scholarly journals The role of pedogenesis and natural fertiliser as vectors for essential metal content in agricultural topsoils, Central India

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Suhr ◽  
Mike Widdowson ◽  
Balz S. Kamber
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Central India ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Element Cycling ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Essential Metal ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Holding Back ◽  
High Organic Carbon Content

AbstractEssential trace metals are well known for their environmental toxicity and for being part of complex bio-chemical cycles. Their role as critical micronutrients, delivering vital health benefits, is less widely discussed and understood, holding back strategies for combatting malnutrition. Crops grown on many Indian soils suffer from deficiencies in essential metals, notably iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo). The list of deficient metals will likely grow due to increasing future crop demand. Geostatistical analysis of soils and farmyard manure (FYM), the predominant fertiliser, implies that residual oxide minerals carry high concentrations of the essential trace metals Fe, Zn, copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn) not only in soil but also in FYM (especially Fe, Cr, Cu, Co and Ni). A geochemical survey across a road traverse of 600 km, encompassing an area of c. 15,000 km2, was conducted in Central India to evaluate reported essential metal deficiency in key agricultural topsoils. Importantly, our evaluation of the element cycling in this system reveals that despite high bulk concentrations, some key metals remain bio-unavailable. In effect, the existence of refractory (weathering-resistant) oxides is likely a significant factor for deficiency symptoms in the soil–plant-fertiliser cycle. Further, mass balance calculations of the bioavailable pool of metals imply that only Fe and Mn are present in sufficient quantities to combat deficiency problems. Notwithstanding this limitation of FYM, its high organic carbon content, as well as its importance for Zn, Cu and Fe, validates its traditional use to maintain the fertility and physical condition of Indian topsoils.

Comparison of decay rates of faecal indicator organisms in recreational coastal water and sediment

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.L. Craig ◽  
H.J. Fallowfield ◽  
N.J. Cromar
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Coastal Water ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
High Organic Carbon Content

A laboratory based microcosm study utilising intact non-sterile sediment cores was undertaken to determine the survival of the faecal indicator organisms Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium and somatic coliphage in both recreational coastal water and sediment. Overlying water was inoculated with the test organisms and incubated at 10°C, 20°C or 30°C. E. coli, enterococcus and coliphage were enumerated from the water column and sediment by the membrane filtration method, Enterolert (IDEXX Laboratories) and the double-agar overlay methods respectively on days 0, 1, 2, 7, 14 and 28 following inoculation. It was demonstrated that for all organisms, greater decay (k; d-1) occurred in the water column compared to sediment. Sediment characteristics were found to influence decay, with lowest decay rates observed in sediment consisting of high organic carbon content and small particle size. Decay of E. coli was significantly greater in both the water column and sediment compared with enterococcus and coliphage under all conditions. Decay of enterococcus was found to closely resemble that of coliphage decay. Survival of all organisms was inversely related to temperature, with greatest decay at 30°C. However, increased temperature had a less significant impact on survival of enterococcus and coliphage compared with E. coli. The importance of this study for estimating risk from recreational exposure is great if some pathogenic microorganisms behave similarly to the organisms tested in this study. In particular if survival rates of pathogens are similar to enterococcus and coliphage, then their ability to accumulate in coastal sediment may lead to an increased risk of exposure if these organisms are resuspended into the water column due to natural turbulence or human recreational activity.

Spatial variability of trace metals in Podzols of northern forest ecosystems: Sampling implications

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. MacDonald ◽  
W. H. Hendershot
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Northern Forest

The concentrations of metals in soils are spatially heterogeneous and soil sampling carried out when studying metals in forest ecosystems is often inadequate. We examined the spatial variability of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in northern forest ecosystems on a transect with distance from two point source emitters with the goal of providing basic information about the distribution and variability of metals in these soils. Samples were taken under six sampling points at four depths from three experimental sites on each of the two transects. Soils were analysed for acid digestible metals, pH and organic carbon content. Standard deviation, coefficients of variation, mean and medians were analysed for each horizon of each site. It was observed that Cu and Mn variability is higher in closer proximity to the point source while the variability of Zn increased with decreasing soil pH. In Sudbury, emitted metals Ni and Cu accumulate together in soils, whereas in Rouyn-Noranda, with the exception of Cd and Zn, metal concentrations were not related in forest floors. Observations suggest that physical factors influencing where metals are deposited as well as the inherent variability in soil chemical characteristics, and the distance from the point source can all act together to result in high variability in soil metal concentrations in a single forest site. Sampling in the interest of relating vegetation metal concentrations or response to soil metals should be carried out on an individual plant basis with multiple samples taken for each individual. Soil samples taken at intervals of 1 to 1.7 m will provide relative error in estimating soil concentrations of 10% or 20%, respectively. Key words: Spatial variability, trace metals, podzolic soils, smelter emissions

