Diabetes - the Role of Metabolomics in the Discovery of New Mechanisms and Novel Biomarkers

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warwick B. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Novel Biomarkers

Role of Regulatory Oncogenic or Tumor Suppressor miRNAs of PI3K/AKT Signaling Axis in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (39) ◽  
pp. 4605-4610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atena Soleimani ◽  
Farzad Rahmani ◽  
Gordon A. Ferns ◽  
Mikhail Ryzhikov ◽  
Amir Avan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Akt Signaling ◽  
Tumor Tissues ◽  
Radio Therapy ◽  
Signaling Axis ◽  
Cancer Tumor ◽  
Novel Biomarkers

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and its incidence is increasing. In most patients with CRC, the PI3K/AKT signaling axis is over-activated. Regulatory oncogenic or tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRNAs) for PI3K/AKT signaling regulate cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, as well as resistance to chemo-/radio-therapy in colorectal cancer tumor tissues. Thus, regulatory miRNAs of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling represent novel biomarkers for new patient diagnosis and obtaining clinically invaluable information from post-treatment CRC patients for improving therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the current knowledge of miRNAs’ regulatory roles of PI3K/AKT signaling in CRC pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Exosomes: a new perspective in EGFR-mutated lung cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amina Jouida ◽  
Cormac McCarthy ◽  
Aurelie Fabre ◽  
Michael P. Keane
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Egfr Mutations ◽  
Functional Effect ◽  
Prognosis And Prediction ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Egfr Mutated

AbstractExosomes are major contributors in cell to cell communication due to their ability to transfer biological material such as protein, RNA, DNA, and miRNA. Additionally, they play a role in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression, and recently, they have emerged as a potential source of information on tumor detection and may be useful as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive tools. This review focuses on exosomes from lung cancer with a focus on EGFR mutations. Here, we outline the role of exosomes and their functional effect in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Finally, we discuss the possibility of exosomes as novel biomarkers in early detection, diagnosis, assessment of prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic response in EGFR-mutated lung cancer.

scholarly journals Crucial Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Bronchial Asthma

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Nagano ◽  
Masahiro Katsurada ◽  
Ryota Dokuni ◽  
Daisuke Hazama ◽  
Tatsunori Kiriu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Intracellular Proteins ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Microarray Analyses

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are circulating vesicles secreted by various cell types. EVs are classified into three groups according to size, structural components, and generation process of vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Recently, EVs have been considered to be crucial for cell-to-cell communications and homeostasis because they contain intracellular proteins and nucleic acids. Epithelial cells from mice suffering from bronchial asthma (BA) secrete more EVs and suppress inflammation-induced EV production. Moreover, microarray analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid have revealed that several microRNAs are useful novel biomarkers of BA. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived EVs are possible candidates of novel BA therapy. In this review, we highlight the biologic roles of EVs in BA and review novel EV-targeted therapy to help understanding by clinicians and biologists.

scholarly journals Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Characterization of Cutaneous Melanoma Ectosomes Reveals the Presence of Cancer-Related Molecules

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Surman ◽  
Sylwia Kędracka-Krok ◽  
Dorota Hoja-Łukowicz ◽  
Urszula Jankowska ◽  
Anna Drożdż ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cutaneous Melanoma ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Novel Biomarkers

Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is an aggressive type of skin cancer for which effective biomarkers are still needed. Recently, the protein content of extracellular vesicles (ectosomes and exosomes) became increasingly investigated in terms of its functional role in CM and as a source of novel biomarkers; however, the data concerning the proteome of CM-derived ectosomes is very limited. We used the shotgun nanoLC–MS/MS approach to the profile protein content of ectosomes from primary (WM115, WM793) and metastatic (WM266-4, WM1205Lu) CM cell lines. Additionally, the effect exerted by CM ectosomes on recipient cells was assessed in terms of cell proliferation (Alamar Blue assay) and migratory properties (wound healing assay). All cell lines secreted heterogeneous populations of ectosomes enriched in the common set of proteins. A total of 1507 unique proteins were identified, with many of them involved in cancer cell proliferation, migration, escape from apoptosis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis. Isolated ectosomes increased proliferation and motility of recipient cells, likely due to the ectosomal transfer of different cancer-promoting molecules. Taken together, these results confirm the significant role of ectosomes in several biological processes leading to CM development and progression, and might be used as a starting point for further studies exploring their diagnostic and prognostic potential.

