III.—Training Methods for Navigation in the Air

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-262
Author(s):  
W. P. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
The North ◽  
Military Aviation ◽  
Civil Aircraft ◽  
Navigation Equipment ◽  
The Military

The civil aviation problems in training navigators may appear simple compared with those of our marine colleagues, and possibly also in comparison to the military side of aviation. In civil aviation we are concerned with tactical problems but not to the same extent as in marine and military aviation, but there are those amongst us who can recall the halycon days of flying boats when we too were concerned with the tides and the state of the water. Since the end of the war there have been far reaching changes in civil aviation and navigation. The object used to be one of getting from A to B and battling a great deal with the unknown—long night hauls across the North Atlantic, Shannon and Keflavik, icy cold arrivals at Goose and Gander, pressure pattern flying and so on, with the minimum of navigation equipment, poor weather forecasting and limited range aircraft. Nowadays civil aircraft range is not the problem it used to be, although some such problems still exist, navigation equipment is more sophisticated and the A.T.C. requirements much more stringent. It is not so much getting from A to B as staying as close as possible to an assigned A.T.C. track.

scholarly journals Comparative Aspects Regarding The Regulation Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 424-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin Fainisi ◽  
Victor Al. Fainisi
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Chicago Convention ◽  
The North ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Military ◽  
Legislative Measures

Abstract The technology of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) has constantly developed in the last decade, becoming a key feature of the military programs and operations in Europe and the US, and the industry market has considerably grown. The vast majority of this growth is at the US level, whose military budget is bigger than of any other state in the world. On the other hand, with respect to the civil market, the sale of these kinds of aircrafts is in its initial stages, even though there are lots of fields in which it can be applied. In general, the states have begun to take legislative measures so that the unmanned flight of such an aircraft in areas open to civil aircrafts is controlled, so that any danger to the civil aircrafts should be avoided. The countries of the European Union that have not legislated this field are subject to Regulation 216/2008/EC regarding common norms in the civil aviation field and the Chicago Convention. Furthermore, all EU states are NATO members and thus apply in principle the norms established by the North-Atlantic Organization.

The Application of Advanced Systems – An Airline Perspective

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-180
Author(s):  
K. Reid
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Airline Industry ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Air Traffic Management ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
The North ◽  
Movement Study ◽  
Track Area ◽  
Navigation Equipment

The achievement of the goals of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Future Air Navigation System (FANS) is essential for the continued development of the airline industry. A recently completed movement study for the North Atlantic Track area forecast that the previously anticipated aircraft movements for 2010 would now be achieved by 1999. Peak time capacity growth for the region is now reliant on the introduction of Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) scheduled for January 1997. Similarly, Europe had an all-too-evident capacity problem though some alleviation should follow from the introduction of precision area navigation (PRNAV) routeings in early 1998. However, despite the introduction of these developments, the restrictions on flow rates imposed by capacity variations in adjacent areas will remain. Quite obviously, an enhanced and fully capable Air Traffic Management (ATM) environment is required to solve many of the problems that commonly exist today. Nevertheless, more could be achieved through the application and exploitation of advanced navigation equipment such as the aircraft Flight Management Computer System (FMS) that is in widespread use today – a theme that will be returned to later in the paper.

Strategy and the Atlantic Alliance

1963 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Bowie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
The United States ◽  
The North ◽  
Nuclear Control ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Military

The debate over strategy, forces, and nuclear control, which now divides the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), is framed largely in military terms: what is the best way to protect the NATO area and its members from aggression? The military aspects are complex in themselves, but the import of these issues extends far beyond defense. Their handling will greatly affect prospects for a partnership between the United States and a strong, united Europe

scholarly journals An introduction to aviation cardiology

Heart ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 105 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. s3-s8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward D Nicol ◽  
Rienk Rienks ◽  
Gary Gray ◽  
Norbert J Guettler ◽  
Olivier Manen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Aviation Medicine ◽  
Military Aviation ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Collaborative Working ◽  
European Society Of Cardiology

