = 81.5%) between protein and transcript levels was observed by qRT-PCR validation experiments. Finally, we propose a hypothetical model for maize germinating-seed drought tolerance based on our key findings identified herein. Overall, our study offers insights into the overall mechanisms underpinning drought-stress tolerance and provides essential leads into further functional validation of the identified drought-responsive proteins in maize.

scholarly journals Exploiting High-Throughput Indoor Phenotyping to Characterize the Founders of a Structured B. napus Breeding Population

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Ebersbach ◽  
Nazifa Azam Khan ◽  
Ian McQuillan ◽  
Erin E. Higgins ◽  
Kyla Horner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Oilseed Crop

Phenotyping is considered a significant bottleneck impeding fast and efficient crop improvement. Similar to many crops, Brassica napus, an internationally important oilseed crop, suffers from low genetic diversity, and will require exploitation of diverse genetic resources to develop locally adapted, high yielding and stress resistant cultivars. A pilot study was completed to assess the feasibility of using indoor high-throughput phenotyping (HTP), semi-automated image processing, and machine learning to capture the phenotypic diversity of agronomically important traits in a diverse B. napus breeding population, SKBnNAM, introduced here for the first time. The experiment comprised 50 spring-type B. napus lines, grown and phenotyped in six replicates under two treatment conditions (control and drought) over 38 days in a LemnaTec Scanalyzer 3D facility. Growth traits including plant height, width, projected leaf area, and estimated biovolume were extracted and derived through processing of RGB and NIR images. Anthesis was automatically and accurately scored (97% accuracy) and the number of flowers per plant and day was approximated alongside relevant canopy traits (width, angle). Further, supervised machine learning was used to predict the total number of raceme branches from flower attributes with 91% accuracy (linear regression and Huber regression algorithms) and to identify mild drought stress, a complex trait which typically has to be empirically scored (0.85 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, random forest classifier algorithm). The study demonstrates the potential of HTP, image processing and computer vision for effective characterization of agronomic trait diversity in B. napus, although limitations of the platform did create significant variation that limited the utility of the data. However, the results underscore the value of machine learning for phenotyping studies, particularly for complex traits such as drought stress resistance.

scholarly journals RiceMetaSys for salt and drought stress responsive genes in rice: a web interface for crop improvement

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maninder Sandhu ◽  
V. Sureshkumar ◽  
Chandra Prakash ◽  
Rekha Dixit ◽  
Amolkumar U. Solanke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Web Interface ◽  
Salt And Drought Stress ◽  
Stress Responsive Genes

Physiological responses of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to drought stress and its amelioration: A review

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Y. Reddy ◽  
V. R. Reddy ◽  
V. Anbumozhi
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Enhancement ◽  
Quick Recovery ◽  
Improvement Programs

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important cash crop for tropical farmers. It is an annual legume and its seeds contain high amounts of edible oil (43-55%) and protein (25-28%). Even though it is fairly drought-tolerant, production fluctuates considerably as a result of rainfall variability. To develop a water stress response function in groundnut, research has been done to improve the performance under varying degrees of stress at various physiological stages of crop growth. This review summarizes recent information on the drought resistance characteristics of groundnut with a view to developing appropriate genetic enhancement strategies for water-limited environments. It is suggested that there are considerable gains to be made in increasing yield and stabilizing the yield in environments characterized by terminal drought stress and further exploiting drought escape strategy, by shortening crop duration. Many traits conferring dehydration avoidance and dehydration tolerance are available, but integrated traits, expressed at a high level of organization, are likely to be more useful in crop improvement programs. Possible genetic improvement strategies are outlined, ranging from empirical selection for yield in drought environments to a physiological-genetic approach. It is also suggested that in view of recent advances in understanding drought resistance mechanisms, the latter strategy is becoming more feasible. It is concluded that the use of this recently derived knowledge in a systematic manner could lead to significant gains in yield and yield stability in the world's groundnut production. Research is needed to develop transferable technologies to help farmers in arid and semi-arid regions. Increasing soil moisture storage by soil profile management and nutrient management for quick recovery from drought are some of the areas which need to be explored.

scholarly journals Metabolomics Response for Drought Stress Tolerance in Chinese Wheat Genotypes (Triticum aestivum)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyang Guo ◽  
Zeyu Xin ◽  
Tiegang Yang ◽  
Xingli Ma ◽  
Yang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Wheat Seedling ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Or Gene

