Irish peasant women in revolt: the Land League years

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 (109) ◽  
pp. 63-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet K. TeBrake

Between 1879 and 1882 a mass agrarian movement, led by the Irish National Land League, became a strong, all-encompassing force in Irish life for a brief but crucial period. This movement, one of the largest agrarian movements to take place in nineteenth-century Europe, has been treated as a nationalist movement, with emphasis of study placed on the role, contributions and aims of the league’s national leaders. These men, seeking their own varieties of self-government, saw the land movement as means to a political end. To them the land agitation provided a stepping-stone to national independence. It was the Irish peasantry, however, motivated primarily by economic considerations, that provided the driving force behind the movement, and at this level Irish peasant women made major contributions to the agrarian revolt. In this study the Land League movement is viewed as an agrarian protest movement; its purpose is to examine in particular the roles played by the Irish peasant women during the Land League period.These contributions have not been adequately recognised in historical literature. Recently the role of the Irish peasant has been duly acknowledged, but in these discussions a male image usually appears. When the Irish women’s role in the land movement is examined, it is done so in the context of the organisation known as the Ladies’ Land League. These studies concentrate on the activities of the upper- and middle-class urban leaders, particularly the Parnell sisters. But to dwell only on the Ladies’ Land League as the focus of women’s participation in the Land League movement is far too narrow, for it obscures the fact that hundreds of peasant women were fighting the Land War on a daily basis long before the formation of the women’s organisation. The papers of some of the local branches of the Land League provide evidence which shows that Irish rural women participated in the Land War from its beginning. Although the archival sources of the Land League period are biased towards men, enough material regarding the peasant women’s activities, admittedly limited and somewhat sparse, does exist to allow a strong argument to be put forward that peasant women performed effectively in the Land War.

Author(s):  
Fedelyn S. Ibarra

Women’s contribution to small-scale fishing community is often unrecognized and the real benefits from their involvement in activities are not objectively assessed. This qualitative research study focuses on the women’s participation in fishing community in Aklan. The findings revealed that in most fishing activities, women’s role is significant. Women’s participation in fishing includes: net mending, sorting fish, fish vending, trading and market retailing and processing and preservation. Women also have been found directly involved in preparing cage and maintenance, procuring good quality seed, and stocking. Some women are also found to be selling fish on their own, and most vend by the public market and streets. Fishing is an occupation dominated by men because of the image that only men go to sea in their fishing boats. In most cases, women in fishing communities are not allowed to go with the fishing vessels, but this prohibition is tied mostly to the need for them to remain within the premises of the household so they can attend to their designated responsibilities in the home. Due to this, they have little direct involvement in fish capture. However they are involved in shell and fry gathering/gleaning, spear fishing in rivers, reef fishing using scoop nets, traps and fish baskets, all of which tend to be near-shore activities. Women’s participants’ family income has increased which is mostly used for food, health, and education as a very important positive aspect of change. Women’s participation in fishing community, according to the findings, ensures certain extent of social and economic empowerment in the rural societies. However, they expressed that they would like to sustain through bank and NGO loan, local moneylender and petty cash personal savings. KEY WORDS: Fishing Community, Income, Participation, Rural Women, Sustainable Livelihood


10.5219/1484 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 585-591
Author(s):  
Zuzana Kapsdorferová ◽  
Silvia Jacková ◽  
Petronela Švikruhová

The economic empowerment of rural women in the recent development of agriculture through entrepreneurship is considered an important challenge. Rural women often manage complex households and pursue multiple livelihood strategies. Their activities typically include cultivation of crops, farming animals, processing and preparing food, working for wages in agricultural or other rural enterprises, collecting fuel and water, engaging in trade and marketing, caring for family members, and maintaining their homes. The research aimed to collect up-to-date data on Slovak rural women dealing with business in the field of agriculture, women's role and status in society in rural areas, on the farm, women's participation in education, training, and agricultural services. The main focus is dedicated to their share on the management of agricultural entities, land cultivation, employment of rural women and men, and their deal on the selected entrepreneurial activities of Slovak agriculture. Women doing business in agriculture dispose of with considerable knowledge and experience in the agricultural and food sectors. The realized research showed that the scale of farms managed by women is 325 hectares. Rural women in the surveyed group are taking care of about 2.5% of the total area of agricultural land in Slovakia and they are employing 2.40% of the working forces in the agricultural sector in Slovakia. According to our survey, rural women are under-represented in managerial and ownership positions of agricultural entities. 


