Helmont, Glisson, and the Doctrine of the Common Reservoir in the Seventeenth-Century Revolution in Physiology

1983 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Boss
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Experimental Science ◽  
Unpublished Manuscript ◽  
Fluid Systems ◽  
Irreducible Components ◽  
The Common ◽  
Experimental Findings

The change in the physiological conception of body fluid during the Seventeenth Century exemplifies the beginning of changes in chemical ideas away from humours as irreducible components of fluid systems towards water as the common solvent of an indefinitely large range of solutions. Against the Galenic humoral view of body fluids J.-B. van Helmont (1579–1644) postulated ‘latex’, a humour distributed through the body and common to several body fluids. The theory of latex explained experimental findings and provided a basis for Helmont's introduction of diuretics into the treatment of dropsy. Francis Glisson (1597–1677) adopted the theory of latex. In this paper it is shown that Helmont contradicted, in part at least, the distinctness of humours by a doctrine of a common reservoir from which various body fluids are drawn. It is further argued that, on the available evidence, Helmont is the originator of this idea of a common reservoir. Through hitherto unremarked and unpublished manuscript evidence, it is shown that Glisson, in adopting the theory of latex, and its therapeutic application, modifies and extends it. In the manuscripts Glisson expresses himself in the language of Helmontian philosophy. Given Glisson's known influence (in, for example, spreading Harvey's doctrine of the circulation), the question arises what part, if any, is attributable to him in the transmission of the doctrine of the common reservoir. From the point of view of experimental science, that doctrine makes a break with the past no less radical than does, say, that of the circulation. It appears that we have here yet another major contribution of Helmont to the scientific revolution with, through Glisson, a possible channel of transmission of this contribution.

Pre-Chemistry Concepts and Medical Therapy among Ancient Physicians through the Pre-Socratic Philosophers

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1470-1477
Author(s):  
Luigi Santacroce ◽  
Lucrezia Bottalico ◽  
Kastriot Haxhirexha ◽  
Skender Topi ◽  
Ioannis A. Charitos
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Medical Therapy ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Natural World ◽  
The Body ◽  
Experimental Science ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
Over Time

Background: Chemistry as experimental science began in the seventeenth century, when it began moving away from being one of the alchemical doctrines and toward analyzing matter and its transformations using scientific methods. Previously, the ancient Pre-Socratic philosophy through observation of nature was concerned with the laws that govern the natural world and the property of matter. Later, the Hellenistic Alexandrian culture took possession of the Hermetic doctrines of the Egyptians, mixing them with pre-Socratic thought and Gnosticism. At this historical moment, therefore, there was a fusion of the Greek philosophical patrimony and the Hellenistic and Alexandrian influences on medicine. The Hermetic gnosis evolved over time to become alchemy and then to usher in the birth of chemical science. Many doctors were wandering philosophers who dealt with cosmogony to understand the body and diseases and to discover new healing drugs for treatment, and thus they were the first chemist therapists. Methods: The influence of ancient physicians through the pre-Socratic philosophy for these prochemical theories and practice has been researched through ancient texts, so these texts have been referenced to determine the legacy of paleo-chemicals doctrines. Results: The study of various texts in particular from the Pre-Socratic age and the eminent physicians underline that, despite a different approach to the cosmogonic concepts of nature and the matter, the medicine of that age had an important influence on chemistry as an experimental science, especially concerning therapy with drugs. Conclusions: The Pre-Socratic philosophers have influenced the medical practice and guided it toward the concept of the properties of matter for medical treatment and an understanding of the causes of diseases.

L’animisme de Merleau-Ponty et Guattari. Une critique de La machine sensible de Stefan Kristensen

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
Judith Wambacq ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Felix Guattari ◽  
Body Without Organs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common

