scholarly journals Assessing the zoonotic potential ofAscaris suumandTrichuris suis: looking to the future from an analysis of the past

2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Nejsum ◽  
M. Betson ◽  
R.P. Bendall ◽  
S.M. Thamsborg ◽  
J.R. Stothard
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Close Proximity

AbstractThe two geohelminths,Ascaris lumbricoidesandTrichuris trichiura, infect more than a billion people worldwide but are only reported sporadically in the developed part of the world. In contrast, the closely related speciesA. suumandT. suisin pigs have a truly global distribution, with infected pigs found in most production systems. In areas where pigs and humans live in close proximity or where pig manure is used as fertilizer on vegetables for human consumption, there is a potential risk of cross-infections. We therefore review this relationship betweenAscarisandTrichurisin the human and pig host, with special focus on recent evidence concerning the zoonotic potential of these parasites, and identify some open questions for future research.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Valuation of Biochar Production: Two Case Studies in Belgium

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Rajabi Hamedani ◽  
Tom Kuppens ◽  
Robert Malina ◽  
Enrico Bocci ◽  
Andrea Colantoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Life Cycle Perspective ◽  
The Impact

It is unclear whether the production of biochar is economically feasible. As a consequence, firms do not often invest in biochar production plants. However, biochar production and application might be desirable from a societal perspective as it might entail net environmental benefits. Hence, the aim of this work has been to assess and monetize the environmental impacts of biochar production systems so that the environmental aspects can be integrated with the economic and social ones later on to quantify the total return for society. Therefore, a life cycle analysis (LCA) has been performed for two potential biochar production systems in Belgium based on two different feedstocks: (i) willow and (ii) pig manure. First, the environmental impacts of the two biochar production systems are assessed from a life cycle perspective, assuming one ton of biochar as the functional unit. Therefore, LCA using SimaPro software has been performed both on the midpoint and endpoint level. Biochar production from willow achieves better results compared to biochar from pig manure for all environmental impact categories considered. In a second step, monetary valuation has been applied to the LCA results in order to weigh environmental benefits against environmental costs using the Ecotax, Ecovalue, and Stepwise approach. Consequently, sensitivity analysis investigates the impact of variation in NPK savings and byproducts of the biochar production process on monetized life cycle assessment results. As a result, it is suggested that biochar production from willow is preferred to biochar production from pig manure from an environmental point of view. In future research, those monetized environmental impacts will be integrated within existing techno-economic models that calculate the financial viability from an investor’s point of view, so that the total return for society can be quantified and the preferred biochar production system from a societal point of view can be identified.

Motor development in infants and children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Libertus
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Motor development has been relatively neglected in Developmental Psychology over the past 30 years. A recent renaissance of interest in this domain provides new insights into the dynamic nature of motor development with large individual differences, the myriad of factors influencing motor skill learning, and the long-lasting and important implications of motor activity for cognition, language, and even academic achievement. These behavioral and observational findings raise new questions that need to be addressed by future research. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience is uniquely positioned to answer open questions about motor development and to contribute to our understanding of the processes underlying the variability, malleability, and generality of motor development. This chapter summarizes select current findings and hopes to stimulate future research using Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience methods.

scholarly journals Vietnamese Education System and Teacher Training: Focusing on Science Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-206
Author(s):  
Van Hien Nguyen ◽  
Vu Bich Hien Nguyen ◽  
Thi Mai Huong Vu ◽  
Thi Kim Hue Hoang ◽  
Thi Minh Nguyet Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Training ◽  
General Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Science Teacher Preparation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Questions

Abstract This article introduces the reader to past, current, and future trends in science teacher preparation and professional development in Vietnam. The authors rely on document analysis for data collection and focused analysis to describe the general education system and the mechanisms for teacher training in Vietnam from the past to the present. Research questions focused on exploring changes in the organization of the education system over time, identifying advances that have been made, and describing what challenges teacher education faces today. In addition, this paper offers a special focus on how Vietnamese pedagogy institutions are working to prepare new teachers. Finally, the authors describe how Vietnam is preparing to implement a new national general education program that will strongly affect all aspects of education, including training and retraining of teachers. The authors conclude by raising some important questions for future research and development.

scholarly journals Beyond the darkness: recent lessons from etiolation and de-etiolation studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1215-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tegan Armarego-Marriott ◽  
Omar Sandoval-Ibañez ◽  
Łucja Kowalewska
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
The State ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Chloroplast Biogenesis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Dark Grown Seedling

Abstract The state of etiolation is generally defined by the presence of non-green plastids (etioplasts) in plant tissues that would normally contain chloroplasts. In the commonly used dark-grown seedling system, etiolation is coupled with a type of growth called skotomorphogenesis. Upon illumination, de-etiolation occurs, marked by the transition from etioplast to chloroplast, and, at the seedling level, a switch to photomorphogenic growth. Etiolation and de-etiolation systems are therefore important for understanding both the acquisition of photosynthetic capacity during chloroplast biogenesis and plant responses to light—the most relevant signal in the life and growth of the organism. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries (within the past 2–3 years) in the field of etiolation and de-etiolation, with a particular focus on post-transcriptional processes and ultrastructural changes. We further discuss ambiguities in definitions of the term ‘etiolation’, and benefits and biases of common etiolation/de-etiolation systems. Finally, we raise several open questions and future research possibilities.

