scholarly journals Altered metabolomic profiling of overweight and obese adolescents after combined training is associated with reduced insulin resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata G. Duft ◽  
Alex Castro ◽  
Ivan L. P. Bonfante ◽  
Wendell A. Lopes ◽  
Larissa R. da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Obese Adolescents ◽  
Combined Training ◽  
Positive Effects

Abstract Exercise training and a healthy diet are the main non-pharmacological strategies for treating chronic conditions, such as obesity and insulin resistance (IR), in adolescents. However, the isolated metabolic changes caused by exercise training without dietary intervention have not yet been established. We investigated how combined training (CT) without dietary intervention altered the concentrations of serum metabolites, biochemical, anthropometric and functional parameters in overweight and obese adolescents. Thirty-seven adolescents (14.6 ± 1.05 years), of both sexes, were randomly assigned to the control group (CG, n = 19) or the training group (TG, n = 18). The CT was composed by resistance training and aerobic training performed in the same session (~ 60 min), three times a week, for 12 weeks. All assessments were performed pre and post-intervention. Metabolomics analyses were conducted using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) in a 600 MHz spectrometer. There was a decrease in body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), % body fat (%BF), fasting glucose, insulin levels, and insulin resistance (IR), by HOMA-IR, in the TG. An increase in fat-free mass (FFM) was also observed in the CG. The metabolic changes were given mainly by changes in the levels of metabolites 2-oxoisocaproate (↓TG), 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (↑CG and ↓TG), glucose (↓TG), glutamine (↓CG and ↑TG) and pyruvate (↓TG). These findings demonstrate the positive effects of CT program without dietary intervention on metabolomic profile, body composition, biochemical markers, and glucose metabolism in overweight and obese adolescents.

scholarly journals 12-Week Exercise Training of Knee Joint and Squat Movement Improves Gait Ability in Older Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1515
Author(s):  
Myungsoo Choi ◽  
Nayoung Ahn ◽  
Jusik Park ◽  
Kijin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Active Motion ◽  
Combined Training ◽  
Digitally Controlled

This study analyzed the effects of an exercise training program consisting of a knee joint complex exercise device (leg-link system) with digitally controlled active motion function and squat movement on physical fitness and gait ability of elderly women aged 70 or above. Fifty four (54) elderly women aged 70 or above were divided into three groups as control group (n = 18), aerobic training group (n = 18), and combined training group with resistance and aerobic exercise (n = 18). Health-related physical fitness, gait ability-related physical fitness, and the temporal and spatial parameters of gait ability were compared. The health-related physical fitness after the 12-week training was not significantly altered in control group, whereas combined training group showed significant increase in all factors (p < 0.05) and aerobic training group showed significant increase (p < 0.05) only in the physical efficiency index. The gait ability-related physical fitness and all items of the temporal and spatial parameters of gait were found to have significantly increased (p < 0.05) in combined training group after the 12-week exercise training; however, in aerobic training group, only the factors related to muscular endurance and balance showed significant increase (p < 0.05). This study suggested that the exercise training consisting of knee joint complex exercise with digitally controlled active motion function and squat exercise for strengthening lower extremities and core muscles had positive effects on enhancing the ambulatory competence in elderly women.

Abstract P036: Effects of Exercise Training and Increasing Non-Exercise Physical Activity on Lipoprotein Subclass and Size: Results From the I-CAN Study