Ferritin Crystals in the Gut Caeca of a Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Stegocephalid (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.G. Moore ◽  
P.S. Rainbow
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Hydrothermal Vent ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Amphipod Species ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge ◽  
High Concentrations

Ferritin crystals and calcium granules are reported from the ventral ceaca of Steleuthera ecoprophycea (Amphipoda: Stegocephalidae) collected from the Snake Pit hydrothermal vent, Mid-Atlantic Ridge (3520 m).In a series of earlier papers (Moore & Rainbow, 1984, 1989, 1992; Moore et al., 1994), the authors described the widespread occurrence of intracellular, octahedral crystals of ferritin in the ventral caeca of a range of stegocephalid amphipod species from the continental shelf epibenthos and oceanic plankton. The discovery at 3500 m of a new Steleuthera species (S. ecoprophycea), from a hydrothermal vent on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge was announced recently by Bellan-Santini & Thurston (1996), and a complete description is provided therein.Oceanic ridge sites are notable for their tectonic activity and the presence of a diversity of trace metals at high concentrations is to be expected in hydrothermal plumes emanating from such regions (German & Angel, 1995). The detoxification of accumulated trace metals in the ventral ceaca of stegocephalid amphipods from uncontaminated environments is now relatively well known (see above), so it was of interest to investigate whether a vent stegocephalid showed an atypical presence of trace metals in detoxified form in cells of the ventral caeca. The results following from an opportunity to investigate this are reported herein.Material was derived from a dive made by the submersible ‘Alvin’ at Snake Pit hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge (23°23′N 44°56′W), 3520 m, on 16 June 1993 (see Bellan-Santini & Thurston, 1996). Steleuthera ecoprophycea was preserved in 70% alcohol. Subsequently to dissection, the single pair of ventral caeca from each of the four damaged amphipods investigated were post-fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde. For electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis in STEM mode, ventral caecal tissues were then dehydrated through 95% and absolute ethanol, cleared in propylene oxide, embedded in TAAB resin, sectioned at 0·5 μm (semi-thin sections) on a Reichert OmU2 ultramicrotome and examined without staining in a JEOL 100C electron microscope equipped with LINK system EDX energy dispersive x-ray microanalyser.

scholarly journals Spatial variability of fertility status in soils of Dima Hasao district of Assam

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-374
Author(s):  
A. BASUMATARY ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Critical Limit ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
High Organic Carbon Content

Two hundred fifty geo-referenced surfaces (0-15 cm) soil samples were collected and analysed for macronutrients and micronutrients to study fertility status in soils of Dima Hasao district of Assam and their relationship with some important soil properties. Soils of the district were found to be extremely acidic to slightly acidic in reaction with a low to high organic carbon content and low in cation exchange capacity. The soil of the district indicated that the available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium status was observed to the tune of 14.0 %,7.2% and 67.2% under low and 86.0 %, 92.8 % and 32.8 %under medium categories, respectively. The overall percent deficient of exchangeable calcium, magnesium and available sulphur in soils was 25.6, 30.4 and 6.8 %, respectively. Based on critical limit, all soils were adequately supplied with DTPA-extractable Fe, Mn and Cu content. In respect of zinc and boron, soils exhibited 90.4 and 73 per cent under sufficient, while, 2.4 and 12 per cent were found deficient in DTPA -Zn and HWS-B, respectively. Soil pH and EC showed positive correlation with macro nutrients and negative correlation with micronutrients. The macro- and micronutrient showed significant positive relation with soil organic carbon and cation exchange capacity.

