Membrane vesicles, current state-of-the-art: emerging role of extracellular vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EV) deliver cargoes such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids between cells and serve as an intercellular communicator. As it is revealed that most of the functions associated to EVs are closely related to the immune response, the important role of EVs in inflammatory diseases is emerging. EVs can be functionalized through EV surface engineering and endow targeting moiety that allows for the target specificity for therapeutic applications in inflammatory diseases. Moreover, engineered EVs are considered as promising nanoparticles to develop personalized therapeutic carriers. In this review, we highlight the role of EVs in various inflammatory diseases, the application of EV as anti-inflammatory therapeutics, and the current state of the art in EV engineering techniques.

Download Full-text

Geomorphometry: Today and Tomorrow

10.7287/peerj.preprints.27197v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

John P Wilson

Keyword(s):

Content Knowledge ◽

State Of The Art ◽

High Fidelity ◽

Terrain Modeling ◽

Actionable Knowledge ◽

Digital Terrain ◽

Current State ◽

Digital Terrain Modeling ◽

Key Innovations

This paper summarizes the current state-of-the-art in geomorphometry and describes the innovations that are close at hand and will be required to push digital terrain modeling forward in the future. These innovations will draw on concepts and methods from computer science and the spatial sciences and require greater collaboration to produce “actionable” knowledge and outcomes. The key innovations include rediscovering and using what we already know, developing new digital terrain modeling methods, clarifying and strengthening the role of theory, developing high-fidelity DEMs, developing and embracing new visualization methods, adopting new computational approaches, and making better use of provenance, credibility, and application-content knowledge.

Download Full-text

Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Viral Infections in Humans

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12101200 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1200 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Allen Caobi ◽

Madhavan Nair ◽

Andrea D. Raymond

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Membrane Vesicles ◽

Response Modulation ◽

Viral Spread ◽

Neurotropic Viruses ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Immune Response Modulation ◽

Potential Use

Most cells can release extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane vesicles containing various proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, and signaling molecules. The exchange of EVs between cells facilitates intercellular communication, amplification of cellular responses, immune response modulation, and perhaps alterations in viral pathogenicity. EVs serve a dual role in inhibiting or enhancing viral infection and pathogenesis. This review examines the current literature on EVs to explore the complex role of EVs in the enhancement, inhibition, and potential use as a nanotherapeutic against clinically relevant viruses, focusing on neurotropic viruses: Zika virus (ZIKV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Overall, this review’s scope will elaborate on EV-based mechanisms, which impact viral pathogenicity, facilitate viral spread, and modulate antiviral immune responses.

Download Full-text

Engineered Extracellular Vesicles: Tailored-Made Nanomaterials for Medical Applications

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10091838 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1838

Author(s):

Kenny Man ◽

Mathieu Y. Brunet ◽

Marie-Christine Jones ◽

Sophie C. Cox

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Medical Applications ◽

Clinical Use ◽

Current State ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Potential Efficacy ◽

Biomimetic Nanoparticles ◽

Natural Cell

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as promising nanoscale therapeutics due to their intrinsic role as mediators of intercellular communication, regulating tissue development and homeostasis. The low immunogenicity and natural cell-targeting capabilities of EVs has led to extensive research investigating their potential as novel acellular tools for tissue regeneration or for the diagnosis of pathological conditions. However, the clinical use of EVs has been hindered by issues with yield and heterogeneity. From the modification of parental cells and naturally-derived vesicles to the development of artificial biomimetic nanoparticles or the functionalisation of biomaterials, a multitude of techniques have been employed to augment EVs therapeutic efficacy. This review will explore various engineering strategies that could promote EVs scalability and therapeutic effectiveness beyond their native utility. Herein, we highlight the current state-of-the-art EV-engineering techniques with discussion of opportunities and obstacles for each. This is synthesised into a guide for selecting a suitable strategy to maximise the potential efficacy of EVs as nanoscale therapeutics.

Download Full-text

Extracellular Vesicles Derived fromAcholeplasma laidlawiiPG8

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/tsw.2011.109 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 1120-1130 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Vladislav M. Chernov ◽

Olga A. Chernova ◽

Alexey A. Mouzykantov ◽

Irina R. Efimova ◽

Gulnara F. Shaymardanova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Human Peripheral Blood ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Membrane Vesicles ◽

Extracellular Vesicle ◽

Ultrastructural Organization ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

The Common ◽

Intensive Formation

Extracellular vesicle production is believed to be a ubiquitous process in bacteria, but the data on such a process in Mollicutes are absent. We report the isolation of ultramicroforms – extracellular vesicles from supernatants ofAcholeplasma laidlawiiPG8 (ubiquitous mycoplasma; the main contaminant of cell culture). Considering sizes, morphology, and ultrastructural organization, the ultramicroforms ofA. laidlawiiPG8 are similar to membrane vesicles of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We demonstrate thatA. laidlawiiPG8 vesicles contain genetic material and proteins, and are mutagenic to lymphocytes of human peripheral blood. We show thatMycoplasma gallisepticumS6, the other mycoplasma, also produce similar structures, which suggests that shedding of the vesicles might be the common phenomenon in Mollicutes. We found that the action of stress conditions results in the intensive formation of ultramicroforms in mycoplasmas. The role of vesicular formation in mycoplasmas remains to be studied.

