scholarly journals Understanding the mobilised oil drainage dynamics inside laboratory-scale and field-scale reservoirs for more accurate THAI process design and operation procedures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rabiu Ado
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Front ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Air Injection ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Large Pool ◽  
Efficient Combustion ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe technical and economic validities of the toe-to-heel air injection (THAI) process for heavy oils upgrading and production are yet to be fully realised even though it has been operated at laboratory, pilot, and semi-commercial levels. The findings from Canadian Kerrobert THAI project suggested that there is no proportionality between oil production and air injection rates. However, this conclusion was reached without having to dig deeper into the dynamics of the transport processes inside the reservoir especially that efficient combustion was clearly taking place as the mol% oxygen in the produced gas was negligible. As a result, this study is conducted with aims of identifying the similarities and differences of the dynamics of the transport processes in lab-scale and field-scale reservoirs. For the first time, this study has found oil drainage dynamics inside the reservoir to be both scale-dependent and operation-dependent. For the laboratory-scale numerical model E, what is clearest is that all of the head of the oil flux vectors are either totally vertically directed or slightly inclined and pointing upward towards the heel. None of them is pointing backward towards the toe of the HP well. Thus, it is apparent that oil drainage pattern in this laboratory-scale model E is efficient as all the mobilised upgraded oil, including from the base of the combustion cell, is produced as the combustion front advances in the toe-to-heel manner. However, the combustion front has a backward-leaning shape which is an indicator that it is propagating even inside the HP well. This implies that the process is operating in an unstable, inefficient, and unsafe mode. These two opposing patterns at laboratory-scale must be resolved to ensure healthy combustion front propagation with efficient oil drainage and production rates are achieved. At the field scale (i.e. model F), this study has shown for the first time that there are actually two mobile oil zones: the one ahead of the combustion front with lower oil flux magnitude (i.e. MOZ) and the one containing large pool of mobilised partially upgraded oil at the base of the reservoir just behind the toe of the HP well. The above findings in model F show that there is conflicting dynamics about the goal of achieving large oil production rates downstream of the combustion front with the propagation of forward-tilting stable, safe, and efficient combustion front. If the combustion is to be optimally sustained, then most of the mobilised upgraded oil might be lost going in the wrong direction towards the region behind the toe of the HP well. In actual reservoir in the field, shale with very low permeability and porosity must be present behind the toe in order for the large pool of mobilised upgraded oil that is continuously draining from the vertical adjacent planes to be forced into the toe of the HP well. As a result, to balance these two conflicting dynamics of upward-tilted combustion front going longitudinally towards the heel of the HP well and the mobilised oil draining down at an angle towards the region behind the toe of the HP well, future studies are essentially required. These are proposed and also listed under the conclusion section in order to ensure thorough design and operation procedures for the THAI process are established.

scholarly journals Experimental investigation to characterize simple versus multi scaling analysis of hydraulic conductivity at a mesoscale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guglielmo Federico Antonio Brunetti ◽  
Samuele De Bartolo ◽  
Carmine Fallico ◽  
Ferdinando Frega ◽  
Maria Fernanda Rivera Velásquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Porous Formation ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe spatial variability of the aquifers' hydraulic properties can be satisfactorily described by means of scaling laws. The latter enable one to relate the small (typically laboratory) scale to the larger (typically formation/regional) ones, therefore leading de facto to an upscaling procedure. In the present study, we are concerned with the spatial variability of the hydraulic conductivity K into a strongly heterogeneous porous formation. A strategy, allowing one to identify correctly the single/multiple scaling of K, is applied for the first time to a large caisson, where the medium was packed. In particular, we show how to identify the various scaling ranges with special emphasis on the determination of the related cut-off limits. Finally, we illustrate how the heterogeneity enhances with the increasing scale of observation, by identifying the proper law accounting for the transition from the laboratory to the field scale. Results of the present study are of paramount utility for the proper design of pumping tests in formations where the degree of spatial variability of the hydraulic conductivity does not allow regarding them as “weakly heterogeneous”, as well as for the study of dispersion mechanisms.

scholarly journals Atlas of ticks (Acari: Argasidae, Ixodidae) in Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Rubel ◽  
Katharina Brugger ◽  
Lidia Chitimia-Dobler ◽  
Hans Dautel ◽  
Elisabeth Meyer-Kayser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tick Species ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Ixodes Frontalis ◽  
Argas Reflexus ◽  
The One ◽  
Argasid Tick ◽  
First Time

