scholarly journals A New Artificial Urine Protocol to Better Imitate Human Urine

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neslihan Sarigul ◽  
Filiz Korkmaz ◽  
İlhan Kurultak
Keyword(s):  
Human Urine ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Specific Protocol ◽  
Band Assignment ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Artificial Urine ◽  
Do So

AbstractArtificial urine has many advantages over human urine for research and educational purposes. By closely mimicking healthy individuals’ urine, it may also be important in discovering novel biomarkers. However, up until now, there has not been any specific protocol to prove the similarity in terms of the chemical composition at the molecular level. In this study, a new artificial urine protocol is established to mimics the urine of healthy individuals. The multi-purpose artificial urine (MP-AU) presented here is compared with two other protocols most cited in literature. Furthermore, these three protocols are also compared with samples from 28 healthy young individuals. To do so, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) is used, according to which MP-AU shows a significantly close similarity with human urine. In formulating MP-AU, the infrared spectra of nine compounds is provided, making possible the band assignment of some absorption bands to certain compounds. Given its properties, the MP-AU protocol introduced here is both economical and practical, making it useful when designing comparative-controlled experiments.

scholarly journals Differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease using spectrochemical analysis of blood

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (38) ◽  
pp. E7929-E7938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Paraskevaidi ◽  
Camilo L. M. Morais ◽  
Kássio M. G. Lima ◽  
Julie S. Snowden ◽  
Jennifer A. Saxon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Different Types

The progressive aging of the world’s population makes a higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases inevitable. The necessity for an accurate, but at the same time, inexpensive and minimally invasive, diagnostic test is urgently required, not only to confirm the presence of the disease but also to discriminate between different types of dementia to provide the appropriate management and treatment. In this study, attenuated total reflection FTIR (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric techniques were used to analyze blood plasma samples from our cohort. Blood samples are easily collected by conventional venepuncture, permitting repeated measurements from the same individuals to monitor their progression throughout the years or evaluate any tested drugs. We included 549 individuals: 347 with various neurodegenerative diseases and 202 age-matched healthy individuals. Alzheimer’s disease (AD;n= 164) was identified with 70% sensitivity and specificity, which after the incorporation of apolipoprotein ε4 genotype (APOEε4) information, increased to 86% when individuals carried one or two alleles of ε4, and to 72% sensitivity and 77% specificity when individuals did not carry ε4 alleles. Early AD cases (n= 14) were identified with 80% sensitivity and 74% specificity. Segregation of AD from dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB;n= 34) was achieved with 90% sensitivity and specificity. Other neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD;n= 30), Parkinson’s disease (PD;n= 32), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP;n= 31), were included in our cohort for diagnostic purposes. Our method allows for both rapid and robust diagnosis of neurodegeneration and segregation between different dementias.

scholarly journals Detonation Nanodiamonds: A Comparison Study by Photoacoustic, Diffuse Reflectance, and Attenuated Total Reflection FTIR Spectroscopies

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2501
Author(s):  
Dmitry S. Volkov ◽  
Petr K. Krivoshein ◽  
Mikhail A. Proskurnin
Keyword(s):  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Depth Profiling ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Full Characterization ◽  
Ftir Spectrometry ◽  
Out Of Plane

The qualitative analysis of nanodiamonds by FTIR spectrometry as photoacoustic (FTIR–PAS), diffuse-reflectance (DRIFT), and attenuated total reflection (ATR) modalities was evaluated for rapid and nondestructive analysis and comparison of nanodiamonds. The reproducibility and signal-gathering depth of spectra was compared. The assignment of characteristic bands showed that only six groups of bands were present in spectra of all the modalities with appropriate sensitivity: 1760 (C=O stretch, isolated carboxyl groups); 1640–1632 (H–O–H bend, liquid water); 1400–1370 (non-carboxyl C–O–H in-plane bend and CH2 deformation); 1103 (non-carboxyl C–O stretch); 1060 (in-plane C–H bend, non-aromatic hydrocarbons and carbohydrates); 940 cm−1 (out-of-plane carboxyl C–O–H bend). DRIFT provides the maximum number of bands and is capable of measuring hydrogen-bonded bands and CHx groups. ATR provides the good sensitivity for water and C–H/C–C bands in the range 2000–400 cm−1. FTIR–PAS reveals less bands than DRIFT but more intense bands than ATR–FTIR and shows the maximum sensitivity for absorption bands that do not appear in ATR-IR spectra and are expedient for supporting either DRIFT or FTIR–PAS along with depth-profiling. Thus, all three modalities are required for the full characterization of nanodiamonds surface functional groups.