Is it time to consider the Androgen receptor as a therapeutic target in breast cancer?

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melika Kooshki Forooshani ◽  
Rosa Scarpitta ◽  
Giuseppe Nicolò Fanelli ◽  
Mario Miccoli ◽  
Antonio Giuseppe Naccarato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Nuclear Receptor Superfamily ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Tumorigenic Mechanism

: Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease and the most prevalent malignant tumor in women worldwide. The majority of BC cases are positive for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR), both known to be involved in cancer pathogenesis, progression, and invasion. In line with this, hormonal deprivation therapy appears to be a useful tool and an effective treatment for these BC subtypes. Unfortunately, prognosis among patients with hormone-negative tumors or therapy-refractory and metastatic patients remains poor. Novel biomarkers are urgently needed in order to predict the course of the disease, make better therapy decisions and improve the overall survival of patients. In this respect, the androgen receptor (AR), a member of the hormonal nuclear receptor superfamily and ER and PgR, emerges as an interesting feature widely expressed in human BCs. Despite the advances, the precise tumorigenic mechanism of AR and the role of its endogenous ligands are yet not well-understood. In this review, we aim to elaborate on the prognostic impact of AR expression and current AR-targeting approaches based on previous studies investigating AR's role in different BC subtypes.

scholarly journals Renalase and Biomarkers of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej T. Wybraniec ◽  
Katarzyna Mizia-Stec
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Amine Oxidase ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Cardiorenal Syndrome ◽  
Creatinine Concentration ◽  
Invasive Cardiology ◽  
Proximal Tubular ◽  
Novel Biomarkers

Background: Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) remains one of the crucial issues related to the development of invasive cardiology. The massive use of contrast media exposes patients to a great risk of contrast-induced nephropathy and chronic kidney disease development, and increases morbidity and mortality rates. The serum creatinine concentration does not allow for a timely and accurate CI-AKI diagnosis; hence numerous other biomarkers of renal injury have been proposed. Renalase, a novel catecholamine-metabolizing amine oxidase, is synthesized mainly in proximal tubular cells and secreted into urine and blood. It is primarily engaged in the degradation of circulating catecholamines. Notwithstanding its key role in blood pressure regulation, renalase remains a potential CI-AKI biomarker, which was shown to be markedly downregulated in the aftermath of renal injury. In this sense, renalase appears to be the first CI-AKI marker revealing an actual loss of renal function and indicating disease severity. Summary: The purpose of this review is to summarize the contemporary knowledge about the application of novel biomarkers of CI-AKI and to highlight the potential role of renalase as a functional marker of contrast-induced renal injury. Key Messages: Renalase may constitute a missing biochemical link in the mutual interplay between kidney and cardiac pathology known as the cardiorenal syndrome.

scholarly journals Nucleases as molecular targets for cancer diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alien Balian ◽  
Frank J. Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cancer Biomarkers ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Early Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Made In

AbstractEarly cancer diagnosis is a crucial element to improved treatment options and survival. Great research efforts have been made in the search for better performing cancer diagnostic biomarkers. However, the quest continues as novel biomarkers with high accuracy for an early diagnosis remain an unmet clinical need. Nucleases, which are enzymes capable of cleaving nucleic acids, have been long considered as potential cancer biomarkers. The implications of nucleases are key for biological functions, their presence in different cellular counterparts and catalytic activity led the enthusiasm towards investigating the role of nucleases as promising cancer biomarkers. However, the most essential feature of these proteins, which is their enzymatic activity, has not been fully exploited. This review discusses nucleases interrogated as cancer biomarkers, providing a glimpse of their physiological roles. Moreover, it highlights the potential of harnessing the enzymatic activity of cancer-associated nucleases as a novel diagnostic biomarker using nucleic acid probes as substrates.

