scholarly journals Genetically predicted education attainment in relation to somatic and mental health

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Yuan ◽  
Ying Xiong ◽  
Madeleine Michaëlsson ◽  
Karl Michaëlsson ◽  
Susanna C. Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cancer Breast ◽  
Artery Disease

AbstractA deeper understanding of the causal links from education level to health outcomes may shed a light for disease prevention. In the present Mendelian randomization study, we found that genetically higher education level was associated with lower risk of major mental disorders and most somatic diseases, independent of intelligence. Higher education level adjusted for intelligence was associated with lower risk of suicide attempts, insomnia, major depressive disorder, heart failure, stroke, coronary artery disease, lung cancer, breast cancer, type 2 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis but with higher risk of obsessive–compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, anxiety, bipolar disorder and prostate cancer. Higher education level was associated with reduced obesity and smoking, which mediated quite an extent of the associations between education level and health outcomes. These findings emphasize the importance of education to reduce the burden of common diseases.

Suicidality and Aggressive Behavior in Body Dysmorphic Disorder

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine A. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Completed Suicide ◽  
Increased Risk

This chapter reviews suicidality and aggressive/violent behavior in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and presents clinical cases, which reflect the extreme suffering that BDD often causes. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts are common in BDD. This has been found in both clinical and epidemiologic samples and in adults as well as youth. More severe BDD symptoms are independently associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Suicidality appears more common in BDD than in obsessive-compulsive disorder and other clinical samples with which BDD has been directly compared. Although data are limited, the rate of completed suicide appears markedly elevated; indeed, individuals with BDD have many risk factors for completed suicide. Physical aggression and violence are less well studied but appear to commonly occur as a consequence of BDD. Surgeons, dermatologists, and other clinicians who provide cosmetic treatment may be at particular risk. Additional studies designed to investigate these topics are urgently needed.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

1996 ◽  
Vol 169 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Veale ◽  
Ann Boocock ◽  
Kevin Gournay ◽  
Windy Dryden ◽  
Fozia Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Primary Disorder ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Axis I ◽  
High Degree

BackgroundBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) consists of a preoccupation with an ‘imagined’ defect in appearance which causes significant distress or impairment in functioning. There has been little previous research into BDD. This study replicates a survey from the USA in a UK population and evaluates specific measures of BDD.MethodCross-sectional interview survey of 50 patients who satisfied DSM–IV criteria for BDD as their primary disorder.ResultsThe average age at onset was late adolescence and a large proportion of patients were either single or divorced. Three-quarters of the sample were female. There was a high degree of comorbidity with the most common additional Axis I diagnosis being either a mood disorder (26%), social phobia (16%) or obsessive–compulsive disorder (6%). Twenty-four per cent had made a suicide attempt in the past. Personality disorders were present in 72% of patients, the most common being paranoid, avoidant and obsessive–compulsive.ConclusionsBDD patients had a high associated comorbidity and previous suicide attempts. BDD is a chronic handicapping disorder and patients are not being adequately identified or treated by health professionals.

EDUCATION PREMIUM IN THE ONLINE PEER-TO-PEER LENDING MARKETPLACE: EVIDENCE FROM THE BIG DATA IN CHINA

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (01) ◽  
pp. 45-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUANJUAN CHEN ◽  
YABIN ZHANG ◽  
ZHUJIA YIN
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Bachelor's Degrees ◽  
P2p Lending ◽  
Peer Lending

We study the education premiums in the online peer-to-peer (P2P) lending marketplace in which individuals bid on unsecured microloans applied by individual borrowers. Using more than 100,000 consummated and failed listings from the largest online P2P lending marketplace in China — Paipaidai.com, we examine whether higher education level lead to lower interest rates and lower risk of default. We find that controlling for other characteristics of borrowers, borrowing rates of borrowers with bachelor’s degrees is 0.141 percent higher than that of borrowers with associate’s degrees, and that female borrowers’ education premiums were higher than their male counterparts. With regard to loan performance, borrowers with bachelor’s degrees are 13% less likely to default than the borrowers with associate’s degrees. Therefore, the education premiums in the P2P lending marketplace are rational.