The management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has evolved significantly in the last 20 years; however, the last major publication to address a consensus on the management of CVD in aircrew was published in 1999, following the second European Society of Cardiology conference of aviation cardiology experts. This article outlines an introduction to aviation cardiology and focuses on the broad aviation medicine considerations that are required to manage aircrew appropriately and optimally (both pilots and non-pilot aviation professionals). This and the other articles in this series are born out of a 3 year collaborative working group between international military aviation cardiologists and aviation medicine specialists, many of whom also work with and advise civil aviation authorities, as part of a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) led initiative to address the occupational ramifications of CVD in aircrew (HFM-251). This article describes the types of aircrew employed in the civil and military aviation profession in the 21st century; the types of aircraft and aviation environment that must be understood when managing aircrew with CVD; the regulatory bodies involved in aircrew licensing and the risk assessment processes that are used in aviation medicine to determine the suitability of aircrew to fly with medical (and specifically cardiovascular) disease; and the ethical, occupational and clinical tensions that exist when managing patients with CVD who are also professional aircrew.

Europe and the Nato Shield

1958 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold Wolfers
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Military Alliance ◽  
The North ◽  
Reasonable Degree ◽  
Economic Collaboration ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Military

Pressures to extend the activities of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) into fields other than the military, or actually to shift the emphasis to political, economic, and cultural objectives, have been so strong in recent years that one wonders whether there has not been a growing tendency, particularly in Europe, to lose sight of the purpose for which NATO was established and which makes it vital to the United States. Essentially, NATO is a multilateral military alliance for the protection of western and southern Europe against Soviet conquest, a means of denying these areas and their resources to the Soviets. If the members of the alliance, on one side or the other of the Atlantic, were ever to reach the conclusion that the threat of military attack from the east had vanished or that it could not be countered effectively by common military effort, NATO would have lost its original raison d'être, though it might be continued for the sake of what today are secondary non-military functions, such as political conciliation and economic collaboration. It should be added that the primacy of the military purpose of NATO, as it exists today, does not preclude the desirability or even the necessity of extending its scope beyond purely military matters. As Ruth C. Lawson has pointed out, there is little hope for reliable military collaboration among countries ohat do not succeed in attaining a reasonable degree of harmony between their political aims and policies. Cyprus, Suez, and Algeria are symptomatic of the problems NATO faces in the political field.

scholarly journals Impact of the Incremental Analysis Updates on a Real-Time System of the North Atlantic Ocean

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2055-2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Benkiran ◽  
E. Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Incremental Analysis ◽  
Real Time System ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Incremental analysis updates (IAUs) are a procedure by which analysis increments can be incorporated into a model hindcast and forecast in a smooth manner. It is similar to nudging but has a better response, particularly in regions of missing data. The IAU procedure was popular in the late 1990s in weather forecasting centers, because it acts as a low-pass filter. The impact of the IAU is examined in the context of a real-time, eddy-permitting ocean forecasting system in the North Atlantic from Mercator Océan. Forecast scores and ocean physics are compared for the following three companion runs: a forced mode, a sequential analysis, and IAU. These comparisons confirm that the IAU is beneficial because it removes spinup effects such as spurious waves and tropical convective cells. Forecast scores are also slightly improved. In addition, contrary to the weather forecasting case where the model and data are fairly unbiased, the IAU has the advantage of correcting the systematic biases in the ocean data assimilation system.

Challenges and opportunities extending the INTIMATE tephra event stratigraphy into the Levant and Arabia.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Blockley ◽  
Dustin White ◽  
Rhys Timms ◽  
Paul Lincoln ◽  
Simon Armitage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Interglacial Period ◽  
The North ◽  
Event Stratigraphy ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Mediterranean