2021 ◽  
pp. 152483802199598
Author(s):  
Daniel Felipe Martín Suárez-Baquero ◽  
Martha Patricia Bejarano-Beltrán ◽  
Jane Dimmitt Champion

Women have been the major victims of the Colombian armed conflict for more than 50 years. Nowadays, when the country faces an aftermath focused on reconciliation, understanding women’s experiences during the conflict is key to providing them tools for social justice and effective fulfilling of their needs. This qualitative synthesis of literature includes publications in Spanish and English of electronic databases over the past 20 years regarding rural women and the Colombian armed conflict. Studies were included for review if they were published between 2000 and 2019, were qualitative peer-reviewed articles, and addressed directly or indirectly the pregnancy process as well as the women’s sexual and reproductive health in rural Colombia. Seven of 169 articles initially identified were included for an inductive analysis of categories and themes. After the analysis process, three main themes emerged from the literature: (a) crumbling families, (b) being a woman: the challenges between being a peacemaker and a victim, and (c) protecting and caring of life. These three themes comprise 10 categories and 20 subcategories that provide support to the inductive qualitative synthesis. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the Colombian armed conflict focused on the victimization of women. It concludes with reflections about the Colombian women’s role in transitioning toward peace.


Rural History ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Elwira Wilczyńska

Abstract This article attempts to answer the question about the position of women in Polish peasant families in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries based on the memoirs of rural women. Contrary to the claim that taking control over the household budget gave women more power on the farm, memoirs of peasant women show that it was rather an additional duty and responsibility. This problem mainly affected low-income families, where income from typically male activities was insufficient, so homemakers supported the family from the female part of the farm: gardening and dairy production. Thus, despite the decisive importance of women’s earnings for the household budget, their power in the family had only a symbolic dimension.


2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
L. O. Ogunsumi ◽  
Victor A. Adeyeye ◽  
F. B. Fato

The study was carried out through the use of structured questionnaire administered on women in two agricultural zones of Oyo State. The main objective of this paper is to examine the extent of women’s participation in farming specifically, the paper is designed to identify the sources of income and compare income levels in two geographical settings, identify and compare farming activities in two different farming zones. In the paper attempt has been made to characterize the farm labour force, access to land and other inputs in the two different farming zones and on the basis of all these some recommendations that if implemented would lead to increase in output, increase in return from farm and consequently increase in their various contributions to the household have been proposed.Some fifty women were interviewed from the two selected zones. Descriptive statistics was used to explain the background information, socio economic activities farming activities, development projects, as well as the problems encountered by women in the two areas.Multiple regression analysis was used to show the extent to which variables such as age, hectarage, educational attainment and experience in farming affect the income of rural women in the study areas. Dummy variables were added to distinguish between the two areas. This is to show if there was a significant difference in the income levels of the rural women in the areas.The study revealed that the size of the farmland cultivated by women in the two areas was generally small. About 50 percent of the respondents cultivated one hectare of land or below. Low credit facility for farm work and lack of modern inputs like fertilizer and improved seeds were major constraints for increased productivity among the women respondents. Innovations introduced in the study areas include Adult education, improved seeds coupled with improved production package. The t-test revealed the lead equation being semi-log, the coefficients of which are hectarage cultivated, educational level and income from other sources were significant at 95 percent confidence level. About, 59 percent of the variations in the income of rural women interviewed were explained by the independent variables.


