scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance trends and mechanisms in the foodborne pathogen,Campylobacter

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhi Tang ◽  
Liangxing Fang ◽  
Changyun Xu ◽  
Qijing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Antibiotic Selection Pressure ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractCampylobacteris a major foodborne pathogen and is commonly present in food producing animals. This pathogenic organism is highly adaptable and has become increasingly resistant to various antibiotics. Recently, both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization have designated antibiotic-resistantCampylobacteras a serious threat to public health. For the past decade, multiple mechanisms conferring resistance to clinically important antibiotics have been described inCampylobacter, and new resistance mechanisms constantly emerge in the pathogen. Some of the recent examples include theerm(B)gene conferring macrolide resistance, thecfr(C)genes mediating resistance to florfenicol and other antimicrobials, and a functionally enhanced variant of the multidrug resistance efflux pump, CmeABC. The continued emergence of new resistance mechanisms illustrates the extraordinary adaptability ofCampylobacterto antibiotic selection pressure and demonstrate the need for innovative strategies to control antibiotic-resistantCampylobacter. In this review, we will briefly summarize the trends of antibiotic resistance inCampylobacterand discuss the mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics used for animal production and important for clinical therapy in humans. A special emphasis will be given to the newly discovered antibiotic resistance.

scholarly journals Two resistance nodulation division-family efflux pumps inChromobacteriumspecies and their role in antibiotic resistance and tolerance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saida Benomar ◽  
Kara C Evans ◽  
Robert L Unckless ◽  
Josephine R Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Burkholderia Thailandensis ◽  
New Information ◽  
Resistance Nodulation Division ◽  
Culture Growth

ABSTRACTVery little is known of the antibiotic resistance mechanisms of members of theChromobacteriumgenus. In previous studies ofChromobacterium subtsugae(formerlyC. violaceum) strain CV017, we identified a resistance nodulation division (RND)-family efflux pump (CdeAB-OprM). Here, we show thecdeAB-oprMgenes are widely distributed in members of theChromobacteriumgenus. We use antimicrobial susceptibility testing with a CV017cdeAB-oprMmutant to show the products of these genes confers resistance to a variety of antibiotics including ciprofloxacin, a clinically important antibiotic. We also identified a related RND-family pump,cseAB-oprN, in the genome of CV017 and otherC. subtsugaespecies, that is not present in other members of theChromobacteriumgenus. We demonstrate that CdeAB-OprM and CseAB-OprN are both transcriptionally induced in CV017 cells treated with sub-lethal antibiotic concentrations and they are important for induction of tolerance to different antibiotics. While CdeAB-OprM has a broad antibiotic specificity, the CseAB-OprN system is highly specific for a ribosome-targeting antibiotic produced by the saprophytic bacteriumBurkholderia thailandensis,bactobolin. Finally, we use a previously developedB. thailandensis-C. subtsugaeCV017 co-culture model to demonstrate that adding sub-lethal bactobolin at the beginning of co-culture growth increases the ability of CV017 to compete withB. thailandensisin a manner that is dependent on the CseAB-OprN system. Our results provide new information on the antibiotic resistance mechanisms ofChromobacteriumspecies and highlight the importance of efflux pumps during competition with other bacterial species.IMPORTANCEThis study describes two closely related efflux pumps in members of theChromobacteriumgenus, which includes opportunistic but often-fatal pathogens and species with highly versatile metabolic capabilities. Efflux pumps remove antibiotics from the cell and are important for antibiotic resistance. One of these pumps is broadly distributed in theChromobacteriumgenus and increases resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. The other efflux pump is present only inChromobacterium subtsugaeand is highly specific for bactobolin, an antibiotic produced by the soil saprophyteBurkholderia thailandensis. We demonstrate these pumps can be activated to increase resistance by their antibiotic substrates, and that this activation is important forC. subtsugaeto survive in a laboratory competition experiment withB. thailandensis.These results have implications for managing antibiotic-resistantChromobacteriuminfections, bioengineering ofChromobacteriumspecies, and for understanding the evolution of efflux pumps.

scholarly journals Recalibration of the Antimicrobial MIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-02
Author(s):  
Daniel Amsterdam
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Laboratory Assay