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damon L Swift ◽  
Mark A Sarzynski ◽  
Joshua McGee ◽  
Savanna Barefoot ◽  
Patricia M Brophy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Lipoprotein Subclass ◽  
Lipoprotein Subclasses ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that lipoprotein particle size and lipoprotein subclasses are associated with cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes risk, and have independent prognostic value above traditional lipid concentrations. The impact of exercise training and increasing non-exercise physical activity on lipoprotein subclasses and size has not been previously investigated. Methods: In this pilot study, 35 obese adults were randomized to aerobic exercise training (50-75% of VO 2 max) (AERO, n=11), aerobic training and increasing non-exercise physical activity (AERO-PA, n=10, ~3,000 steps above baseline levels), or a non-exercise control group (n=14) for 6 months. Baseline and follow-up blood samples were analyzed for lipoprotein subclass, size, and lipoprotein insulin resistance score (LP-IR) using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (Liposcience, NC). Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the change in outcome variables following the intervention across groups with adjustment for baseline value and age. Participants who changed lipid medications during the intervention (n=2) or who were non-adherent to exercise training (n=2) were excluded from the analysis. Results: Significant reductions were observed for mean VLDL size in the AERO-PA group (-4.7 nm, CI: -8.7 to -0.8) compared to control group (0.7 nm, CI: -2.7 to 4.4) and the AERO group (1.1 nm, CI: -2.9 to 5.0). Reductions in triglyceride concentrations were observed in the AERO-PA group (-28.3 mg/dL, CI: -50.3 to -6.4) compared to control (4.1 mg/dL, CI: -14.6 to 22.8). Additionally, we observed a trend for LP-IR index (p=0.055) and the concentration of small HDL particles (p=0.093) to decrease in the AERO-PA group compared to controls, with no differences compared to the AERO group (p>0.10). No significant changes were observed for other notable lipoprotein measures, such as LDL size, HDL size, concentration of small LDL particles, or chylomicron measures (p>0.05). In the AERO-PA group, the change in steps was associated with the change in LP-IR index (r= -0.71, p=0.013), but not with change in VLDL size (r= -0.24, p=0.463) or triglyceride concentrations (r=-0.28, p=0.388). Conclusions: Aerobic training combined with increasing non-exercise physical activity leads to favorable changes in the lipoprotein profile, specifically reductions in VLDL size and triglycerides, and may have promise for other lipoprotein traits (reductions in LP-IR and small HDL particles) that were not observed with aerobic training alone.

Impact of exercise training without caloric restriction on inflammation, insulin resistance and visceral fat mass in obese adolescents

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mendelson ◽  
A.-S. Michallet ◽  
D. Monneret ◽  
C. Perrin ◽  
F. Estève ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Obese Adolescents

scholarly journals Insulin resistance in obese adolescents affects the expression of genes associated with immune response

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmytro O. Minchenko
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Obese Adolescents ◽  
Expression Of Genes

AbstractObjective. The development of obesity and its metabolic complications is associated with dysregulation of various intrinsic mechanisms, which control basic metabolic processes through changes in the expression of numerous regulatory genes.Methods. The expression level of HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, HLA-G, HLA-F, and NFX1 genes as well as miR-190b was measured in the blood of obese adolescents without signs of resistance to insulin and with insulin resistance in comparison with the group of relative healthy control individuals without signs of obesity.Results. It was shown that obesity without signs of insulin resistance is associated with upregulation of the expression level of HLA-DRA and HLA-DRB1 genes, but with down-regulation of HLA-G gene expression in the blood as compared to control group of relative healthy adolescents. At the same time, no significant changes were observed in the expression level of HLA-F and NFX1 genes in the blood of this group of obese adolescents. Development of insulin resistance in obese individuals leads to significant down-regulation of HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, HLA-G, and HLA-F gene expressions as well as to up-regulation of NFX1 gene as well as microRNA miR-190b in the blood as compared to obese patients without signs of insulin resistance.Conclusions. Results of this study provide evidence that obesity affects the expression of the subset of genes related to immune response in the blood and that development of insulin resistance in obese adolescents is associated with strong down-regulation of the expressions of HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, HLA-F, and HLA-G genes, which may be contribute to the development of obesity complications. It is possible that transcription factor NFX1 and miR-190b participate in downregulation of HLA-DRA gene expression in the blood of obese adolescents with insulin resistance.

scholarly journals Exercise-induced reversal of insulin resistance in obese elderly is associated with reduced visceral fat

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1584-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie B. O’Leary ◽  
Christine M. Marchetti ◽  
Raj K. Krishnan ◽  
Bradley P. Stetzer ◽  
Frank Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Men And Women

Exercise improves glucose metabolism and delays the onset and/or reverses insulin resistance in the elderly by an unknown mechanism. In the present study, we examined the effects of exercise training on glucose metabolism, abdominal adiposity, and adipocytokines in obese elderly. Sixteen obese men and women (age = 63 ± 1 yr, body mass index = 33.2 ± 1.4 kg/m2) participated in a 12-wk supervised exercise program (5 days/wk, 60 min/day, treadmill/cycle ergometry at 85% of heart rate maximum). Visceral fat (VF), subcutaneous fat, and total abdominal fat were measured by computed tomography. Fat mass and fat-free mass were assessed by hydrostatic weighing. An oral glucose tolerance test was used to determine changes in insulin resistance. Exercise training increased maximal oxygen consumption (21.3 ± 0.8 vs. 24.3 ± 1.0 ml·kg−1·min−1, P < 0.0001), decreased body weight ( P < 0.0001) and fat mass ( P < 0.001), while fat-free mass was not altered ( P > 0.05). VF (176 ± 20 vs. 136 ± 17 cm2, P < 0.0001), subcutaneous fat (351 ± 34 vs. 305 ± 28 cm2, P < 0.03), and total abdominal fat (525 ± 40 vs. 443 ± 34 cm2, P < 0.003) were reduced through training. Circulating leptin was lower ( P < 0.003) after training, but total adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-α remained unchanged. Insulin resistance was reversed by exercise (40.1 ± 7.7 vs. 27.6 ± 5.6 units, P < 0.01) and correlated with changes in VF ( r = 0.66, P < 0.01) and maximal oxygen consumption ( r = −0.48, P < 0.05) but not adipocytokines. VF loss after aerobic exercise training improves glucose metabolism and is associated with the reversal of insulin resistance in older obese men and women.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate-induced manipulation of insulin sensitivity independently of intramyocellular lipids