Metabolomics is an effective biotechnological tool that can be used to attain comprehensive information on metabolites. In this study, the profiles of metabolites produced by wheat seedlings in response to drought stress were investigated using an untargeted approach with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) to determine various physiological processes related to drought tolerance from the cross between drought-tolerant genotype (HX10) and drought-sensitive genotype (YN211). The current study results showed that under drought stress, HX10 exhibited higher growth indices than YN211. After drought stress treatment, a series of phenolics accumulated higher in HX10 than in YN211, whereas the amount of thymine, a pyrimidine, is almost 13 folds of that in YN211. These metabolites, as well as high levels of different amino acids, alkaloids, organic acids, and flavonoids in the drought treated HX10 could help to explain its strong drought-tolerant capacity. The current study explored the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the drought response of wheat seedling; these metabolome data could also be used for potential QTL or GWAS studies to identify locus (loci) or gene(s) associated with these metabolic traits for the crop improvement.

scholarly journals Rice Transcription Factor OsWRKY55 Is Involved in the Drought Response and Regulation of Plant Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4337
Author(s):  
Kai Huang ◽  
Tao Wu ◽  
Ziming Ma ◽  
Zhao Li ◽  
Haoyuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Two Hybrid ◽  
Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay

WRKY transcription factors (TFs) have been reported to respond to biotic and abiotic stresses and regulate plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanisms of WRKY TFs involved in drought stress and regulating plant height in rice remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that transgenic rice lines overexpressing OsWRKY55 (OsWRKY55-OE) exhibited reduced drought resistance. The OsWRKY55-OE lines showed faster water loss and greater accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radical (O2−·) compared to wild-type (WT) plants under drought conditions. OsWRKY55 was expressed in various tissues and was induced by drought and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. Through yeast two-hybrid assays, we found that OsWRKY55 interacted with four mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that could be induced by drought, including OsMPK7, OsMPK9, OsMPK20-1, and OsMPK20-4. The activation effects of the four OsMPKs on OsWRKY55 transcriptional activity were demonstrated by a GAL4-dependent chimeric transactivation assay in rice protoplasts. Furthermore, OsWRKY55 was able to reduce plant height under normal conditions by decreasing the cell size. In addition, based on a dual luciferase reporter assay, OsWRKY55 was shown to bind to the promoter of OsAP2-39 through a yeast one-hybrid assay and positively regulate OsAP2-39 expression. These results suggest that OsWRKY55 plays a critical role in responses to drought stress and the regulation of plant height in rice, further providing valuable information for crop improvement.

Distinct morpho-physiological and biochemical features of arid and hyper-arid ecotypes of Ziziphus nummularia under drought suggest its higher tolerance compared to semi-arid ecotype

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P N Sivalingam ◽  
Mahesh M Mahajan ◽  
Viswanathan Satheesh ◽  
Sarita Chauhan ◽  
Harish Changal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Ziziphus Nummularia ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract Tree species in the arid and semi-arid regions use various strategies to combat drought stress. Ziziphus nummularia, native to the Thar Desert in India, is highly drought-tolerant. To identify the most drought-tolerant ecotype of Z. nummularia, one ecotype each from semi-arid (Godhra, annual rainfall > 750 mm), arid (Bikaner, 250–350 mm) and hyper-arid (Jaisalmer, < 150 mm) regions was selected along with two other Ziziphus species; Z. mauritiana and Z. rotundifolia, and screened for parameters contributing to drought tolerance. Among these, Z. nummularia (Jaisalmer) (CIAHZN-J) was the most drought-tolerant. The tolerance nature of CIAHZN-J was associated with increased membrane stability, root length and number, length of hairs and thorns, root dry/fresh weight ratio, seed germination (at −0.5 MPa), proline content (31 fold), catalase and sugar content (2 to 3 fold). Apart from these characteristics, it also exhibited the longest duration to reach highest cumulative drought stress rating, maintained higher relative water content for a longer period of time with reduced leaf size, leaf rolling and falling of older leaves, and displayed sustained shoot growth during drought stress. To determine drought tolerance in Ziziphus, we developed a morphological symptom-based screening technique in this study. Additionally, transcriptome profiling of CIAHZN-J in response to drought revealed the up-regulation of genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport, ABA biosynthesis, osmo-regulation, ROS homeostasis and maintaining water potential. Expression profiles and semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR results further correlated with the physiological and biochemical mechanisms. In conclusion, CIAHZN-J is an excellent genetic stock for the identification of drought-responsive genes and can also be deployed in crop improvement programmes for drought tolerance.

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