Author(s):  
Matt F. Oja

From the end of the first five-year plan onward, the Soviet Communist Party faced a chronic failure of its program for transforming the Soviet countryside from a cultural and economic backwater to an advanced, industrial society. The Party tried to cope with runaway labor turnover and consequent cadre shortages in one important way by attempting to mobilize a huge potential labor pool that had remained almost completely unexposed to modem technology: peasant women. In 1933, Stalin personally initiated a comprehensive campaign to tap this potential by actively requiring that peasant women be trained to operate heavy farm machinery, and that the most capable women be promoted to higher positions such as brigade leader, kolkho chairman, and rural Party positions.


2012 ◽  
pp. 203-224
Author(s):  
Rubia Elza Martins De Sousa ◽  
Maria das Graças Silva Nascimento Silva

Diante das mudanças ocorridas, busca-se uma nova configuração do espaço rural, procurando diversificar os produtos e as atividades agrícolas e não-agrícolas, visto que ambas se configuram capazes de promover a inserção dos produtores rurais nas atividades desenvolvidas. Entretanto surge a necessidade de buscar alternativas para complementação da renda, uma vez que a baixa produtividade e a falta de organização faz a produção insuficiente para manter as famílias no campo. É neste contexto que surgem as atividades pluriativas, com o objetivo de dar suporte financeiro às famílias, no que tange a ser um elemento suplementar a renda familiar, gerando assim a melhoria da qualidade de vida e fixando essas famílias no campo. Neste sentido nota-se a importância de analisar o papel das mulheres frente ao desenvolvimento de atividades pluriativas no campo, pois atualmente percebe-se uma modificação do papel feminino dentro do contexto familiar rural, visto que essas eram percebidas apenas com papel reprodutivo, papel esse que era desempenhado apenas no âmbito doméstico e que se relaciona em síntese aos afazeres domésticos e ao cuidado com os filhos, enquanto que aos homens cabe o papel produtivo por estarem diretamente ligados ao desenvolvimento da agricultura e pecuária, atividades estas que geram renda monetária; mas atualmente esse fato tem sofrido modificações, pois as mulheres rurais estão cada vez mais inseridas no mercado de trabalho por meio do desenvolvimento de atividades pluriativas, sendo assim é gerada renda complementar a família através do trabalho feminino, de forma que a mulher passa a ter além do papel reprodutivo o papel produtivo pelo fato de gerar renda por meio de seu desempenho no desenvolvimento de atividades de cunho não-agrícola. Woman: a Breach of the Paradigm of Reproductive FunctionAbstractBefore the occurred changes it is sought a new configuration in the countryside, seeking to diversify the products and agricultural and non-agricultural activities, since both are configured able to promote the inclusion of farmers in their work. In this context of changes, arise pluriactivities seeking financial support to families, with respect to be a supplemental element in family income, thus creating a better quality of life and setting these families in the countryside. In this regard it is noted the importance of analyzing the women’s role front the development of pluriactivities in the field, because today it is seen a change in the women’s role in the rural family context. Women were seen only with reproductive role, and this role was played only in the domestic ambit and it is related in synthesis  to housework and child care, while for men it is the productive role because they are directly linked to the development of agriculture and cattle raising, activities that are generating cash income. This paper seeks to investigate the paradigm break of the women’s reproductive function from development of pluriactivities. For this it was used the literature as a methodological procedure, so that the authors based on books, scientific articles and governmental documents. It has been found through research that rural women are increasingly entering in the labor market through the development of pluriactivities, so additional income is generated to the family by women's work, so that the woman beyond having the reproductive role has the productive too, by the fact that it generates income through its performance in the development of non-agricultural activities. Mujer: La Quiebra del Paradigma de la Función ReproductivaResumenDelante de los cambios ocurridos, se busca una nueva configuración del espacio rural, buscando diversificar los productos y las actividades agrícolas y no-agrícolas, visto que ambas se configuran capaces de promover la inserción de los productores rurales en las actividades desarrolladas. En este contexto de cambios surgen las actividades pluriactivas buscando dar soporte financiero a las familias, en lo que se relaciona con ser un elemento suplementar a la renta familiar, generando así la mejoría de la calidad de vida y fijando a esas familias en el campo. En este sentido se nota la importancia de analizar el papel de las mujeres frente al desarrollo de actividades pluriactivas en el campo, pues actualmente se percibe una modificación del papel femenino dentro del contexto familiar rural. Las mujeres eran percibidas apenas con el papel reproductivo, papel que era desempeñado solamente en el ámbito doméstico y que se relaciona en síntesis a los quehaceres domésticos y al cuidado de los hijos, mientras a los hombres les cabe el papel productivo por estar directamente ligados al desarrollo de la agricultura y pecuaria, actividades que generan renta monetaria. Este artículo busca investigar la quiebra del paradigma de la función reproductiva de la mujer a partir del desarrollo de actividades de tipo pluriactivas. Para eso fue utilizada la investigación bibliográfica como procedimiento metodológico, de forma que las autoras se basaron en libros, artículos científicos, así como documentos gubernamentales. Fue constatado con la investigación que las mujeres rurales están cada vez más insertadas en el mercado del trabajo por medio del desarrollo de actividades pluriactivas, siendo así es generada renta complementaria a la familia a través del trabajo femenino, de forma que la mujer pasa a tener además del papel reproductivo el papel productivo por el hecho de generar renta por medio de su desempeño en el desarrollo de actividades de tipo no-agrícola.DOI: 10.7147/GEO10.1694