scholarly journals Rhabdomyolysis as a manifestation of clomipramine poisoning

2013 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 432-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Oliveira de Santana ◽  
Aécio Flávio Teixeira de Góis
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Gastric Lavage ◽  
Antidepressive Agents ◽  
Electric Activity ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Refractory Hypotension ◽  
Serum Transaminases

CONTEXT: Tricyclic antidepressive agents are widely used in suicide attempts and present a variety of deleterious effects. Rhabdomyolysis is a rare complication of such poisoning. CASE REPORT: A 55-year-old woman ingested 120 pills of 25 mg clomipramine in a suicide attempt two days before admission. After gastric lavage in another emergency department on the day of intake, 80 pills were removed. On admission to our department, she was disoriented, complaining of a dry mouth and tremors at the extremities. An electrocardiogram showed a sinus rhythm with narrow QRS complexes. Laboratory results showed high creatine phosphokinase (CK = 15,094 U/l on admission; normal range = 26 to 140 U/l), hypocalcemia, slightly increased serum transaminases and mild metabolic acidosis. The patient's medical history included depression with previous suicide attempts, obsessive-compulsive disorder, hypothyroidism and osteoporosis. She presented cardiac arrest with pulseless electric activity for seven minutes and afterwards, without sedation, showed continuous side-to-side eye movement. She developed refractory hypotension, with need for vasopressors. Ceftriaxone and clindamycin administration was started because of a hypothesis of bronchoaspiration. The patient remained unresponsive even without sedation, with continuous side-to-side eye movement and a decerebrate posture. She died two months later. Rhabdomyolysis is a very rare complication of poisoning due to tricyclic drugs. It had only previously been described after an overdose of cyclobenzaprine, which has a toxicity profile similar to tricyclic drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Although arrhythmia is the most important complication, rhabdomyolysis should be investigated in cases of clomipramine poisoning.

scholarly journals ANXIETY DISORDERS AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Oksana Yurievna Gerasimova ◽  
Lyubov Nikolaevna Semchenko
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
First Year ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Background: Concerns about the psychological health of students are determined by their lifestyle, specific working conditions, and the role that this social group plays in society. Compensatory mechanisms of students do not always cope with new living conditions and the requirements of higher education, which leads to stress, psychological and social conflicts, as well as to the use of psychoactive substances. Aim. The paper aims to identify the prevalence of anxiety disorders among medical students to develop recommendations for primary and secondary psychological prevention. Materials and methods: the study was conducted throughout the year. The first- and fourth-year students (52.6 % and 47. 4 % respectively) of the medical faculty of the South Ural State Medical University participated in the study (n = 612). The study involved both females (66.8 %) and males (33.2 %). To identify various anxiety disorders, the Yale-Brown Scale, ICD-10 criteria (F41.0 and F41.1), and anonymous survey were used. To assess the reliability of the values obtained, the Student’s t-test was used. Relative values and their representative errors were calculated. Results: anxiety disorders were detected in 65.8 % of first-year students and more than half of fourth-year students. Moreover, anxiety disorders are 1.5 times more common in females than in males. Depressive conditions were found in every fifth student, regardless of the year of study. More than half of first-year students and every third fourth-year student suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder of varying severity. Severe and extremely severe obsessive-compulsive disorder in first-year students occurs 2 times more often than in fourth-year students. Conclusion: anxiety disorders are widespread among medical students, which requires their primary and secondary prevention. First-year students are particularly affected by adaptation to new living conditions and the requirements of higher education.