scholarly journals Assessment of PM10 in Aurangabad City of Central India

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geetanjali Kaushik ◽  
Arvind Chel ◽  
Sangeeta Shinde ◽  
Ashish Gadekar
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Tall Buildings ◽  
Central India ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
High Pollution ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The City

Almost 670 million people comprising 54.5% of our population reside in regions that do not meet the Indian NAAQS for fine particulate matter. Numerous studies have revealed a consistent correlation for particulate matter concentration with health than any other air pollutant. Aurangabad city a rapidly growing city with population of 1.5 million is home to five major industrial areas, the city is also known for its historical monuments which might also be adversely affected from air pollution. Therefore, this research aims at estimating PM10 concentrations at several locations across Aurangabad. The concentration of PM10 was highest at the Railway Station followed by Waluj (an industrial zone) and City chowk is the centre of the city which has high population, tall buildings, few open spaces which causes high congestion and does not allow the particulates to disperse. Other locations with high concentrations of PM are Mill corner, Harsul T-point, Kranti Chowk, Seven Hill, TV centre and Beed Bye pass. All these locations have narrow roads, high traffic density, poor road condition with pot holes and few crossing points which cause congestion and vehicle idling which are responsible for high pollution. Therefore, it is evident that air pollution is a serious issue in the city which may be further aggravated if it is not brought under control. Hence, strategies have to be adopted for combating the menace of air pollution.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTVolume-5, Issue-2, March-May 2016, Page :61-74

Heavy metals in deltaic sediments of the Fraser River, British Columbia

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1683-1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Grieve ◽  
W. K. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Sand Content ◽  
Sediment Texture ◽  
Delta Front ◽  
Fraser River Delta ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
High Concentrations

Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, together with sand content and loss of ignition, have been determined for surflcial sediments from the Fraser River delta-front and upper foreslope. Both geochemical maps and statistical analysis disclose close relationships between trace-metal concentrations, sediment texture, and Fe and Mn content. Detailed studies of the distribution of labile and non-labile trace metals within sediments indicate that these relationships reflect increased concentrations of trace metals associated with both the detrital minerals and hydrous Fe oxides coatings in the finer fractions of the sediment. Abnormally high concentrations of labile trace metals are found on the tidal flats at two stations influenced by discharge of metal-rich sewage.

scholarly journals The effects of mineral treatment and the amendments by organic and organomineral fertilisers on the crop yield, plant nutrient status and soil properties

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gondek ◽  
B. Filipek-Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Copper Form ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
Manure Slurry

The studies were carried out as a pot experiment comprised of mineral treatments with farmyard manure, slurry and liquid organomineral fertiliser (Damishum) and finally the unfertilised control. Mineral fertilisation and liquid organomineral fertiliser better affected the crop yield in comparison with organic treatments in the first year of the experiment, whereas in the subsequent two years with a consecutive affect of organic fertilisers. According to the expectations the biggest nitrogen concentrations were found in crops receiving mineral treatment and organomineral fertiliser. Phosphorus content depended on crop species and applied fertiliser. Potassium and magnesium contents immediately after treatment were the highest in the objects receiving organic treatment (farmyard manure and slurry). In the subsequent years no visible tendency in both element contents was noticed. Among the cultivated crops rape revealed the biggest amounts of cadmium in the above ground parts. Lead concentrations in the above ground parts of the cultivated crop did not reveal any diversification among the objects. Copper accumulated mainly in the crop root systems, except rape, whereas zinc concentration depended on the plant species and applied fertilisation. The treatment caused a decrease in the soil pH and an increase in hydrolytic acidity value. Mineral and organomineral fertilisation caused a pronounced decline in organic carbon content in the soil, whereas farmyard manure raised it. Similar dependencies were found for the total nitrogen concentrations. The applied treatment increased the contents of mobile forms of cadmium, lead and zinc but had no significant effect on changes of mobile copper form contents.

scholarly journals Toxic Effects of Single Antibiotics and Antibiotics in Combination on Germination and Growth of Sinapis alba L.