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise M. Goff ◽  
Gary S. Frost ◽  
Gavin Hamilton ◽  
E. Louise Thomas ◽  
Waljit S. Dhillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Intramyocellular Lipids ◽  
Post Intervention

Subjects with insulin resistance have been shown to have higher storage levels of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) than their insulin-sensitive counterparts. It has been proposed that elevated IMCL stores may be the main cause of insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether there is a causal relationship between IMCL storage and insulin resistance. IMCL storage was assessed using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and insulin sensitivity was assessed by performing an oral glucose tolerance test. A 4-week intervention of reduction of dietary glycaemic index was used to manipulate insulin sensitivity in a cohort of healthy volunteers; the effects of this intervention on IMCL were measured after 4 weeks of intervention. Significant improvements in the insulin sensitivity index occurred following the dietary intervention (baseline 7·8 (sem 1·11) v. post-intervention 9·7 (sem 1·11), P=0·02). However, there were no changes in IMCL storage levels, suggesting that insulin sensitivity can be manipulated independently of IMCL. This suggests that in healthy volunteers, insulin sensitivity is independent of IMCL storage and the high storage levels that have been found in insulin-resistant subjects may occur as a consequence rather than a cause of insulin resistance.

Physiological Effects of Weight Cycling in Female Lightweight Rowers

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J. McCargar ◽  
Deanna Simmons ◽  
Neil Craton ◽  
Jack E. Taunton ◽  
C. Laird Birmingham
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Weight Cycling ◽  
Weight Fluctuation ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
History Of

Repeated cycles of weight loss and regain are referred to as weight cycling. It is a practice of many athletes who must achieve a low body weight. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a history of weight cycling results in sustained metabolic changes. Healthy female rowers with a history of dieting and weight fluctuation (n = 7) were compared to a control group of rowers who had never dieted (n = 7). Anthropometric and metabolic measurements were done at pre-, peak, and off-season during a 1-year period. At peak season the weight cyclers restricted their food intake and lost 4.2 ± 1.8 kg, and subsequently regained 4.0 ± 2.1 kg in the off-season. This was different from the controls (p =.003), who maintained a stable body weight at all times. No other group differences were observed. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and triiodothyronine (T3) changed with time (p =.001, p =.000, respectively) in both groups, which appeared to reflect changes in fat free mass (FFM), not body weight. Long-term metabolic changes were not observed in these athletes. Key words: weight cycling, metabolic rate, body composition, rowers

scholarly journals Exercise and diet enhance fat oxidation and reduce insulin resistance in older obese adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 1313-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. J. Solomon ◽  
Sakita N. Sistrun ◽  
Raj K. Krishnan ◽  
Luis F. Del Aguila ◽  
Christine M. Marchetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Leptin Sensitivity

Older, obese, and sedentary individuals are at high risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Exercise training improves metabolic anomalies associated with such diseases, but the effects of caloric restriction in addition to exercise in such a high-risk group are not known. Changes in body composition and metabolism during a lifestyle intervention were investigated in 23 older, obese men and women (aged 66 ± 1 yr, body mass index 33.2 ± 1.4 kg/m2) with impaired glucose tolerance. All volunteers undertook 12 wk of aerobic exercise training [5 days/wk for 60 min at 75% maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max)] with either normal caloric intake (eucaloric group, 1,901 ± 277 kcal/day, n = 12) or a reduced-calorie diet (hypocaloric group, 1,307 ± 70 kcal/day, n = 11), as dictated by nutritional counseling. Body composition (decreased fat mass; maintained fat-free mass), aerobic fitness (V̇o2max), leptinemia, insulin sensitivity, and intramyocellular lipid accumulation (IMCL) in skeletal muscle improved in both groups ( P < 0.05). Improvements in body composition, leptin, and basal fat oxidation were greater in the hypocaloric group. Following the intervention, there was a correlation between the increase in basal fat oxidation and the decrease in IMCL ( r = −0.53, P = 0.04). In addition, basal fat oxidation was associated with circulating leptin after ( r = 0.65, P = 0.0007) but not before the intervention ( r = 0.05, P = 0.84). In conclusion, these data show that exercise training improves resting substrate oxidation and creates a metabolic milieu that appears to promote lipid utilization in skeletal muscle, thus facilitating a reversal of insulin resistance. We also demonstrate that leptin sensitivity is improved but that such a trend may rely on reducing caloric intake in addition to exercise training.