scholarly journals The Personalization of Clopidogrel Antiplatelet Therapy: The Role of Integrative Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacometabolomics

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arwa M. Amin ◽  
Lim Sheau Chin ◽  
Dzul Azri Mohamed Noor ◽  
Muhamad Ali SK Abdul Kader ◽  
Yuen Kah Hay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiplatelet Therapy ◽  
Drug Response ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Clopidogrel Therapy ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Precise Prediction ◽  
Extensive Information

Dual antiplatelet therapy of aspirin and clopidogrel is pivotal for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. However, the variable platelets reactivity response to clopidogrel may lead to outcome failure and recurrence of cardiovascular events. Although many genetic and nongenetic factors are known, great portion of clopidogrel variable platelets reactivity remain unexplained which challenges the personalization of clopidogrel therapy. Current methods for clopidogrel personalization includeCYP2C19genotyping, pharmacokinetics, and platelets function testing. However, these methods lack precise prediction of clopidogrel outcome, often leading to insufficient prediction. Pharmacometabolomics which is an approach to identify novel biomarkers of drug response or toxicity in biofluids has been investigated to predict drug response. The advantage of pharmacometabolomics is that it does not only predict the response but also provide extensive information on the metabolic pathways implicated with the response. Integrating pharmacogenetics with pharmacometabolomics can give insight on unknown genetic and nongenetic factors associated with the response. This review aimed to review the literature on factors associated with the variable platelets reactivity response to clopidogrel, as well as appraising current methods for the personalization of clopidogrel therapy. We also aimed to review the literature on using pharmacometabolomics approach to predict drug response, as well as discussing the plausibility of using it to predict clopidogrel outcome.

scholarly journals New Frontiers: Approaches to Understand the Mechanistic Basis of Renal Toxicity

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1002-1005
Author(s):  
Mary B. Nabity ◽  
Joseph W. Polli ◽  
Vishal Vaidya ◽  
Andrzej Krolewski ◽  
Warren E. Glaab
Keyword(s):  
Renal Toxicity ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Scientific Session ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
New Research

A scientific session entitled “New Frontiers: Approaches to Understand the Mechanistic Basis of Renal Toxicity” focused on novel biomarkers to monitor kidney injury both preclinically and clinically, as well as providing mechanistic insight of the induced injury. Further, the role and impact of kidney membrane transporters in drug-induced kidney toxicity provided additional considerations when understanding kidney injury and the complex role of drug transporters in either sensitivity or resistance to drug-induced injury. The onset of nephropathy in diabetic patients was also presented, focusing on the quest to discover novel biomarkers that would differentiate diabetic populations more susceptible to nephropathy and renal failure. The session highlighted exciting new research areas and novel biomarkers that will enhance our understanding of kidney injury and provide tools for ensuring patient safety clinically.

Neurogranin as a Novel Biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Agnello ◽  
Caterina Maria Gambino ◽  
Bruna Lo Sasso ◽  
Giulia Bivona ◽  
Salvatore Milano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Curve Analysis ◽  
Phosphorylated Tau ◽  
Roc Curve Analysis ◽  
Total Tau ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Good Diagnostic Accuracy

Abstract Background In this study, we investigated the possible role of 2 novel biomarkers of synaptic damage, namely, neurogranin and α-synuclein, in Alzheimer disease (AD). Methods The study was performed in a cohort consisting of patients with AD and those without AD, including individuals with other neurological diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurogranin and α-synuclein levels were measured by sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Results We found significantly increased levels of CSF neurogranin and α-synuclein in patients with AD than those without AD. Neurogranin was correlated with total tau (tTau) and phosphorylated tau (pTau), as well as with cognitive decline, in patients with AD. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed good diagnostic accuracy of neurogranin for AD at a cutoff point of 306 pg per mL with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.872 and sensitivity and specificity of 84.2% and 78%, respectively. Conclusions Our findings support the use of CSF neurogranin as a biomarker of synapsis damage in patients with AD.

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