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Timmerer ◽  
Lennart Lehmann ◽  
Ewald Schnug ◽  
Elke Bloem
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Sinapis Alba L ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Lower Effect ◽  
Pot Trial ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

Antibiotics enter agro-ecosystems via the application of farmyard manure, sewage sludge, animal by-products, or digestates. There are many open questions regarding the behavior of such compounds in the soil like their adsorption, degradation, half-life, and their effects on soil organisms and plants. The impact of antibiotics on the development of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment is regarded as the most important effect that endangers the environment as well as human health. Nevertheless, direct plant toxicity, especially of different antibiotics and heavy metals at the same time, can be of importance as well. In the current study, commercially available phytotoxkits were tested with regard to the toxicity of single antibiotics and antibiotics in combination with the root growth of Sinapis alba L. Additionally, a pot trial was conducted to study the transfer of the observed phytotoxkits results in more complex systems. The phytotoxkits revealed direct toxicity of antibiotics on root development only at high concentrations. The highest toxicity was determined for sulfadiazine, followed by tetracycline and enrofloxacin, showing the least toxicity. When two antibiotics were tested at the same time in the phytotoxkit, synergistic effects were detected. The pot trial indicated lower effect concentrations for enrofloxacin than determined in the phytotoxkit and, therefore, to higher toxicity on plant growth.

Optical Properties, Suspended Sediments, and Chemistry Associated with the Turbidity Maxima of the Delaware Estuary

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (S1) ◽  
pp. s172-s179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Biggs ◽  
Jonathan H. Sharp ◽  
Thomas M. Church ◽  
John M. Tramontano
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Attenuation Coefficient ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Turbidity Maximum ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Delaware Estuary ◽  
High Concentrations

Two turbidity maxima were found in the Delaware Estuary and were distinct both in terms of optical properties of the water and in quantity of suspended material. The upstream maximum occurred at about 1‰ salinity. Both the diffuse attenuation coefficient (KD) and the beam attenuation coefficient (α) responded to the double turbidity maxima. The upstream maximum contains a larger number of individual mineral grains with a mean diameter of about 3 μm; the downstream maximum, which occurred at salinities of 7.5–10‰, was dominated by composite particles with a mean size of 12 μm; at salinities > 10‰, the suspended sediment population was dominated by large (10–20 μm) individual particles with few composite particles.Nutrients, productivity, particulate organic matter, and dissolved and particulate metals all showed relationships to the turbidity maxima when viewed on salinity and on geographic axes. An excess of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in relation to dissolved inorganic phosphorus was mirrored by exceptionally low particulate C/P ratios in the region of the turbidity maxima. Primary productivity appeared to be greatly reduced in the region of the downstream turbidity maximum.The trace metals Fe, Mn, Cd, Cu, Co, and Ni showed a general association with particulate phases at lowest salinities, at the upstream turbidity maximum. The more particle reactive metals (Fe, Mn, and Co) reflected this as enrichment relative to particulate aluminum. At the downstream turbidity maximum, in the mid-salinity range, the trace metals showed a minimum relative to Al, probably due to dilution by resuspended bottom sediments. In the lower estuary, the trace metals exhibited the highest enrichment (relative to aluminum) and an association with high concentrations of particulate carbon.Key words: Delaware Estuary, turbidity maxima, optical properties, suspended sediments, chemistry

scholarly journals Physico-chemical properties and nutrient content of some slow pyrolysis biochars produced from different feedstocks

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmudul Islam Piash ◽  
Md Faruque Hossain ◽  
Zakia Parveen
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis

Six slow pyrolysis biochars viz. farmyard manure (FM), water hyacinth (WH), domestic organic waste (DW), quick compost (QC), corn cob (CC) and rice straw (RS) were analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. Biochar yielding capacity varied from 34 to 51%, depending on the used feedstock. Water hyacinth biochar exhibited the highest water holding capacity (495%), whereas corn cob biochar had the lowest (146%) regardless of its highest pore volume. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area was found maximum among the plant derived biochars except corn cob. Rice straw biochar exhibited the least mean pore diameter while highest in domestic organic waste. All biochars possessed pH values more than 9. CEC of water hyacinth (WH) was highest, while lowest was in quick compost (QC) biochar. Smallest average particle size (0.54 ?m2) was exhibited by water hyacinth biochar. Organic carbon content ranged from 33 to 49%. Nutrient (N, P, K and S) status of biochar produced from domestic organic waste (DW) was found the maximum compared to the rest and corn cob (CC) biochar showed the lowest nutritional value.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 29(2): 111-122, December-2016

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