In 2009, the World health organization (WHO) referred to the problem of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance stating, “Antibiotic Resistance – one of the three greatest threats to human health.” In 2019 (i.e., just as the COVID-19 pandemic was evolving), more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections were identified in the United States, resulting in more than 35,000 deaths (CDC 2019). The initial laboratory assay which demonstrated the activity of an antibacterial compound was performed by Alexander Fleming. He showed that an extract from the mold, Penicillium rubens, could inhibit the growth of several species of Gram-positive bacteria – but not Gram-negative bacteria that were cross-streaked on agar against the diffused Penicillium compound.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Emerging Antimicrobials Resistance in Nosocomial Infections Caused by E. Coli: The Comparison Results of Observed Cases and Compartmental Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahshid Nasehi ◽  
Babak Eshrati ◽  
Hamidreza Baradaran ◽  
Leila Janani ◽  
Sasan Ghorbani-Kalkhajeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Microbial Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: The World Health Organization repeatedly emphasizes the spread and association of nosocomial infections with microbial resistance. In a 2014 report, the World Health Organization cited microbial resistance as a global threat. In recent years, the world has seen the rapid growth of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in most areas, which poses a serious threat to public health. A high percentage of bacteria that cause nosocomial infections have been resistant to treatment. The most common bacterial agent among these nosocomial infections is E. coli. This bacterium is one of the main causes of nosocomial infections among hospitalized patients. One of the most important goals of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) is timely identification and transmission of Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance (EAR) or outbreak of antibiotic resistance. One of the main ways to identify this "emerging" at the national or local level is to identify deviations from the expected resistance in drug compounds. As a result, if the observed cases of a drug-resistant pathogen are significantly higher than expected, it could indicate "emerging".Purpose: This study aimed to identify and transmit EAR or outbreak of antibiotic resistance among antibiotics used in the treatment of nosocomial infections caused by E. coli. This was done by comparing the observed cases of resistant E. coli with the predicted cases of resistant E. coli, which were predicted by the compartment model.Methods: This is a hospital-based study that used data from the nosocomial infection survelliance system to investigate observed cases of antibiotic resistance. In this study, the results of 12,954 antibiogram tests related to 57 hospitals located in 31 provinces of Iran were divided into two parts (results related to the first half of 2017 and results related to the second half of 2017). The model was developed in the second half of the year to predict expected cases. Before developeing model to predict the expected cases of resistant E. coli, the validity of the model was evaluated by implementing the model in the first half of the year. Finally, the predicted cases of resistant E. coli were compared with those observed in 2017. If the difference between the two was statistically significant, it indicated the outbreak of E.coli. This model evaluated 11 antibiotics recommended by the World Health Organization that are used to treat nosocomial infections caused by E. coli.Results: The results of this study showed that the outbreak of E. coli resistant to ampicillin and ceftazidime occurred in 2017 in hospitals of Iran. This means that resistance to ampicillin and ceftazidime antibiotics in nosocomial infections caused by E. coli is higher than expected and has become "emerging".Conclusion: This study showed how the outbreak of antibiotic resistance in the country's hospitals can be investigated. Using the method of this study, we can investigate the outbreak of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in the coming years and in different substrates. The results of this study showed that the administration and use of antibiotics should be reconsidered.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Emerging Antimicrobials Resistance in Nosocomial Infections Caused by E. Coli: the Comparison Results of Observed Cases and Compartmental Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahshid Nasehi ◽  
Babak Eshrati ◽  
Hamid Reza Baradaran ◽  
Leila Janani ◽  
Sasan Ghorbani Kalkhajeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Microbial Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: The World Health Organization repeatedly emphasizes the spread and association of nosocomial infections with microbial resistance. In a 2014 report, the World Health Organization cited microbial resistance as a global threat. In recent years, the world has seen the rapid growth of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in most areas, which poses a serious threat to public health. A high percentage of bacteria that cause nosocomial infections have been resistant to treatment. The most common bacterial agent among these nosocomial infections is E. coli. This bacterium is one of the main causes of nosocomial infections among hospitalized patients. One of the most important goals of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) is timely identification and transmission of Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance (EAR) or outbreak of antibiotic resistance. One of the main ways to identify this "emerging" at the national or local level is to identify deviations from the expected resistance in drug compounds. As a result, if the observed cases of a drug-resistant pathogen are significantly higher than expected, it could indicate "emerging".Purpose: This study aimed to identify and transmit EAR or outbreak of antibiotic resistance among antibiotics used in the treatment of nosocomial infections caused by E. coli. This was done by comparing the observed cases of resistant E. coli with the predicted cases of resistant E. coli, which were predicted by the compartment model.Methods: This is a hospital-based study that used data from the nosocomial infection survelliance system to investigate observed cases of antibiotic resistance. In this study, the results of 12,954 antibiogram tests related to 57 hospitals located in 31 provinces of Iran were divided into two parts (results related to the first half of 2017 and results related to the second half of 2017). The model was developed in the second half of the year to predict expected cases. Before developeing model to predict the expected cases of resistant E. coli, the validity of the model was evaluated by implementing the model in the first half of the year. Finally, the predicted cases of resistant E. coli were compared with those observed in 2017. If the difference between the two was statistically significant, it indicated the outbreak of E.coli. This model evaluated 11 antibiotics recommended by the World Health Organization that are used to treat nosocomial infections caused by E. coli.Results: The results of this study showed that the outbreak of E. coli resistant to ampicillin and ceftazidime occurred in 2017 in hospitals of Iran. This means that resistance to ampicillin and ceftazidime antibiotics in nosocomial infections caused by E. coli is higher than expected and has become "emerging".Conclusion: This study showed how the outbreak of antibiotic resistance in the country's hospitals can be investigated. Using the method of this study, we can investigate the outbreak of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in the coming years and in different substrates. The results of this study showed that the administration and use of antibiotics should be reconsidered.