scholarly journals Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome in BRCA Mutation Carriers

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Bruno ◽  
Siranoush Manoukian ◽  
Elisabetta Venturelli ◽  
Andreina Oliverio ◽  
Francesca Rovera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Brca Mutation ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mutation Carriers ◽  
Brca Mutation Carriers ◽  
The Mediterranean

Background. Insulin resistance is associated with higher breast cancer (BC) penetrance in BRCA mutation carriers. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), an insulin resistance syndrome, can be reversed by adhering to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet). In a dietary intervention trial on BRCA mutation carriers, we evaluated adherence to the MedDiet, and the association with the MetS, by analyzing data from the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS). Methods. BRCA mutation carriers, with or without BC, aged 18 to 70 years, were eligible for the trial. After the baseline examinations, women were randomized to a dietary intervention or to a control group. Both groups completed the MEDAS at baseline and at the end of the dietary intervention. Results. A total of 163 women completed the 6 months of dietary intervention. Compared with controls, the women in the intervention group significantly reduced their consumption of red meat ( P < .01) and commercial sweets ( P < .01) and their MEDAS score rose significantly (+1.3 vs +0.55, P = .02). The number of MetS parameters decreased with increasing points of adherence to the MEDAS score ( P = .01). In the intervention group, there was a significant association with the greater reduction of MetS. Conclusion. BRCA mutation carriers in the intervention group experienced greater improvement in their MedDiet and MetS parameters.

scholarly journals Levels Orexigenic and Anorexigenic Hormones in Adolescents with Obesity

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hypothalamic Dysfunction ◽  
Obese Adolescents ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Serum Ghrelin ◽  
First Time

Background: About 20 thousands of new cases of obesity (Ob) are first registered in children and adolescents in Ukraine annually (morbidity 2.72/1000, prevalence 13.50/1000 of the corresponding population on 01.01.2016). Adolescent Ob shows catastrophic rise (prevalence 8.9/ 1000 in 2001 vs 28.3/1000 in 2015). Completely unclear the role of Ghr in the etiopathogenesis of obesity in adolescents with HD. Material and Methods: A total of 39 obese children with HD (14 boys, 15, 1 ± 1, 4 y) and 14 healthy control (mean age 14, 6 ± 1, 2 y) were included into the study. Among patients with HD- 16 patients (41, 03 %) had visceral abdominal obesity (VAOb), 23 patients (58, 97 %) had gluteofemoral obesity (GFOb). Serum Ghrelin, Insulin level, HOMA-IR were studied. Such studies are conducted in Ukraine for the first time. Results: Overweightt was revealed in 15 (38, 5 %) patients with HD, ObI – in 8 (20, 5 %) people, ObII – in 10 (25, 6 %) persons, ObIII – in 6 people (15, 4 %). The signs of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR > 2, 77; IRI > 20 μIU/mL) were noted in 60 % patients. Serum Ghr level was found significantly lower in obese adolescents compared to that of control group and was dependent on the degree of Ob. The level of Ghr was the lowest (582, 58 ± 59, 37 ng/mL) in patients with ObIII. The level of Ghr was significantly lower (p <0.05) in patients with VAOb than with GFOb (656, 63 ± 113, 16 vs 1212, 13 ± 114, 6 ng/ml, respectively). The levels of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance were increased with an increase in the degree of obesity. Conclusion: Hypothalamic dysfunction, associated with obesity in adolescents, is accompanied by a low serum Ghr level. A high degree of obesity is accompanied by a greater decrease in the Ghr level. A significantly lower Ghr level was registered in abdominal Ob comparing to gluteofemoral type of obesity. Further studies the relationship of Ghr level, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in obese adolescents with hypothalamic dysfunction are required.

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