AbstractAn updated and increased compilation of georeferenced tick locations in Germany is presented here. This data collection extends the dataset published some years ago by another 1448 new tick locations, 900 locations of which were digitized from literature and 548 locations are published here for the first time. This means that a total of 3492 georeferenced tick locations is now available for Germany. The tick fauna of Germany includes two species of Argasidae in the genera Argas and Carios and 19 species of Ixodidae in the genera Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, and Ixodes, altogether 21 tick species. In addition, three species of Ixodidae in the genera Hyalomma (each spring imported by migratory birds) and Rhipicephalus (occasionally imported by dogs returning from abroad with their owners) are included in the tick atlas. Of these, the georeferenced locations of 23 tick species are depicted in maps. The occurrence of the one remaining tick species, the recently described Ixodes inopinatus, is given at the level of the federal states. The most common and widespread tick species is Ixodes ricinus, with records in all 16 federal states. With the exception of Hamburg, Dermacentor reticulatus was also found in all federal states. The occurrence of the ixodid ticks Ixodes canisuga, Ixodes frontalis, Ixodes hexagonus and I. inopinatus were documented in at least 11 federal states each. The two mentioned argasid tick species were also documented in numerous federal states, the pigeon tick Argas reflexus in 11 and the bat tick Carios vespertilionis in seven federal states. The atlas of ticks in Germany and the underlying digital dataset in the supplement can be used to improve global tick maps or to study the effects of climate change and habitat alteration on the distribution of tick species.

Intuitionistic fuzzy two-factor variance analysis of movie ticket sales

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Velichka Traneva ◽  
Stoyan Tranev
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Important Method ◽  
Ticket Sales ◽  
Intuitionistic Fuzzy ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is an important method in data analysis, which was developed by Fisher. There are situations when there is impreciseness in data In order to analyze such data, the aim of this paper is to introduce for the first time an intuitionistic fuzzy two-factor ANOVA (2-D IFANOVA) without replication as an extension of the classical ANOVA and the one-way IFANOVA for a case where the data are intuitionistic fuzzy rather than real numbers. The proposed approach employs the apparatus of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) and index matrices (IMs). The paper also analyzes a unique set of data on daily ticket sales for a year in a multiplex of Cinema City Bulgaria, part of Cineworld PLC Group, applying the two-factor ANOVA and the proposed 2-D IFANOVA to study the influence of “ season ” and “ ticket price ” factors. A comparative analysis of the results, obtained after the application of ANOVA and 2-D IFANOVA over the real data set, is also presented.

scholarly journals Experiential ownership and body ownership are different phenomena

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb Liang ◽  
Wen-Hsiang Lin ◽  
Tai-Yuan Chang ◽  
Chi-Hong Chen ◽  
Chen-Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
Full Body

AbstractBody ownership concerns what it is like to feel a body part or a full body as mine, and has become a prominent area of study. We propose that there is a closely related type of bodily self-consciousness largely neglected by researchers—experiential ownership. It refers to the sense that I am the one who is having a conscious experience. Are body ownership and experiential ownership actually the same phenomenon or are they genuinely different? In our experiments, the participant watched a rubber hand or someone else’s body from the first-person perspective and was touched either synchronously or asynchronously. The main findings: (1) The sense of body ownership was hindered in the asynchronous conditions of both the body-part and the full-body experiments. However, a strong sense of experiential ownership was observed in those conditions. (2) We found the opposite when the participants’ responses were measured after tactile stimulations had ceased for 5 s. In the synchronous conditions of another set of body-part and full-body experiments, only experiential ownership was blocked but not body ownership. These results demonstrate for the first time the double dissociation between body ownership and experiential ownership. Experiential ownership is indeed a distinct type of bodily self-consciousness.

Address of the President Lord Blackett, O. M., C. H. at the Anniversary Meeting, 1 December 1969

1970 ◽  
Vol 174 (1037) ◽  
pp. 403-417
Keyword(s):  
Immunological Response ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
Improved Methods ◽  
Specific Tolerance ◽  
Immunological Barrier

The Copley Medal is awarded to Sir Peter Medawar, C. B. E., F. R. S. Medawar’s first major contribution was to prove conclusively that skin grafts made between different individuals usually fail because of an immunological response made by the recipient against foreign antigens in the donor’s cells, and then to show that the most important mechanism was a specific cell-mediated immunity due to lymphocytes. In attempting to find means of preventing the response against grafted tissues, without impairing immunological capacity in other respects, Medawar made a second major contribution by showing for the first time that it was possible to induce specific tolerance of foreign antigens by administering them to very young animals. His subsequent work, directed towards achieving practical means of overcoming the immunological barrier to tissue transplantation, led him on the one hand to investigate improved methods of inducing specific immunological tolerance and, on the other, to use antiserum against lymphocytes to suppress the damaging effects of these cells. His successful results in experimental animals have indicated the way to their possible application in Man. Medawar’s work has throughout been distinguished by a penetrating clarity of thought combined with insight, and by elegant and original experimental design. He also has a justly high reputation for his analyses and predictions in wider fields of biology, and his study of scientific method.