Author(s):  
I. Bola Udegbe

This paper examines women’s role in community leadership and implications for their involvement in conflict transformation processes. Using content analysis of selected third-party interventions in conflict transformation in some Nigerian communities, the paper discusses the structures and processes through which women were excluded. Furthermore, the paper analyses women-driven peace initiatives and suggests strategies for actively increasing women’s participation in conflict transformation in their communities.


LEKSIKA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Fikha Nada Naililhaq ◽  
Wening Udasmoro

The issue of the women’s role in the public sphere has been widely carried out in literary research. However, research on women's participation specifically on economic issues by looking at its theoretical and empirical aspects is still something that is very rarely carried out in literary research. The purpose of this study is to explore in more detail about women's participation in the economy. By using the lens of women's thinking and their participation in the economic field in the concept of women economic participation from Jacqui True, this research focuses on this issue. The method used is analyzing the content of the story that has been done by collecting data by collecting words, sentences, paragraphs related to women's participation in the economy. Furthermore, the data that have been found are analyzed using descriptive analysis methods. The descriptive method of analysis was carried out in several stages. The first stage is data collection which is done by collecting the aspects of women's participation in the economy in general in the data table. From the data table, it is classified according to the economic participation patterns found. The next stage is data analysis by dialogue data from the novel with the theory of women's participation in the economy. The results of this study indicate that women are able to get out of the crisis with their own efforts and hard work. Women also have an important role in the economic sector because they are able to create their own business opportunities so that they can improve their life.


1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (4II) ◽  
pp. 965-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Mohiuddin

A general concern with equity in the economic development process and the focus on issues of poverty, population growth, and environmental degradation in recent years have both created an upsurge in the interest in women's role in economic development. The women in development (WID ) issue is closely related to the issue of sex discrimination. In economic terms, discrimination occurs whenever market allocations are affected not by the criterion of productivity, but by non-pecuniary or extraneous factors such as sex. Operationally, the most common forms of discrimination in the labour market are wage discrimination, whereby women are paid lower wages relative to men in all industries and occupations for work that is recognisably equal,l and occupational or job discrimination, whereby women are segregated into certain 'female' occupations which are generally low-paying. Both these types of discrimination are fairly common and extensive in Europe and North America, especially in the U. S. In Pakistan, as in some other Third World countries, there is another aspect of discrimination which is even more fundamental than the other two. This refers to the divergence between myth and reality about women's participation in the labour force, which is the most visible indicator of their contribution to economic activity, and hence to development. The reality is that women's labour force participation is high, measured either in terms of the percentage of adult women who work, or the proportion of the labour force that is female, or the hours of work. The myth within Pakistan (especially among the middle class, urbanites, government officials including planners and administrators, and even academicians) as well as outside is that women do not work.


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