Avec son livre La machine sensible, Stefan Kristensen réalise, de façon magistrale, deux objectifs. D’abord, il met en lien la pensée de deux philosophes qui sont à première vue très éloignés l’un de l’autre. Il s’agit de Félix Guattari et de Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Traditionnellement, Merleau-Ponty est considéré comme le philosophe du corps, tandis que Guattari est connu comme le philosophe du corps sans organes. Merleau-Ponty est un phénoménologue, tandis que Guattari prétend abandonner le point de vue du sujet. Kristensen démontre avec succès quel est le terrain commun des deux auteurs : la critique de la conception psychanalytique du sujet.Le deuxième objectif du livre découle directement du premier : présenter au lecteur une alternative à la conception intimiste de la subjectivité, soit comprendre la subjectivité comme fondamentalement parcourue par une altérité. Merleau-Ponty a été l’un des premiers, à l’instar de Paul Schilder, à mettre l’accent sur le caractère collectif et intersubjectif de cette altérité. Guattari a compris que cette altérité possède des sédiments politiques et historiques.With his book La machine sensible, Stefan Kristensen accomplishes two goals in a masterly way. First, he links the works of two philosophers who are very different at first sight: Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Félix Guattari. Traditionally, Merleau-Ponty is considered the philosopher of the body, whereas Guattari is known as the philosopher of the body without organs. Merleau-Ponty is a phenomenologist, whereas Guattari pretends to abandon the point of view of the subject. Kristensen identifies the common ground of the two authors: the criticism of the psychoanalytical conception of the subject.The second goal of the book derives directly from the first: present the reader with an alternative for the intimate conception of subjectivity, that is, present him or her with the idea that subjectivity is always characterized by an alterity. Merleau-Ponty, following the example of Paul Schilder, has been one of the first to stress the collective and intersubjective nature of this alterity. Guattari has understood that this alterity has political and historical sediments.Con il suo libro La machine sensible, Stefan Kristensen realizza magistralmente due obiettivi. Innanzitutto, egli mette in relazione il pensiero di due filosofi a prima vista molto distanti tra loro: Félix Guattari e Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Se tradizionalmente Merleau-Ponty è considerato il filosofo del corpo, Guattari è invece noto come il filosofo del corpo senza organi. Merleau-Ponty è un fenomenologo, mentre il pensiero di Guattari intende abbandonare il punto di vista del soggetto. Kristensen propone allora di leggere la critica della concezione psicoanalitica del soggetto come terreno comune tra i due autori. Il secondo obiettivo del libro discende direttamente dal primo: presentare al lettore un’alternativa alla concezione intimista della soggettività, ovvero concepire la soggettività come fondamentalmente percorsa da un’alterità. Merleau-Ponty è tra i primi, sulla scorta di Paul Schilder, a porre l’accento sul carattere collettivo e intersoggettivo di questa alterità. Dal canto suo, Guattari ha compreso che questa alterità possiede dei sedimenti politici e storici.

scholarly journals Bactericidal properties conferred on the blood intravenous injections of diamino-acridine sulphate

1918 ◽  
Vol 90 (626) ◽  
pp. 136-144 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Mammalian Tissues ◽  
The Common ◽  
Micro Organisms

Attempts to achieve “internal disinfection,” that is to say, to kill organisms in the body of infected animals by means of drugs, have hitherto afforded little promise of success in the case of the common pathogenic bacteria, the only exception being the action of ethyl-hydrocuprein in pneumococcus infections, discovered by Morgenroth with his co-workers, Levy and others. The reasons for the failure are probably to be attributed mainly to two facts; in the first place, antiseptics in general enter into combination with proteins of the tissues and body fluids, either by a process of physical adsorption or by the formation of chemical compounds. In either case, the usual result is that the bactericidal action of a substance, as determined in a watery medium, is greatly reduced by protein-solutions, e. g. , serum. Secondly, the majority of chemical antiseptics are general protoplasm poisons, and exert on mammalian tissues a degree of toxic action equal to, or greater than, that which they exhibit towards micro-organisms; hence these substances prove lethal for animals in doses which are insufficient to confer bactericidal properties on the body fluids. The classical example of such failures was afforded by mercuric chloride, which Koch employed in the hope of treating effectively anthrax septicæmia in animals. Ehrlich and Bechhold investigated compounds which were more potent antiseptics than any hitherto known, among the most active being tetrabrom- (and chlor-) ortho-biphenol; they found, however, that the bactericidal properties of these substances were also greatly reduced when the organisms were suspended in a serum medium. Thus, tetrachlor-orthobiphenol in a concentration of 1 : 320,000 prevented the growth of diphtheria bacilli in bouillon, whereas in serum growth occurred in the presence of 1 : 10,000 of this reagent. Similarly we have found that the dose of perchloride of mercury which is required to inhibit completely the growth of Staphylococcus aureus or B. coli in serum is 100 times greater than that which produces this effect in watery medium containing a small amount of nutrient peptone (0·7 per cent.).

scholarly journals APGLĖBIANTIS MĄSTYMO BŪDAS

Problemos ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktorija Daujotytė-Pakerienė
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Marcel Proust ◽  
Jorge Luis Borges ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
The Common ◽  
General Mode ◽  
The Individual