scholarly journals Antibodies and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964: I. The Widal reaction

1977 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
B J. Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Widal Test ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Discharge From Hospital ◽  
Somatic Antigens ◽  
High Antibody Titre ◽  
Do So

SUMMARYThe outbreak of typhoid fever in Aberdeen during 1964 (Walker, 1965) presented an opportunity to study the antibody titres of typhoid fever patients and of TAB immunized individuals to obtain further knowledge concerning the behaviour of these titres with the passage of time.This paper gives an abbreviated version of part of a research programme which followed the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964.The antibody titres of patients were followed up for a period of 2 years after discharge from hospital and the findings have been compared with those in TAB immunized healthy individuals. The following points emerged:(1) The value of the Widal test as an aid to diagnosis was limited;(2) the flagellar antibody titre in patients' sera provided a more reliable aid towards diagnosis than did the somatic antibody titre;(3) the response of immunized and non-immunized patients to the somatic antigens was poor and often delayed well into the period following discharge from hospital;(4) titres of 1/40 and over for Vi agglutinins were present in immunized and non-immunized patients for at least 12 months after discharge without their beingS. typhiexcretors;(5) Vi agglutinin titres as high as 1/40 were present in TAB immunized healthy individuals and also in members of the general public;(6) the presence ofS. typhisepticaemia need not result in a high antibody titre; (7) patients who relapse, may do so without enhancement of previous antibody titres and may relapse even in the presence of earlier appreciable titres.

scholarly journals Changes to Intermediary Metabolites in Sporadic andLRRK2Parkinson’s Disease Demonstrated by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jan O. Aasly ◽  
Oddbjørn Sæther ◽  
Krisztina K. Johansen ◽  
Tone F. Bathen ◽  
Guro F. Giskeødegård ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Differences ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Intermediary Metabolites ◽  
Inflammatory Agent ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Genetically Determined

Background. Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains a clinical diagnosis and biomarkers are needed to detect the disease as early as possible. Genetically determined PD provides an opportunity for studying metabolic differences in connection with disease development.Objectives. To study the levels of intermediary metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with PD, either of sporadic type or in carriers of theLRRK2p.G2019S mutation.Methods. Results from patients with sporadic PD orLRRK2-PD were compared with asymptomaticLRRK2mutation carriers and healthy control individuals. CSF was analysed by proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) giving reliable results for 16 intermediary metabolites. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to study group differences.Results. PLS-DA distinguished PD patients from healthy individuals based on the metabolites identified in CSF, with 2-hydroxybutyrate, glutamine, and dimethyl sulphone largely contributing to the separations.Conclusion. Speculatively, all three metabolites could alter concentration in response to metabolic changes connected with neurodegeneration; glutamine as a means of removing excess nitrogen from brain, dimethyl sulphone as an anti-inflammatory agent, and 2-hydroxybutyrate in connection with altered glutathione metabolism. Potentially,1H-MRS is a promising tool for identifying novel biomarkers for PD.

Transmission and Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) Infrared Spectra of Bone and Collagen

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Furedi ◽  
A. G. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Fair Agreement ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Phosphate Absorption ◽  
Adult Human ◽  
The Individual

Transmission and attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectra of collagen and normal, adult human bone have been compared with literature data and band assignments for bone spectra are given. Except for slight shifts in some absorption bands (the amide I band at 1650 cm−1 and some of the phosphate absorption bands), most frequencies of both spectra are in fair agreement with previously reported values for the individual components. An improvement in resolution of some protein bands was achieved with the ATR technique.

Gradual H/D substitution in synthetic germanium bearing talcs: a method for infrared band assignment

Clay Minerals ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Martin ◽  
S. Petit ◽  
O. Grauby ◽  
M. P. Lavie
Keyword(s):  
Ir Spectra ◽  
Spectral Shift ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Ir Absorption ◽  
Infrared Band ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Band Assignment ◽  
Ir Bands

AbstractThe deuteration technique was used to assign unknown infrared (IR) bands of Ge-bearing talcs. Procedures to achieve partial or complete H/D replacement in synthetic Ge-bearing (Mg, Ni and Co)-talcs have been investigated. From the spectral shift of IR absorption bands in the 4000–300 cm-1 region resulting from the H-D substitution, the IR bands of vibrations of Ge-bearing talcs could be identified and synthetic Ge-bearing talcs showed significantly different IR spectra from those for Si-talcs. After deuteration of synthetic Ge-bearing talcs, the unknown bands were attributed either to hydroxyl groups or to Ge–O vibrations of the clay skeleton, and the spectra were interpreted fully.