Download Full-text

The growing role of structural mass spectrometry in the discovery and development of therapeutic antibodies

The Analyst ◽

10.1039/c8an00295a ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 143 (11) ◽

pp. 2459-2468 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Yuwei Tian ◽

Brandon T. Ruotolo

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Therapeutic Antibodies ◽

Critical Importance ◽

Current State ◽

Measurement Science ◽

Structural Mass Spectrometry ◽

Structural Mass

The comprehensive structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies is of critical importance for the successful discovery and development of such biopharmaceuticals, yet poses many challenges to modern measurement science. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art mass spectrometry technologies focusing on the characterization of antibody-based therapeutics.

Download Full-text

Nanoarchitectonics: Complexes and Conjugates of Platinum Drugs with Silicon Containing Nanocarriers. An Overview

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22179264 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (17) ◽

pp. 9264

Author(s):

Kinga Piorecka ◽

Jan Kurjata ◽

Wlodzimierz A. Stanczyk

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Driving Force ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Platinum Drugs ◽

Research Groups ◽

Current State ◽

Delivery Platform ◽

Silicon Based ◽

Intensive Search

The development in the area of novel anticancer prodrugs (conjugates and complexes) has attracted growing attention from many research groups. The dangerous side effects of currently used anticancer drugs, including cisplatin and other platinum based drugs, as well their systemic toxicity is a driving force for intensive search and presents a safer way in delivery platform of active molecules. Silicon based nanocarriers play an important role in achieving the goal of synthesis of the more effective prodrugs. It is worth to underline that silicon based platform including silica and silsesquioxane nanocarriers offers higher stability, biocompatibility of such the materials and pro-longed release of active platinum drugs. Silicon nanomaterials themselves are well-known for improving drug delivery, being themselves non-toxic, and versatile, and tailored surface chemistry. This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art within constructs of silicon-containing nano-carriers conjugated and complexed with platinum based drugs. Contrary to a number of other reviews, it stresses the role of nano-chemistry as a primary tool in the development of novel prodrugs.

Download Full-text

The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles in Diabetes and Its Chronic Complications

Frontiers in Endocrinology ◽

10.3389/fendo.2021.780974 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Fu-Xing-Zi Li ◽

Xiao Lin ◽

Feng Xu ◽

Su-Kang Shan ◽

Bei Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽

Stromal Cells ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Membrane Vesicles ◽

Non Coding Rna ◽

Multiple Differentiation ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are applied in regenerative medicine of several tissues and organs nowadays by virtue of their self-renewal capabilities, multiple differentiation capacity, potent immunomodulatory properties, and their ability to be favourably cultured and manipulated. With the continuous development of “cell-free therapy” research, MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) have increasingly become a research hotspot in the treatment of various diseases. Small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) are membrane vesicles with diameters of 30 to 150 nm that mediate signal transduction between adjacent or distal cells or organs by delivering non-coding RNA, protein, and DNA. The contents and effects of sEVs vary depending on the properties of the originating cell. In recent years, MSC-sEVs have been found to play an important role in the occurrence and development of diabetes mellitus as a new way of communication between cells. Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disease in clinic. Its complications of the heart, brain, kidney, eyes, and peripheral nerves are a serious threat to human health and has been a hot issue for clinicians. MSC-sEVs could be applied to repair or prevent damage from the complications of diabetes mellitus through anti-inflammatory effects, reduction of endoplasmic reticulum-related protein stress, polarization of M2 macrophages, and increasing autophagy. Therefore, we highly recommend that MSC-sEVs-based therapies to treat diabetes mellitus and its chronic complication be further explored. The analysis of the role and molecular mechanisms of MSC-sEVs in diabetes and its related complications will provide new idea and insights for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.

Download Full-text

The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Demyelination of the Central Nervous System

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21239111 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (23) ◽

pp. 9111

Author(s):

José Antonio López-Guerrero ◽

Inés Ripa ◽

Sabina Andreu ◽

Raquel Bello-Morales

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Membrane Vesicles ◽

Synaptic Activity ◽

Demyelinating Diseases ◽

Parkinson’S Diseases ◽

The Central Nervous System

It is being increasingly demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are deeply involved in the physiology of the central nervous system (CNS). Processes such as synaptic activity, neuron-glia communication, myelination and immune response are modulated by EVs. Likewise, these vesicles may participate in many pathological processes, both as triggers of disease or, on the contrary, as mechanisms of repair. EVs play relevant roles in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s diseases, in viral infections of the CNS and in demyelinating pathologies such as multiple sclerosis (MS). This review describes the involvement of these membrane vesicles in major demyelinating diseases, including MS, neuromyelitis optica, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and demyelination associated to herpesviruses.

Download Full-text