scholarly journals A comprehensive analysis of selected medicines collected from private drug outlets of Dhaka city, Bangladesh in a simple random survey

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Sofiqur Rahman ◽  
Naoko Yoshida ◽  
Hirohito Tsuboi ◽  
James Regun Karmoker ◽  
Nadia Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Random Survey ◽  
Portable Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
North And South

AbstractComprehensive data are needed to prevent substandard and falsified (SF) medicines as they pose a major risk to human health. To assess the quality of selected medicines, samples were collected from random private drug outlets of Dhaka North and South City Corporation, Bangladesh. Sample analysis included visual observation of the packaging, authenticity of the samples, legitimacy and registration verification of the manufacturer, physicochemical analysis, and price. Chemical analysis of the samples was performed using a portable Raman spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography according to the pharmacopoeia. Several discrepancies were noted in the visual observation of samples. Among the 189 collected samples of esomeprazole (ESM), cefixime (CFIX), and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (CVA-AMPC), 21.2% were confirmed to be authentic, 91.3% manufacturers were confirmed legitimate, and 2.1% of all samples were unregistered. Chemical analysis of the samples revealed that 9.5% (95% CI 5.7–14.6) of samples were SFs. Falsified samples and quality variation in the same generic branded samples were both detected by Raman spectroscopic analysis. Overall, sample prices were satisfactory relative to the international reference price. This study documents the availability of poor-quality medicines, demonstrating the need for immediate attention by the national medicine regulatory authority.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Analysis of Select Medicines Collected from Private Drug Outlets of Dhaka City, Bangladesh in a Simple Random Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Sofiqur Rahman ◽  
Naoko Yoshida ◽  
Hirohito Tsuboi ◽  
James Regun Karmoker ◽  
Nadia Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Random Survey ◽  
Portable Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
North And South

Abstract Comprehensive data are needed to prevent substandard and falsified (SF) medicines as they pose a major risk to human health. To assess the quality of select medicines, samples were collected from random private drug outlets of Dhaka North and South City Corporation, Bangladesh. Sample analysis included visual observation of the packaging, authenticity of the samples, legitimacy and registration verification of the manufacturer, physicochemical analysis, and price. Chemical analysis of the samples was performed using a portable Raman spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography according to the pharmacopoeia. Several discrepancies were noted in the visual observation of samples. Among the 189 collected samples of esomeprazole (ESM), cefixime (CFIX), and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (CVA-AMPC), 21.2% were confirmed to be authentic, 91.3% manufacturers were confirmed legitimate, and 2.1% of all samples were unregistered. Chemical analysis of the samples revealed that 9.5% (95% CI, 0.057–0.146) of samples were SFs. Falsified samples and quality variation in the same generic branded samples were both detected by Raman spectroscopic analysis. Overall, sample prices were satisfactory relative to the international reference price. Despite the relatively smaller proportions of SFs, this study documents the availability of poor-quality medicines, demonstrating the need for immediate attention by the national medicine regulatory authority.

scholarly journals Adsorption Mechanism of Patulin from Apple Juice by Inactivated Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Kefir Grains

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 434
Author(s):  
Pascaline Bahati ◽  
Xuejun Zeng ◽  
Ferdinand Uzizerimana ◽  
Ariunsaikhan Tsoggerel ◽  
Muhammad Awais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Adsorption Mechanism ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Potential Health Hazard ◽  
Kefir Grains

In the food industry, microbiological safety is a major concern. Mycotoxin patulin represents a potential health hazard, as it is heat-resistant and may develop at any stage during the food chain, especially in apple-based products, leading to severe effects on human health, poor quality products, and profit reductions. The target of the study was to identify and characterize an excellent adsorbent to remove patulin from apple juice efficiently and to assess its adsorption mechanism. To prevent juice fermentation and/or contamination, autoclaving was involved to inactivate bacteria before the adsorption process. The HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) outcome proved that all isolated strains from kefir grains could reduce patulin from apple juice. A high removal of 93% was found for juice having a 4.6 pH, 15° Brix, and patulin concentration of 100 μg/L by Lactobacillus kefiranofacien, named JKSP109, which was morphologically the smoothest and biggest of all isolates in terms of cell wall volume and surface area characterized by SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy). C=O, OH, C–H, and N–O were the main functional groups engaged in patulin adsorption indicated by FTIR (Fourier transform–infrared). E-nose (electronic nose) was performed to evaluate the aroma quality of the juices. PCA (Principal component analysis) results showed that no significant changes occurred between control and treated juice.

scholarly journals Development and application of a spectrophotometric method in quality evaluation of benzimidazole anthelminthics in Nairobi city county

