Coming to terms with terrorism

1978 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. R. Groom

Any review article has an element of pot luck. An editor receives volumes for review, sorts them into piles according to subject and then thinks of a possible reviewer. The reviewer suggests a few additions and the parameters of the article are set. They are set by what publishers think will sell at a particular time and, more rarely, by what publishers and their academic advisers think ought to be published. A review article is thus frequently about a fashionable topic with a strong emphasis on the current state of conventional wisdom as reflected in the contemporary literature. Terrorism is a topic which fits this bill. It is constantly in the headlines and not surprisingly it has generated some scholarly interest.

Author(s):  
Brendan M. Hickey ◽  
Samuel T. Woo ◽  
Sally F. Shady

Lower limb deficiencies and below knee amputations are the most common form of deficiency that may arise from disease or trauma, and returning a patient close to a normal quality-of-life requires prosthetics, which can be quite challenging. Children present even further difficulty to prosthetists and physicians than adults. Although the underlying prosthetic principles for adults are the same for children, additional considerations must be made for practicality, such as downsizing while maintaining its degree of complexity, and frequent appointments to account for the rapid growth of an adolescent. This review article will evaluate the current state-of-the-art in the field of transtibial-amputee prosthetics, review the insurance coverage a typical family would face, and suggest potential improvements to children’s biomimetic prostheses that aid in reducing the frequency of health care provider intervention.


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (156) ◽  
pp. 20190259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Gao ◽  
Manon Fraulob ◽  
Guillaume Haïat

In recent decades, cementless implants have been widely used in clinical practice to replace missing organs, to replace damaged or missing bone tissue or to restore joint functionality. However, there remain risks of failure which may have dramatic consequences. The success of an implant depends on its stability, which is determined by the biomechanical properties of the bone–implant interface (BII). The aim of this review article is to provide more insight on the current state of the art concerning the evolution of the biomechanical properties of the BII as a function of the implant's environment. The main characteristics of the BII and the determinants of implant stability are first introduced. Then, the different mechanical methods that have been employed to derive the macroscopic properties of the BII will be described. The experimental multi-modality approaches used to determine the microscopic biomechanical properties of periprosthetic newly formed bone tissue are also reviewed. Eventually, the influence of the implant's properties, in terms of both surface properties and biomaterials, is investigated. A better understanding of the phenomena occurring at the BII will lead to (i) medical devices that help surgeons to determine an implant's stability and (ii) an improvement in the quality of implants.


2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (02) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Dumanch ◽  
Gayla Poling

Objectives To provide an introduction to the role of audiological evaluations with special reference to patients with skull base disease. Design Review article with case-based overview of the current state of the practice of diagnostic audiology through highlighting the multifaceted clinical toolbox and the value of mechanism-based audiological evaluations that contribute to otologic differential diagnosis. Setting Current state of the practice of diagnostic audiology. Main Outcome Measures Understanding of audiological evaluation results in clinical practice and value of contributions to interdisciplinary teams to identify and quantify dysfunction along the auditory pathway and its subsequent effects. Results Accurate auditory information is best captured with a test battery that consists of various assessment crosschecks and mechanism-driven assessments. Conclusion Audiologists utilize a comprehensive clinical toolbox to gather information for assessment, diagnosis, and management of numerous pathologies. This information, in conjunction with thorough medical review, provides mechanism-specific contributions to the otologic and lateral skull base differential diagnosis.


Author(s):  
Ashmit Gill ◽  
Somi Patranabis

The global burden of cancer is projected to have more than doubled over the next two decades, raising the prospect of a significant investment in health systems, thus posing a real medical problem. The increasing number of people with cancer highlights the need for more cancer prevention efforts. An established history exists for plant-derived compounds as effective anticancer agents. More recently, several phytohormones have been assessed for their ability to inhibit the growth and survival of human cancer cell lines. Phytohormones or plant hormones are chemical messengers responsible for harmonizing various cellular activities that revolves around growth, development, and stress-response. The aim of this literature review article is to present the current state of knowledge concerning the several naturally occurring phytohormones which have shown enormous potential in the prevention and treatment of variety of different type of cancers.


2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 206-228
Author(s):  
Elena Fell