CsOH and its Lighter Homologues – a Comparison

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1229-1236
Author(s):  
Matthias Wörsching ◽  
Constantin Hoch
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Structure Type ◽  
Alkali Metal Hydroxide ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Cesium Hydroxide ◽  
Free Ion ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

Abstract Cesium hydroxide, CsOH, was for the first time characterised on the basis of single-crystal data. The structure is isotypic to the one of the room-temperature modification of NaOH and can be derived from the NaCl structure type thus allowing the comparison of all alkali metal hydroxide structures. Raman spectroscopic investigations show the hydroxide anion to behave almost as a free ion as in the gas phase. The X-ray investigations indicate possible H atom positions.

scholarly journals Gamma Astrometric Measurement Experiment: testing General Relativity with a small mission

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (S248) ◽  
pp. 290-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vecchiato ◽  
M. G. Lattanzi ◽  
M. Gai ◽  
R. Morbidelli
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Galactic Center ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Measurement Experiment ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
Bending Of Light

AbstractGAME (Gamma Astrometric Measurement Experiment) is a concept for an experiment whose goal is to measure from space the γ parameter of the Parameterized Post-Newtonian formalism, by means of a satellite orbiting at 1 AU from the Sun and looking as close as possible to its limb. This technique resembles the one used during the solar eclipse of 1919, when Dyson, Eddington and collaborators measured for the first time the gravitational bending of light. Simple estimations suggest that, possibly within the budget of a small mission, one could reach the 10−6level of accuracy with ~106observations of relatively bright stars at about 2° apart from the Sun. Further simulations show that this result could be reached with only 20 days of measurements on stars ofV≤ 17 uniformly distributed. A quick look at real star densities suggests that this result could be greatly improved by observing particularly crowded regions near the galactic center.

The Effect of Air Injector on the Performance of Airlift

2012 ◽  
Vol 516-517 ◽  
pp. 1022-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Hu ◽  
Chuan Lin Tang ◽  
Feng Hua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Pipe Wall ◽  
Tangential Direction ◽  
Air Injection ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Angle ◽  
Injection Methods ◽  
The One ◽  
Air Lift

In order to investigate the air injection method on the performance of an airlift. For this purpose an air lift system with a riser 2000 mm long and 80 mm in diameter, was designed and tested. Seven different air injection methods were used at a constant submergence. The experimental results showed a marked effect on the airlift performance when operated with different air injection methods. The arrangement of five nozzles gives the best performance, and the one nozzle is the worst. Although the injection angle has a little effect on the airlift performance, but view the general conclusions as a whole, the best lifting efficiency can be obtained when the angle of the nozzle placed along the tangential direction of pipe wall is equal to 10º at a given air flow rate QG =37m3/h.

“Satisfied with the Ruins of Berlin”: The German Capital’s Image in Soviet Graphics of 1945

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 564-575
Author(s):  
Irina I. Rutsinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Visual Art ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Public ◽  
Historical Justice ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

An artist who finds themselves in the last days of a war in the enemy’s defeated capital may not just fix its objects dispassionately. Many factors influence the selection and depicturing manner of the objects. One of the factors is satisfaction from the accomplished retribution, awareness of the historical justice triumph. Researchers think such reactions are inevitable. The article offers to consider from this point of view the drawings created by Soviet artists in Berlin in the spring and summer of 1945. Such an analysis of the German capital’s visual image is conducted for the first time. It shows that the above reactions were not the only ones. The graphics of the first post-war days no less clearly and consistently express other feelings and intentions of their authors: the desire to accurately document and fix the image of the city and some of its structures in history, the happiness from the silence of peace, and the simple interest in the monuments of European art.The article examines Berlin scenes as evidences of the transition from front-line graphics focused on the visual recording of the war traces to peacetime graphics; from documentary — to artistry; from the worldview of a person at war — to the one of a person who lived to victory. In this approach, it has been important to consider the graphic images of Berlin in unity with the diary and memoir texts belonging to both artists and ordinary soldiers who participated in the storming of Berlin. The combination of verbal and visual sources helps to present the German capital’s image that existed in the public consciousness, as well as the specificity of its representation by means of visual art.

Comments on the updated recommendations of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) for the treatment of gout. Lifestyle (part 2)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
M. S. Eliseev
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
American College Of Rheumatology ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The One ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
First Time

Updated ACR recommendations for the treatment of gout concerning lifestyle are discussed. Factors related to a lifestyle, above all food habits, for many years were of leading importance in the treatment of patients with gout, even after application of effective drugs. The authors of the updated ACR recommendations for the first time offered to reconsider the role of environmental factors in the genesis of gout and objectively assess the possibility of its non-drug treatment. On the one hand, regardless of the activity of the disease, the need for restrictions of the alcohol, purine-rich products and fructose-containing beverages, as well as the decrease of body weight in obese patients and vitamin C usage unviability are confirmed. On the other hand, these recommendations are conditional. Their new version of ACR recommendations is significantly different from both its previous version and other international and national recommendations, including recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of gout used in the Russian Federation.

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