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnson K. Murage ◽  
Beatrice K. Amugune ◽  
Peter Njogu ◽  
Stanley Ndwigah
Keyword(s):  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Good Precision ◽  
Market Surveillance

Abstract Background Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of communicable diseases which are prevalent in the tropics affecting more than one billion people. Treatment and prevention of these infections is very costly to developing economies. Helminthiases are classified among NTDs. The communities afflicted are poor and have limited access to essential resources for their livelihood. Poor-quality drugs for NTDs may lead to death or prolonged treatment without achieving the desired results. The limited resources used in purchasing poor-quality drugs will therefore be wasted instead of being put to good use. Most of the methods available for the analysis of benzimidazole anthelminthics utilize high-performance liquid chromatography. They are therefore time consuming, require sophisticated and expensive equipment, utilize rare and expensive reagents and solvents, and call for skilled personnel. A simple, rapid, and inexpensive ultraviolet spectrophotometric method of analysis would therefore come in handy especially in the analysis of many samples as occurs during post-authorization market surveillance for quality. Results The suitable solvent for the spectroscopic analysis was established as 0.1 M methanolic HCl. The wavelength of analysis was set at 294 nm. Upon validation, the method was found to have good linearity. The range over which linearity was established was way beyond the 80 to 120% of the working concentration specified by the ICH. The method exhibited good precision. Out of 32 commercial samples analyzed, five (15.6%) did not comply with compendial specifications. Intra-brand batch variation was also observed. Out of three batches of product A002T analyzed, one did not comply with compendial specifications. Conclusion A major limitation in the analysis of benzimidazole anthelminthics is the lack of reliable, simple, rapid, and low-cost methods of analysis with high throughput. The developed method serves to fill this gap. It can be used in the analysis of raw materials and finished products. It can also be used in the establishment of the quality of products prior to registration. The method will prove very useful in post-market surveillance of quality of benzimidazole anthelminthics.

scholarly journals Environmentally Friendly, High-Performance Fire Retardant Made from Cellulose and Graphite

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2400
Author(s):  
Leandra P. Santos ◽  
Douglas S. da Silva ◽  
Thais H. Morari ◽  
Fernando Galembeck
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
New Developments ◽  
New Class ◽  
New Material ◽  
Accredited Laboratory ◽  
Materials Used

Many materials and additives perform well as fire retardants and suppressants, but there is an ever-growing list of unfulfilled demands requiring new developments. This work explores the outstanding dispersant and adhesive performances of cellulose to create a new effective fire-retardant: exfoliated and reassembled graphite (ERG). This is a new 2D polyfunctional material formed by drying aqueous dispersions of graphite and cellulose on wood, canvas, and other lignocellulosic materials, thus producing adherent layers that reduce the damage caused by a flame to the substrates. Visual observation, thermal images and surface temperature measurements reveal fast heat transfer away from the flamed spots, suppressing flare formation. Pinewood coated with ERG underwent standard flame resistance tests in an accredited laboratory, reaching the highest possible class for combustible substrates. The fire-retardant performance of ERG derives from its thermal stability in air and from its ability to transfer heat to the environment, by conduction and radiation. This new material may thus lead a new class of flame-retardant coatings based on a hitherto unexplored mechanism for fire retardation and showing several technical advantages: the precursor dispersions are water-based, the raw materials used are commodities, and the production process can be performed on commonly used equipment with minimal waste.

scholarly journals Chemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Photoprotective Activities of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (Anacardiaceae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Raquel Gomes de Lima-Saraiva ◽  
Fernanda Granja da Silva Oliveira ◽  
Raimundo Gonçalves de Oliveira Junior ◽  
Camila de Souza Araújo ◽  
Ana Paula de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Protection Factor ◽  
Dpph Method ◽  
High Concentrations

Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. is a native plant of Caatinga which has high concentrations of compounds capable of absorbing ultraviolet light, suggesting its potential application for the development of sunscreen preparations. After its identification and collection, this vegetable drug was submitted to a physicochemical analysis through the preparation of ethanolic extract. The phytochemical screening and analysis of extracts were carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) evaluation. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and β-carotene bleaching test. Inhibitory hemolytic activity and morphological deformation of erythrocytes induced by H2O2 were also demonstrated and the antimicrobial activity was analyzed by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) method. For the in vitro determination of the sun protection factor (SPF), the spectrophotometric method was used. From the analyses carried out with this species, this plant showed significant results for the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, as well as sunscreen action. Important flavonoids were identified. These data are an important step for the development of new photoprotective cosmetic with Caatinga species, revealing importance and representing another incentive for the preservation of the species involved and analyzed in the study.