Izhorians: A disappearing ethnic group indigenous to the Leningrad regionThere is no body of research focusing specifically on Izhorians, a Finno-Ugrian minority group indigenous to the Leningrad region. Information about them is usually embedded in wider studies investigating Finnic minorities living at the intersection of Russia, Estonia and Finland. Consequently, it is fragmented, disjointed and marginalised, and available almost only in Russian, Estonian or Finnish. However, the most recent report on the state of the Izhorian language (which is part of a general study of Finnic minority languages in Russia) is available in English. Even though information about Izhorians lacks unity and cohesion, all researchers share the same concern, namely that Izhorians are disappearing as a distinct ethnic group. This concern manifests itself as a tendency to follow the dynamics of the Izhorian population, paying special attention to statistical data. Accordingly, this paper begins with a presentation of those data as a feature that connects all available research and proceeds to a commentary clarifying the reasons for the decline of this ethnic group. It also evaluates the current state of the Izhorian language. This review article presents a concise overview of selected research findings related to various issues concerning the study of Izhorians, including works by A. I. Kir′ianen, A. V. Labudin and A. A. Samodurov (2017); A. I. Kir′ianen (2016); N. Kuznetsova, E. Markus and M. Muslimov (2015); M. Muslimov (2005); A. P. Chush′′ialova (2010); F. I. Rozhanskiĭ and E. B. Markus (2013); and V. I. Mirenkov (2000). Iżorowie – zanikająca rdzenna grupa etniczna w regionie leningradzkimJak dotąd, nie ma literatury badawczej skupiającej się na Iżorach, rdzennej ugrofińskiej grupie etnicznej żyjącej w regionie leningradzkim. Informacje na ich temat zwykle stanowią część szerszych prac dotyczących mniejszości bałtofińskich na pograniczu Rosji, Estonii i Finlandii, są zatem fragmentaryczne, rozproszone, zmarginalizowane i dostępne niemal wyłącznie w językach rosyjskim, estońskim lub fińskim. Najnowsze studium dotyczące stanu języka iżorskiego (stanowiące część ogólnego opracowania na temat bałtofińskich mniejszości językowych w Rosji) jest dostępne w języku angielskim. Pomimo tego, że badania dotyczące Iżorów cechuje brak spójności, wszyscy badacze podzielają obawę o ich przetrwanie jako odrębnej grupy etnicznej, co przejawia się w tendencji do śledzenia dynamiki populacji, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem danych statystycznych. Autorka wychodzi od przedstawienia tych danych jako elementu łączącego wszystkie dostępne badania i omawia przyczyny zanikania Iżorów jako odrębnej grupy etnicznej. Artykuł przedstawia również ocenę obecnego stanu języka iżorskiego. Zawiera też zwięzły przegląd wyników wybranych badań dotyczących Iżorów i omawia prace takich autorów jak: A. I. Kir′ianen, A. V. Labudin i A. A. Samodurov (2017); A. I. Kir′ianen (2016); N. Kuznetsova, E. Markus i M. Muslimov (2015); M. Muslimov (2005); A. P. Chush′′ialova (2010); F. I. Rozhanskiĭ i E. B. Markus (2013); V. I. Mirenkov (2000).


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
LUIS ADRIAN LASSO CARDONA

Introduction: This bibliographic review article is the product of research on new technological trends, focusing on citizen security, carried out at the SIEL research hotbed of the Universidad del Valle-Buga headquarters, Colombia in 2019. Problem: Investigate the new technological trends aimed at the citizen security sector. Objective: Identify the new technological trends in the sector of citizen security, its application in the world and expose the current state in Colombia. Methodology: Documentary review of primary sources of the last 5 years, such as; scientific articles, government pages, laws, press releases and recognized newspapers. Results: Since MinTIC was created in Colombia, in partnership with different government entities, society in general has benefited from projects in areas such as education, health, housing and security. The modernization of control institutions in Colombia is evident being the security sector one of the most advantageous. Conclusion: In general terms, sectors such as technology and education are still lagging behind. As for the security sector, there is no doubt the effort and progress in research and development of new technologies present in the vast majority of government entities. Originality: new technological trends are investigated from the point of view of citizen security in several application scenarios. Limitations: For the most part, the review focuses on aspects of citizen security, indicating very little the social field


2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Morozov ◽  
S. A. Klyuev

Splenectomy is a serious operation, which includes the removal of the largest peripheral immune organ. Vast array of different pools of immunocompetent cells and immune-factors eliminate from the body as a result of this operation. Occurrence of hyposplenism in our country pediatric service is not determined — there are neither clear criteria for its diagnosis, nor approved algorithms for prevention. Data of postsplenectomy sepsis incidence in Russia are unknown. In this review article authors give contemporary literature data relating to the issue of developing hyposplenism and changes in the body after removal of spleen. Systemic effect of organ-resecting operation and the basic directions of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection and sepsis prevention are discussed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Gries ◽  
Claudia Sala ◽  
Jan Rybniker

Despite global efforts to contain tuberculosis (TB), the disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, further exacerbated by the increased resistance to antibiotics displayed by the tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In order to treat drug-resistant TB, alternative or complementary approaches to standard anti-TB regimens are being explored. An area of active research is represented by host-directed therapies which aim to modulate the host immune response by mitigating inflammation and by promoting the antimicrobial activity of immune cells. Additionally, compounds that reduce the virulence of M. tuberculosis, for instance by targeting the major virulence factor ESX-1, are being given increased attention by the TB research community. This review article summarizes the current state of the art in the development of these emerging therapies against TB.


Author(s):  
Mayuri S. Umekar ◽  
Ganesh S. Bhusari ◽  
Ajay K. Potbhare ◽  
Aniruddha Mondal ◽  
Bharat P. Kapgate ◽  
...  

Ultra-thin graphene has been receiving a spacious significance in the diverse sections of material science, owing to its exceptional physicochemical and thermo-mechanical characteristics. Currently, the fabrication of high-grade graphene in an economical target and green procedures area is a massive concern. Among the diverse techniques, chemical-mediated fabrication is believed to be the finest process, since it is simple, scalable, and low-priced, however, therein involved noxious or hazardous chemical reducers to produce the functional graphene-based nanocomposites (NCs). Hence, globally scientists are continuously endeavoring to adopt the bioinspired procedures to manufacture the functional reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and reduced graphene oxide-metal/metal oxide (rGO-M/MO) NCs. Hence, keeping this issue in our mind, the present review article summarizes and integrates the current state of knowledge on diverse strategies for bioinspired fabrication of rGO and rGO-M/MO NCs and their photocatalytic, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity assessments.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-125
Author(s):  
Miles Weinberger

The excellent review article by Leffert1 and the accompanying commentary by Bergner2 made important points regarding the changing role of the pediatric allergist and the broad requirements for knowledge of any physicians who are to provide specialty care for children with asthma. While the current state of the art allows a high degree of control for this disease,3 considerable morbidity from inadequately treated asthma persists. This situation is unlikely to change rapidly unless departments of pediatrics place a high priority on ensuring that the modern allergist described by Dr. Bergner is on their faculty to teach the current housestaff and provide continuing education for the practitioner; only then will most general pediatricians be able to assume the role envisioned by Dr. Leffert.


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