scholarly journals Applications of Nanodiamonds in the Detection and Therapy of Infectious Diseases

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Torres Sangiao ◽  
Alina Maria Holban ◽  
Mónica Cartelle Gestal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Health Organization

We are constantly exposed to infectious diseases, and they cause millions of deaths per year. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that antibiotic resistance could cause 10 million deaths per year by 2050. Multidrug-resistant bacteria are the cause of infection in at least one in three people suffering from septicemia. While antibiotics are powerful agents against infectious diseases, the alarming increase in antibiotic resistance is of great concern. Alternatives are desperately needed, and nanotechnology provides a great opportunity to develop novel approaches for the treatment of infectious diseases. One of the most important factors in the prognosis of an infection caused by an antibiotic resistant bacteria is an early and rigorous diagnosis, jointly with the use of novel therapeutic systems that can specifically target the pathogen and limit the selection of resistant strains. Nanodiamonds can be used as antimicrobial agents due to some of their properties including size, shape, and biocompatibility, which make them highly suitable for the development of efficient and tailored nanotherapies, including vaccines or drug delivery systems. In this review, we discuss the beneficial findings made in the nanodiamonds field, focusing on diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. We also highlight the innovative platform that nanodiamonds confer for vaccine improvement, drug delivery, and shuttle systems, as well as their role in the generation of faster and more sensitive clinical diagnosis.

scholarly journals The meiofauna as neglected carriers of antibiotic resistant and pathogenic bacteria in freshwater ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Belen Sathicq ◽  
Tomasa Sbaffi ◽  
Giulia Borgomaneiro ◽  
Andrea Di Cesare ◽  
Raffaella Sabatino
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
World Health ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

The World Health Organization considers antibiotic resistance as one of the main threats to human and other animals' health. Despite the measures used to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance, the efforts made are not enough to tackle this problem. Thus, it has become important to understand how bacteria acquire and transmit antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs), in particular in the environment, given the close connection between the latter and human and animal health, as defined by the One-Health concept. Aquatic ecosystems are often strongly impacted by anthropogenic activities, making them a source for ARGs and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). Although freshwater meiofauna have been the object of active research, few studies have focused on the relationship between the spread of antibiotic resistance and these organisms. In this review, we investigated freshwater meiofauna as carriers of resistances since they play a central role in the aquatic environments and can harbor human and animal potential pathogens. We assessed if these animals could contribute to the spread of ARGs and of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Only four taxa (Rotifera, Chironomidae, Cladocera, Copepoda) were found to be the subject of studies focused on antibiotic resistance. The studies we analyzed, although with some limitations, demonstrated that ARGs and ARB can be found in these animals, and several of them showed the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria for humans and animals within their microbiome. Thus, meiofauna can be considered a source and a reservoir, even if neglected, of ARGs and ARB for the freshwater environments. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of the meiofauna on the spread and persistence of antibiotic resistance in these ecosystems.