scholarly journals General Analytical Schemes for the Characterization of Pectin-Based Edible Gelled Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Haghighi ◽  
Karamatollah Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Rheological Measurement ◽  
Rheological Measurements ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Pectin-based gelled systems have gained increasing attention for the design of newly developed food products. For this reason, the characterization of such formulas is a necessity in order to present scientific data and to introduce an appropriate finished product to the industry. Various analytical techniques are available for the evaluation of the systems formulated on the basis of pectin and the designed gel. In this paper, general analytical approaches for the characterization of pectin-based gelled systems were categorized into several subsections including physicochemical analysis, visual observation, textural/rheological measurement, microstructural image characterization, and psychorheological evaluation. Three-dimensional trials to assess correlations among microstructure, texture, and taste were also discussed. Practical examples of advanced objective techniques including experimental setups for small and large deformation rheological measurements and microstructural image analysis were presented in more details.

scholarly journals Contribution to the Detection of Poor Quality Sildenafil Drugs in Burkina Faso Using High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Abdoul Karim Sakira ◽  
Mitéhélé Sandrine Marie Josiane Ouattara ◽  
Moussa Yabre ◽  
Moumouni Bande ◽  
Touridomon Issa Some
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Counterfeit Drugs ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Validity Range ◽  
Optimization Parameters ◽  
Peak Areas ◽  
Layer Chromatography

In substandard drugs enforcement, there is a need to develop reliable, fast, and inexpensive analytical methods. Due to its very characteristics, HPTLC offers opportunities for the development of methods that meet these requirements. This technique was used to develop and validate a method for the determination of sildenafil in pharmaceutical formulations from the licit and illicit supply chain in Burkina Faso. Taking into account optimization parameters such as measurement wavelength and mobile phase composition, the best elution quality is found at the maximum signals of spots on silica plates at 305 nm, using a mixture of dichloromethane-methanol mixture 9 : 1 (v/v) proportions. The method developed under these conditions was validated using the accuracy profile as a decision tool. The establishment of the response function curves allowed the choice of the polynomial function applied to the peak areas. This mathematical model provides a validity range between 0.4 and 0.6 mg/mL. The application of the developed and validated method to collected samples allowed the detection of two substandard drugs and confirmed the poor quality of drugs in the illicit market. More data using this approach in a variety of drug molecules could lead to the establishment of databases of counterfeit drugs in Burkina Faso.

Moisture Reliability Improvement of a High Performance Depletion Mode 0.15 um Gate PHEMT Process

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (1) ◽  
pp. 000050-000054
Author(s):  
Jon Abrokwah ◽  
John Stanback ◽  
Jerry Wang ◽  
Molly Johnson ◽  
Chi L. Jiaa
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Optical Lithography ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Reliability Improvement ◽  
Deep Uv ◽  
Metal Migration

Moisture reliability of a 0.15-um gate PHEMT technology for mm-wave applications was investigated. The PHEMT technology is fabricated with a deep UV optical lithography, and typically exhibits transconductance of ~550 mS/mm and fT of ~90 GHz. Moisture reliability, THBL or BHAST performed at 85% relative humidity, and 95 °C, or 130 °C and 85% RH, respectively, initially showed failures up to 70%, under various process splits. Extensive failure analysis pointed to a number of mechanisms contributing to failure, the key culprit being moisture ingress, enabled by poor quality of SiN, stresses, seams, and voids in the passivation dielectric around the gate topology. Moisture penetrated the SiN to GaAs surface through seams in the dielectric around the gate or regions of high local stress such as gate feeds and ends. A corrosion process ensued with the applied voltage bias on the device drain and gate during the THBL or BHAST environmental stress, leading to GaAs oxidation, metal migration and shorts. By designing the gate topology appropriately, failures were reduced to the range of 0–3.4 %. Further, using a BCB overcoat, failures were completely eliminated.

scholarly journals A rapid cell-based assay for determining poloxamer quality in CHO suspension cell culture

BioTechniques ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 98-109
Author(s):  
Athmaram Thimmasandra Narayanappa ◽  
Sam Mwilu ◽  
Stacy Holdread ◽  
Kimesha Hammett ◽  
George Bu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Viable Cell Density ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Suspension Cell Culture ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Significant Drop

Poloxamers are water-soluble polymers that are widely used in cell culture bioprocessing to protect cells against shearing forces. Use of poor-quality poloxamers may lead to a drastic reduction in cell growth, viabilities and productivities in cell culture-based manufacturing. In order to evaluate poloxamer quality and promote more consistent performance, a rapid cell membrane adhesion to hydrocarbon assay was developed based on the adhesive properties of cell membranes to selective hydrocarbons. The assay can identify a poor-performing poloxamer characterized by significant drop in viable cell density and percent viability. The assay was verified across multiple good and bad poloxamer lots, and the results were in agreement with established cell growth and high-performance liquid chromatography assays.

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