Traffic conflict techniques for road safety analysis: open questions and some insights

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 633-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lai Zheng ◽  
Karim Ismail ◽  
Xianghai Meng
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Past ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Traffic Conflicts ◽  
Traffic Conflict ◽  
Surrogate Measures

Developing non-crash or surrogate measures of road safety has drawn considerable research interest over the past five decades. Traffic conflict techniques, which analyze the safety situations from the aspect of more observable traffic events than crashes, are the most prominent techniques to date. This study provides a comprehensive review of previous research on traffic conflict techniques, striving to find answers to the following open questions: What is a traffic conflict? How to collect the traffic conflict data? And what is the ground to claim that traffic conflicts can be valid surrogates for crashes? The strengths and weaknesses of available answers to these questions are assessed based on methodological and empirical grounds. Directions for the future research are identified and outlined. It is believed that following recommended future directions may offer convincing answers to identified open questions.

A review of fertiliser advice in Australia

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
LA Sparrow
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nutrient Budgets ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Agriculture Soil ◽  
Available Technology ◽  
Crop Farmer

Fertiliser advice is provided in many ways in Australia today. There has been a move away from blanket recommendations to recommendations for particular paddock-crop-farmer combinations. Emphasis has been on phosphorus for pastures and on nitrogen and phosphorus for cereals because of the importance of these elements and production systems in Australian agriculture. Soil tests are a major tool used in formulating recommendations, but plant tissue testing and nutrient budgets are playing increasing roles both in addition, and as alternatives, to soil tests. Variability within our agricultural systems places limits on the capacity of any or all of these techniques to predict precise fertiliser needs. We know very little about farmer attitudes to fertiliser advice, both for the minority of farmers who use advisory services and, more so, for the majority who do not. Farmers have not been questioned enough about why they have, or have not, adopted available technology. If better fertiliser management is to be more widely practised, the needs of our clients must direct future research and extension in soil fertility more than they have in the past. Resources for research will be increasingly difficult to justify unless serious consideration is given to the application of that research in agriculture and its adoption by farmers.

scholarly journals Cost modelling as decision support when locating manufacturing facilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Windmark ◽  
Carin Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Production System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Support Costs ◽  
Cost Modelling ◽  
The Cost

This paper presents a methodology for cost estimation in developing decision supports for production location issues. The purpose is to provide a structured work procedure to be used by practitioners to derive the knowledge needed to make informed decisions on where to locate production. This paper present a special focus on how to integrate cost effects during the decision process. The work procedure and cost models were developed in close collaboration with a group of industrial partners. The result is a structure of cost estimation tools aligned to different steps in the work procedure. The cost models can facilitate both cost estimation for manufacturing a product under new preconditions, including support costs, and cost simulations to analyse the risks of wrong estimations and uncertainties in the input parameters. Future research aims to test the methodology in ongoing transfer projects to further understand difficulties in managing global production systems. In existing models and methods presented in the literature, cost is usually estimated on a too aggregated level to be suitable for decision support regarding production system design. The cost estimation methodology presented here provides new insights on cost driving factors related to the production system.

Old-growth forest reserves in Slovenia: the past, present, and future

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 240-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Nagel ◽  
Jurij Diaci ◽  
Dusan Rozenbergar ◽  
Tihomir Rugani ◽  
Dejan Firm
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
The Past ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Forest Remnants ◽  
Basic Characteristics

Old-growth forest reserves in Slovenia: the past, present, and future Slovenia has a small number of old-growth forest remnants, as well as many forest reserves approaching old-growth conditions. In this paper, we describe some of the basic characteristics of these old-growth remnants and the history of their protection in Slovenia. We then trace the long-term development of research in these old-growth remnants, with a focus on methodological changes. We also review some of the recent findings from old-growth research in Slovenia and discuss future research needs. The conceptual understanding of how these forests work has slowly evolved, from thinking of them in terms of stable systems to more dynamic and unpredictable ones due to the influence of natural disturbances and indirect human influences. In accordance with this thinking, the methods used to study old-growth forests have changed from descriptions of stand structure to studies that address natural processes and ecosystem functions.

Chinese Medicine Protein and Peptide in Gene and Cell Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinlu Feng ◽  
Zifei Yin ◽  
Daniel Zhang ◽  
Arun Srivastava ◽  
Chen Ling
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Gene And Cell Therapy ◽  
Proteins And Peptides

The success of gene and cell therapy in clinic during the past two decades as well as our expanding ability to manipulate these biomaterials are leading to new therapeutic options for a wide range of inherited and acquired diseases. Combining conventional therapies with this emerging field is a promising strategy to treat those previously-thought untreatable diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has evolved for thousands of years in China and still plays an important role in human health. As part of the active ingredients of TCM, proteins and peptides have attracted long-term enthusiasm of researchers. More recently, they have been utilized in gene and cell therapy, resulting in promising novel strategies to treat both cancer and non-cancer diseases. This manuscript presents a critical review on this field, accompanied with perspectives on the challenges and new directions for future research in this emerging frontier.

Further investigations on Fujimoto type strong uniqueness polynomials

Filomat ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (16) ◽  
pp. 5203-5216
Author(s):  
Abhijit Banerjee ◽  
Bikash Chakraborty ◽  
Sanjay Mallick
Keyword(s):  
Meromorphic Functions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Strong Uniqueness ◽  
Open Questions

Taking the question posed by the first author in [1] into background, we further exhaust-ably investigate existing Fujimoto type Strong Uniqueness Polynomial for Meromorphic functions (SUPM). We also introduce a new kind of SUPM named Restricted SUPM and exhibit some results which will give us a new direction to discuss the characteristics of a SUPM. Moreover, throughout the paper, we pose a number of open questions for future research.

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