scholarly journals Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance: The Most Critical Pathogens

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1310
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Mancuso ◽  
Angelina Midiri ◽  
Elisabetta Gerace ◽  
Carmelo Biondo
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Health Organization

Antibiotics have made it possible to treat bacterial infections such as meningitis and bacteraemia that, prior to their introduction, were untreatable and consequently fatal. Unfortunately, in recent decades overuse and misuse of antibiotics as well as social and economic factors have accelerated the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making drug treatment ineffective. Currently, at least 700,000 people worldwide die each year due to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Without new and better treatments, the World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that this number could rise to 10 million by 2050, highlighting a health concern not of secondary importance. In February 2017, in light of increasing antibiotic resistance, the WHO published a list of pathogens that includes the pathogens designated by the acronym ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) to which were given the highest “priority status” since they represent the great threat to humans. Understanding the resistance mechanisms of these bacteria is a key step in the development of new antimicrobial drugs to tackle drug-resistant bacteria. In this review, both the mode of action and the mechanisms of resistance of commonly used antimicrobials will be examined. It also discusses the current state of AMR in the most critical resistant bacteria as determined by the WHO’s global priority pathogens list.

scholarly journals Development of antimicrobial therapy methods to overcome the antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii

Acta Naturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-45
Author(s):  
Olga V. Kisil ◽  
Tatiana A. Efimenko ◽  
Nina I. Gabrielyan ◽  
Olga V. Efremenkova
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Outer Membrane Proteins ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
The World ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Health Organization

The spread of antibiotic resistance among pathogens represents a threat to human health around the world. In 2017, the World Health Organization published a list of 12 top-priority antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria for which new effective antibiotics or new ways of treating the infections caused by them are needed. This review focuses on Acinetobacter baumannii, one of these top-priority pathogens. The pathogenic bacterium A. baumannii is one of the most frequently encountered infectious agents in the world; its clinically significant features include resistance to UV light, drying, disinfectants, and antibiotics. This review looks at the various attempts that have been made to tackle the problem of drug resistance relating to A. baumannii variants without the use of antibiotics. The potential of bacteriophages and antimicrobial peptides in the treatment of infections caused by A. baumannii in both planktonic and biofilm form is assessed. Such topics as research into the development of vaccines based on the outer membrane proteins of A. baumannii and the use of silver nanoparticles, as well as photodynamic and chelate therapy, are also covered.

Preventing Premature Weaning: Management Options for Common Lactation Conditions, Including OMT

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Denise Sackett ◽  
Tala Dajani ◽  
David Shoup ◽  
Uzoma Ikonne
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Family Physician ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Lactational Mastitis ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization

The benefits of breastfeeding are well established. The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that mothers breastfeed infants for at least one year, but most children are not breastfed that long because of many factors. Breastfeeding mothers face many challenges to continued breastfeeding, including medical conditions that arise during this period, such as postpartum depression and lactational mastitis. Because of a perceived lack of consistent guidance on medication safety, it can be difficult for the family physician to treat these conditions while encouraging mothers to continue breastfeeding. The purpose of the current review is to summarize and clarify treatment options for the osteopathic family physician treating lactating mothers. We specifically focus on the pharmacological management of contraception, postpartum depression, and lactational mastitis.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Pipeline Coordinators

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (S1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Baraldi ◽  
Olof Lindahl ◽  
Miloje Savic ◽  
David Findlay ◽  
Christine Årdal
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
World Health ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Priority List ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Global Priority ◽  
The World ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) has published a global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research and development (R&D) of new antibiotics. Every pathogen on this list requires R&D activity, but some are more attractive for private sector investments, as evidenced by the current antibacterial pipeline. A “pipeline coordinator” is a governmental/non-profit organization that closely tracks the antibacterial pipeline and actively supports R&D across all priority pathogens employing new financing tools.

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