Transposition to Attenuated Total Reflection of Classical Laws Used in Transmission Spectroscopy: Application to Crystallinity Determination of Polyethylene Terephtalate Films

1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Belali ◽  
J. M. Vigoureux
Keyword(s):  
Incident Beam ◽  
Usual Method ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Transmission Spectroscopy ◽  
Polyethylene Terephtalate ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

We examine the problem which occurs when distinct absorption bands are compared. This problem is linked to the variation of the analyzed thickness of the sample according to the wavelength of the incident beam. Theoretical and experimental corrections are proposed to solve this problem. The theoretical correction is next used to calculate the degree of crystallinity of three polyethylene terephtalate films which cannot be determined by the usual method of transmission spectroscopy.

scholarly journals Quality Assurance of Commercial Insulin Formulations: Novel Assay Using Infrared Spectroscopy

2020 ◽  
pp. 193229682091387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Delbeck ◽  
H. Michael Heise
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Tertiary Structure ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Insulin Degradation ◽  
Reflection Spectroscopy ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Absorption Bands

Background: For insulins in commercial formulations, degradation can be observed within the certified shelf life when not stored at recommended conditions. Elevated temperatures and exposure to shear forces can cause changes in the secondary structure of the hormone, leading to a decrease in pharmaceutical potency. International pharmacopoeia recommendations for insulin quality monitoring assays mainly rely on liquid chromatography methods. These methods are unable to distinguish between active and inactive forms, both of which may exist in pharmaceutical insulins exposed to stress conditions. Method: Infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy has been used for the analysis of insulin dry film preparations using affordable instrumentation. This method can be applied to either formulated insulin specimens or pure insulins obtained by ultrafiltration. Such samples have been stored under different temperatures (0°C, 20°C, and 37°C), and degradation processes have been monitored up to a period of a few months. Results: By analyzing specific shifts of absorption bands in the infrared spectra, which are sensitive to the protein secondary structure, even small structural changes in the hormone become evident. Another option is amide I band deconvolution into individual bands, which can be attributed to secondary structure subunits that are part of the insulin tertiary structure. Conclusion: A novel and innovative method based on infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy of insulin dry films is a promising analytical tool for quantifying the degree of insulin degradation, as it provides information on indicating a decrease in biological potency. The established methods for insulin potency assays require animal testing or clamp experiments on people with diabetes.

Highly Sensitive Biochemical Analysis Using Low-Temperature Infrared Spectroscopy Measurements

1997 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 1682-1686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiko Fujii ◽  
Yuji Miyahara ◽  
Yoshio Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Infrared Absorption ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Creatinine Concentration ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Infrared Absorption Bands

A sensitive infrared spectroscopic analysis of biochemical components in an aqueous solution is described. The infrared spectrum of an aqueous solution containing glucose, urea, and creatinine was measured at −4.7 °C by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) with an attenuated total reflection (ATR) crystal. The infrared absorption bands of these components increased by about 100 times at −4.7 °C as compared with those measured at 22 °C. This increase in the infrared absorption bands was found to occur because of segregation of the components toward the surface of the ATR crystal caused by solidification of the sample solution. The creatinine concentration in an aqueous solution, prepared in the physiological range of human blood, was also estimated at −4.7 and 22 °C by using the partial least-squares (PLS) method. The correlation coefficient between the predicted concentrations by PLS and the prepared concentrations was 0.95 at −4.7 °C, but was 0.07 at 22 °C. Thus, the precision of the determination of creatinine was remarkably improved by using the low-temperature measurement. Index Headings: Biochemical analysis; Low-temperature infrared spectroscopy; Solidification.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs in Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Overview of the Accumulating Evidence and Importance as Novel Biomarkers

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Fujiwara ◽  
Toshiyuki Kunisada ◽  
Ken Takeda ◽  
Koji Uotani ◽  
Aki Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Soft Tissue Sarcomas ◽  
Chromosomal Translocation ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Circulating Mirnas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Mirna Deregulation

Sarcomas are distinctly heterogeneous tumors and a variety of subtypes have been described. Although several diagnostic explorations in the past three decades, such as identification of chromosomal translocation, have greatly improved the diagnosis of soft tissue sarcomas, the unsolved issues, including the limited useful biomarkers, remain. Emerging reports on miRNAs in soft tissue sarcomas have provided clues to solving these problems. Evidence of circulating miRNAs in patients with soft tissue sarcomas and healthy individuals has been accumulated and is accelerating their potential to develop into clinical applications. Moreover, miRNAs that function as novel prognostic factors have been identified, thereby facilitating their use in miRNA-targeted therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on miRNA deregulation in soft tissue sarcomas, and discuss their potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutics.

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