The Relationship of Body Dysmorphic Disorder to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and the Concept of the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Simberlund ◽  
Eric Hollander
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Compulsive Behaviors ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter describes the relationship of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the concept of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum. BDD is proposed to be part of an obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders, given its many similarities to OCD. OCD and BDD are both characterized by obsessions and compulsions, although in BDD individuals focus specifically on body image concerns, whereas in OCD they typically focus on concerns such as contamination, harm, and aggression. Distress that results from obsessions usually generates compulsive behaviors intended to reduce emotional discomfort. Individuals with BDD are more likely to have delusional beliefs and significantly poorer insight. Individuals with BDD report higher rates of major depressive disorder, substance use disorders, suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempts. OCD and BDD demonstrate familiality, indicating that they are likely related conditions. OCD and BDD are thought to be heterogeneous disorders that result from both genetic and environmental factors, some of which appear to be shared; for example, they appear to share some abnormalities involving the basal ganglia and limbic system (specifically the caudate nucleus).

scholarly journals Resolving the discrepancies of suicide risk in obsessive-compulsive patients: a review of incidence rates and risk factors of suicide and suicide attempts in OCD

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S297-S297
Author(s):  
Himanshu Tyagi ◽  
Gabriel Bundies
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Suicide Rates

AimsObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) describes a mental health condition in which affected patients experience persistent obsessions, which may often, but not always result in compulsions, causing major distress and anxiety. Obsessions are defined as intrusive thoughts with a high emotional valence, whereas compulsion are repetitive actions, which demonstrate the attempt to eliminate obsessive thoughts.When speaking of OCD, risk of suicide is rarely a topic of concern. There is still no consensus about whether OCD and suicide are associated. Early schools of clinical sciences propose a low risk of harm, which was taught to most mental health practitioners currently working in health services. Moreover, the World Health Organisation currently classifies OCD as the 11th leading cause of nonfatal burden, indicating that despite the potential for causing significant disabilities, OCD does not pose any serious health risks. Contemporary evidence, however, suggests that the risk for suicide may be underestimated.This literature review aims to cumulate evidence for the risk of suicide in OCD and its associated underlying factors to clarify and resolve the discrepancies that currently exist regarding this topic.MethodTo identify eligible studies, the databases MEDLINE(R), PubMed, and PsycINFO are used. Selected studies provide data on suicide rates, attempts, and risk factors. Grey literature is included in the review to consider results from studies which may not have qualified for publishing. This literature review is conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines.ResultAfter deduplication, 653 studies could be found out of which 15 studies meet the inclusion criteria. Rates of suicide attempts appear to lie between 12% and 27%. Death-to-suicide rates in OCD are shown to range from 0.7% to 1.4%. Associated risk factors for suicide in OCD include, mistrust and unacceptable thoughts, depression, and comorbid substance use disorders. The strongest predictor for death caused by suicide is having a history of previous suicide attempts. Higher education and comorbid anxiety disorders act as protective factors. Lastly, gender differences remain unclear since some studies classify female sex as a protective, and some as a risk factor.ConclusionThis review provides a good overview of the actual risk for suicide in OCD. Current evidence suggests high suicidality in patients with OCD, leading to suicide attempts in affected patients, but not necessarily resulting in death, as the death-to-suicide rates are low. Genetic heritage and comorbidities of further mental health disorders may increase the risk for suicide in OCD.

scholarly journals Health related effects of education: a Mendelian randomization study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Yuan ◽  
Ying Xiong ◽  
Madeleine Michaëlsson ◽  
Karl Michaëlsson ◽  
Susanna C. Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Large Artery

AbstractA deeper understanding of the causal links from education level to health outcomes may shed a light for disease prevention. We conducted a wide-angled Mendelian randomization to disentangle the causal role of education level from intelligence for 31 health outcomes and explore to what extent body mass index and smoking mediate the associations. Genetically higher education level was associated with lower risk of major psychiatric disorders and most somatic diseases independent of intelligence, including suicide attempts, large artery stroke, heart failure, lung cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and type 2 diabetes, insomnia, major depressive disorder, total and ischemic stroke, coronary artery disease, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and gout. Adjustment for body mass index and smoking attenuated the associations between education and several outcomes, especially for type 2 diabetes and heart failure. These findings emphasize the importance of education to reduce the burden of common diseases.

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