Straipsnyje, remiantis moksline ir menine medžiaga, aptariama humanistikos metodų problema. Keliama mintis, kad vaisingiausi metodai yra susiję su bendresniu mąstymu, su teorija. Jei metodas tik perimamas, jis virsta įrankiu, metodologijos dažnai, ypač disertacijose, tik imituojamos. Pasiremiama A. J. Greimo mintimi apie „apglėbiantį mąstymo būdą“. Trumpai aptariant pirmą kartą lietuviškai pasirodžiusias E. Husserlio „Karteziškąsias meditacijas“, ieškoma ir fenomenologinio tako humanistikoje, ypač literatūros moksle. Pabrėžiamas filosofijos ir literatūros ryšys. Keliama mintis, kad humanistikos metodologinės nuostatos turėtų labiau remtis pačia kūryba.Reikšminiai žodžiai: metodas, teorija, mąstymas, filosofija, poezija, fenomenologija. THE EMBRACING MODE OF THINKING Viktorija Daujotytė-Pakerienė Summary The author sets out to reconsider the problem of humanistic methods. It expresses the doubt as to the application of the methods which are detached from theories and a more general mode of thought. The title of the article is taken from the Lithuanian edition of the preface to “Semiotics” (1989) written by A. J. Greimas. The mode of thought, embracing the multifarious worlds of meaning, is considered as a humanistic universal, it is also perceived as a bridge of thought to prevailing phenomenology. The concept of embrace encompasses the dimension of the body and the full mental participation of the individual. A brief review of the first translation of Edmund Husserl’s “Cartesian Meditations” into Lithuanian by Tomas Sodeika (2005) are presented. Meditation is viewed as the common ground-substratum shared by philosophy and poetry. “Meditations” (1997) of Donaldas Kajokas are introduced. Algis Mickūnas and Arūnas Sverdiolas’s dialogues “The All-Embracing Present” (2004) are referred to as a personal testimony of the inner participation in the theories. The significance of A. Ðliogeris’s study “Thing and Art“ (1988), which discusses the creative work of P. Cezanne and R. M. Rilke, is reflected within the framework of the tradition of phenomenological thought; here the concept of theoretical point of view was first formulated in Lithuanian humanistics. The article suggests that in approaching the problems of method in humanistics, and especially in literary criticism, the participation of creation itself is very important, and particularly the experiences that open up in original texts (like in the writings of Marcel Proust, Jorge Luis Borges). It is important to reveal the equivalents, to reflect them, to extract the method from the texts. The article arrives at the conclusion that the recognition of the organizing inner text system is the essential principle of humanistic methodology, which is in close connection with the embracing mode of thought.Keywords: method, theory, thought, philosophy, poetry, phenomenology.

Making Mercantilism Work: London Merchants And Atlantic Trade in the Seventeenth Century

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 143-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuala Zahedieh
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The Body ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The Common

Authors of the surge of economic tracts and treatises published in late seventeenth-century England generally agreed that foreign trade underpinned the wealth, health, and strength of the nation. The merchant was herothe same to the body politick as the liver, veins and arteries are to the natural; for he both raises and distributes treasure the vital blood of the common weal. He is the steward of the kingdom's stock which by his good or ill-management does proportionably increase or languish. One of the most useful members in a state without whom it can never be opulent in peace nor consequently formidable in war.'

scholarly journals TECHNIQUES IN QUANTIFYING HORMONES IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 830-836
Author(s):  
Nilabja Roy Chowdhury ◽  
◽  
Md Habib ◽  
Aakanksha Harit ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Immuno Assay ◽  
Hormonal Concentration

Diagnosing a disease leads to proper treatment of a patient. Various diseases are occurred due to hormonal dis-balances within the body. Minor shift of the hormonal concentration within the body fluids, account for various physio-metabolic disruptions. This leads to formation of many diseases. So, regular or periodic diagnosis of the hormones within body fluids are very important in a clinical point of view. To quantify hormones within the body fluids there are a no. of ways to perform. The procedures may be of radioactive principles or non-radioactive ones. These may be Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Radio-immuno-assay (RIA), Spectroscopy etc. Modern techniques like Time resolved fluorescence, chemiluminescence etc. are also there. Besides, previously used bioassays are there for experimental usage within the laboratory. The ultimate goal is to elevate the speed of sample collection, faster diagnosis of the hormones and thus, proper treatment of the patient by the physician.