<p>The nature and expression of climate change in the Eastern Mediterranean, the Levant and further into Arabia is of considerable interest across a range of communities. This is in part due to the need to understand the potential for future climate forcing on environments given the complex range of climatic forcing factors that play out in the region. These include the role of prevailing winds across the Mediterranean, Northerly winds pushing down into the region during cold glacial conditions, and the influence of the Afro-Arabian Monsoon. The last glacial to interglacial period is a critical window to examine such processes, as a range of climatic signals are recorded, many of which have been proposed as correlatives of events seen in the North Atlantic. Dating issues are as ever an issue when trying to precisely compare different climate archives. To address such, the INTIMATE event stratigraphy has been developed for the North Atlantic region, with recent extensions into parts of the Mediterranean. This couples the stratigraphic framework of the Greenland Ice core records as a regional stratotype, with  a number of tephra horizons in the North Atlantic and Europe, aiding the process of correlation. The last INTIMATE event stratigraphy coupled the extended GICC05 timescale for Greenland back to 128 b2k (Blockley et al., 2014). This paper reports on attempts to test the potential for tephrochronology to be extended into the Levant and potentially Arabia, through the identification of tephra layers in sediment focussing archives, such as archaeological cave sequences. We have examined tephra presence in archaeological sites, principally in Israel, that record sediment deposition from ~30ka BP through to >100ka BP. Analyses of these records show that tephra is present in almost all of the studied sites (e.g., Kebara, Tabun, Amud, Shovakh). Moreover, tephra in these sequences can be chemically correlated to known volcanic systems, demonstrating the potential going forward to analyse long lake and marine records around the region for cryptotephra. At the same time clear challenges are emerging. Firstly, there is a range of chemistry in many of the layers and careful analyses is needed to pick apart the geochemical signal and to identify reworking, as opposed to chemically heterogeneous ash layers from a single volcano. This process is complicated by the relatively limited range of published geochemical data from some volcanic centres. This presentation will outline the current state of knowledge of key volcanic centres, particularly in the Aegean and Turkey, alongside the new Levantine data, to consider the steps needed to establish a secure extension of the INTIMATE approach into this region.</p><p>Blockley, S., et al., 2014. Quaternary Science Reviews. 106, 88-100. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.002.</p>

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

1955 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-186
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
The North ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Military ◽  
Of Greece

CouncilThe Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization met in regular ministerial session in Paris on December 17 and 18, 1954, under the chairmanship of Stephanos Stephanopoulos, Foreign Minister of Greece. One of the principal items considered by the Council was the annual review of the military position of NATO, which had been prepared by the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe (SACEUR, Gruenther) and by the Military Committee at its meetings in Washington in November and in Paris immediately preceding the Council meeting. According to press reports, the review showed that defensive rearmament of NATO was virtually completed so far as conventional armaments were concerned. It was reported that SACEUR and the Military Committee recommended that only the air arm of NATO defenses be substantially augmented in 1955, and that even the increases recommended in this regard represented a realization in 1955 of the goals set for 1954 which had not been met. Ground forces in 1954 were said to have been reduced by the equivalent of two divisions by the reduction in periods of conscription in Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands, the failure of Norway to increase its conscription period and the transfer of French units to north Africa; a reported two percent increase in NATO naval forces was recommended for 1955. Total defense expenditures of European NATO members in 1954 were reported to have fallen 2.4 percent below the 1953 level; the eleven European members were reported to have spent $10,865 million in 1954 as compared with $11,133 million in 1953.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Aviaton System of Flying Crew Improving Safety in the Aircraft Operation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Rodak
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Flight Training ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Military Aviation ◽  
Level Of Training ◽  
The Military

Abstract The article describes 10 known programmes of practical flight training in military aviation – specialization: Multi-Mission Tactical Jet Pilot, which is the highest level of military pilot training in all types of military and civil aviation – comparable only to the level of training and experience of the pilot-instructor of the Military Aviation School. The presented comparison was developed on the basis of literature research from the point of view of, among others, an aircraft operation engineer and a pilot-instructor.

scholarly journals THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COALITIONAL INTERACTION IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR AS ONE OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC UNION FORMATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (06) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
R.R. Marchenkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Aspect ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Military ◽  
Second World

This article highlights the main milestones of Anglo-American coalition cooperation during the Second World War. The military-political aspect of cooperation is touched upon. An approach to the fusion of military mechanisms through the development of the idea of the qualitative use of the forces and means of the allies in compliance with the principle of unity of command is considered. It is concluded that certain fruits of cooperation between the Western allies, primarily within the framework of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, are taken into account in the post-war world. In addition, this article focuses on the position of the United Kingdom in terms of building a post-war security system.

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