The Common as Body Without Organs

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (supplement) ◽  
pp. 46-63
Author(s):  
Vidar Thorsteinsson
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
Social Production ◽  
Deleuze And Guattari ◽  
Political Thinking ◽  
Conceptual Apparatus ◽  
Body Without Organs ◽  
Social Factory ◽  
The Common

The paper explores the relation of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri's work to that of Deleuze and Guattari. The main focus is on Hardt and Negri's concept of ‘the common’ as developed in their most recent book Commonwealth. It is argued that the common can complement what Nicholas Thoburn terms the ‘minor’ characteristics of Deleuze's political thinking while also surpassing certain limitations posed by Hardt and Negri's own previous emphasis on ‘autonomy-in-production’. With reference to Marx's notion of real subsumption and early workerism's social-factory thesis, the discussion circles around showing how a distinction between capital and the common can provide a basis for what Alberto Toscano calls ‘antagonistic separation’ from capital in a more effective way than can the classical capital–labour distinction. To this end, it is demonstrated how the common might benefit from being understood in light of Deleuze and Guattari's conceptual apparatus, with reference primarily to the ‘body without organs’ of Anti-Oedipus. It is argued that the common as body without organs, now understood as constituting its own ‘social production’ separate from the BwO of capital, can provide a new basis for antagonistic separation from capital. Of fundamental importance is how the common potentially invents a novel regime of qualitative valorisation, distinct from capital's limitation to quantity and scarcity.

Our Bodies, Whose Property?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.

IMPLEMENTATION OF FATWA ULAMA COUNCIL ACEH CONCERNING MAINTAINING FARDHU KIFAYAH FOR THE MUSLIM’S CORPSE INFECTED BY COVID 19 IN BANDA ACEH

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andri Nirwana
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Analysis Approach ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Banda Aceh

Abstract: The phenomenon of the people who forcibly took covid's corpse 19 from the hospital to be taken care of by Fardhu Kifayah by his family and the community, became a conclusion that there was community doubt about the management of Tajhiz Mayat conducted by the hospital. Coupled with the circulation of the video of the Ruku movement 'in the corpse prayer conducted by unscrupulous parties at the Hospital, became added doubts from the public against the hospital. To solve this problem, this research uses a Descriptive Analysis approach, namely by formulating a question, namely How to arrange Covid 19's body in Banda Aceh and this question will be answered with several theories and data sets from the field. So it was concluded in a conclusion that answered the formulation of the problems mentioned. Theoretically the spread of covid 19 is very fast, the size of the virus is only 0.1 micrometer and is in body fluids, especially nasopharyngeal fluid and oropharyngeal fluids of infected people, fluids in the body of covid 19 bodies can get out through every gap of the body such as mouth, nose, eye and rectum, because it requires special techniques in its management. Fardhu kifayah to covid 19 bodies should be carried out by trained Ustad and trained health workers, so that the spread stopped. The results of this study concluded that the management of the Moslem bodies died at Zainal Abidin Hospital in Banda Aceh was in accordance with the Fatwa of the Aceh Ulama Council (MPU) and the bodies were handled by trained Ustad and health workers.

Integrating Focusing and Differentiation: A Therapeutic Path for Couples in Intimate Relationships

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evi Zohar
Keyword(s):  
Couples Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Emotional Healing ◽  
Felt Sense ◽  
Inner World

Continuing the workshop I've given in the WPC Paris (2017), this article elaborates my discussion of the way I interlace Focusing with Differentiation Based Couples Therapy (Megged, 2017) under the systemic view, in order to facilitate processes of change and healing in working with intimate couples. This article presents the theory and rationale of integrating Differentiation (Bowen, 1978; Schnarch, 2009; Megged, 2017) and Focusing (Gendlin, 1981) approaches, and its therapeutic potential in couple's therapy. It is written from the point of view of a practicing professional in order to illustrate the experiential nature and dynamics of the suggested therapeutic path. Differentiation is a key to mutuality. It offers a solution to the central struggle of any long term intimate relationship: balancing two basic life forces - the drive for individuality and the drive for togetherness (Schnarch, 2009). Focusing is a body-oriented process of self-awareness and emotional healing, in which one learns to pay attention to the body and the ‘Felt Sense’, in order to unfold the implicit, keep it in motion at the precise pace it needs for carrying the next step forward (Gendlin, 1996). Combining Focusing and Differentiation perspectives can cultivate the kind of relationship where a conflict can be constructively and successfully held in the inner world of each partner, while taking into consideration the others' well-being. This creates the possibility for two people to build a mutual emotional field, open to changes, permeable and resilient.

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