Long noncoding RNAs: lincs between human health and disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 805-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Hao Kwok ◽  
Yvonne Tay
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Biology ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Sequencing Platforms

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent one of the largest classes of transcripts and are highly diverse in terms of characteristics and functions. Advances in high-throughput sequencing platforms have enabled the rapid discovery and identification of lncRNAs as key regulatory molecules involved in various cellular processes and their dysregulation in various human diseases. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the functions and underlying mechanisms of lncRNA activity with a particular focus on cancer biology. We also discuss the potential of lncRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for clinical applications.

scholarly journals Long Noncoding RNAs as a Key Player in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1179299X1773730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrigaya Mehra ◽  
Ranjit Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
The World

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major malignancy in the liver and has emerged as one of the main cancers in the world with a high mortality rate. However, the molecular mechanisms of HCC are still poorly understood. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently come to the forefront as functional non–protein-coding RNAs that are involved in a variety of cellular processes ranging from maintaining the structural integrity of chromosomes to gene expression regulation in a spatiotemporal manner. Many recent studies have reported the involvement of lncRNAs in HCC which has led to a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms operating in HCC. Long noncoding RNAs have been shown to regulate development and progression of HCC, and thus, lncRNAs have both diagnostic and therapeutic potentials. In this review, we present an overview of the lncRNAs involved in different stages of HCC and their potential in clinical applications which have been studied so far.

scholarly journals The Role of lncRNA in the Development of Tumors, Including Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8427
Author(s):  
Beata Smolarz ◽  
Anna Zadrożna-Nowak ◽  
Hanna Romanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Carcinoma ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Ribonucleic Acids ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Cellular Processes

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the largest groups of ribonucleic acids, but, despite the increasing amount of literature data, the least understood. Given the involvement of lncRNA in basic cellular processes, especially in the regulation of transcription, the role of these noncoding molecules seems to be of great importance for the proper functioning of the organism. Studies have shown a relationship between disturbed lncRNA expression and the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. The present article presents a detailed review of the latest reports and data regarding the importance of lncRNA in the development of cancers, including breast carcinoma.

scholarly journals Early Developmental Conditioning of Later Health and Disease: Physiology or Pathophysiology?

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 1027-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Hanson ◽  
P. D. Gluckman
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Evolutionary Developmental Biology ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Extensive experimental animal studies and epidemiological observations have shown that environmental influences during early development affect the risk of later pathophysiological processes associated with chronic, especially noncommunicable, disease (NCD). This field is recognized as the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). We discuss the extent to which DOHaD represents the result of the physiological processes of developmental plasticity, which may have potential adverse consequences in terms of NCD risk later, or whether it is the manifestation of pathophysiological processes acting in early life but only becoming apparent as disease later. We argue that the evidence suggests the former, through the operation of conditioning processes induced across the normal range of developmental environments, and we summarize current knowledge of the physiological processes involved. The adaptive pathway to later risk accords with current concepts in evolutionary developmental biology, especially those concerning parental effects. Outside the normal range, effects on development can result in nonadaptive processes, and we review their underlying mechanisms and consequences. New concepts concerning the underlying epigenetic and other mechanisms involved in both disruptive and nondisruptive pathways to disease are reviewed, including the evidence for transgenerational passage of risk from both maternal and paternal lines. These concepts have wider implications for understanding the causes and possible prevention of NCDs such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, for broader social policy and for the increasing attention paid in public health to the lifecourse approach to NCD prevention.

scholarly journals Transcriptional profiling of long noncoding RNAs associated with leaf-color mutation in Ginkgo biloba L

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaqiong Wu ◽  
Jing Guo ◽  
Tongli Wang ◽  
Fuliang Cao ◽  
Guibin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Color Mutation

Abstract Background Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in diverse biological processes and have been widely studied in recent years. However, the roles of lncRNAs in leaf pigment formation in ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) remain poorly understood. Results In this study, lncRNA libraries for mutant yellow-leaf and normal green-leaf ginkgo trees were constructed via high-throughput sequencing. A total of 2044 lncRNAs were obtained with an average length of 702 nt and typically harbored 2 exons. We identified 238 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs), 32 DELs and 49 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs) that constituted coexpression networks. We also found that 48 cis-acting DELs regulated 72 target genes, and 31 trans-acting DELs regulated 31 different target genes, which provides a new perspective for the regulation of the leaf-color mutation. Due to the crucial regulatory roles of lncRNAs in a wide range of biological processes, we conducted in-depth studies on the DELs and their targets and found that the chloroplast thylakoid membrane subcategory and the photosynthesis pathways (ko00195) were most enriched, suggesting their potential roles in leaf coloration mechanisms. In addition, our correlation analysis indicates that eight DELs and 68 transcription factors (TFs) might be involved in interaction networks. Conclusions This study has enriched the knowledge concerning lncRNAs and provides new insights into the function of lncRNAs in leaf-color mutations, which will benefit future selective breeding of ginkgo.

scholarly journals Challenges and Strategies in Ascribing Functions to Long Noncoding RNAs

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Hongqi Teng ◽  
Fan Yao ◽  
Shannon Yap ◽  
Yutong Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Genetically Engineered Mouse Models ◽  
Genomic Location ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
In Cis

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in many physiological and pathological processes, such as development, aging, immunity, and cancer. Mechanistically, lncRNAs exert their functions through interaction with proteins, genomic DNA, and other RNA, leading to transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, either in cis or in trans; it is often difficult to distinguish between these two regulatory mechanisms. A variety of approaches, including RNA interference, antisense oligonucleotides, CRISPR-based methods, and genetically engineered mouse models, have yielded abundant information about lncRNA functions and underlying mechanisms, albeit with many discrepancies. In this review, we elaborate on the challenges in ascribing functions to lncRNAs based on the features of lncRNAs, including the genomic location, copy number, domain structure, subcellular localization, stability, evolution, and expression pattern. We also describe a framework for the investigation of lncRNA functions and mechanisms of action. Rigorous characterization of cancer-implicated lncRNAs is critical for the identification of bona fide anticancer targets.

scholarly journals Long noncoding RNAs are associated with metabolic and cellular processes in the jejunum mucosa of pre-weaning calves in response to different diets

Oncotarget ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (30) ◽  
pp. 21052-21069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemarie Weikard ◽  
Frieder Hadlich ◽  
Harald M. Hammon ◽  
Doerte Frieten ◽  
Caroline Gerbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Cellular Processes

scholarly journals Long Noncoding RNA Plays a Key Role in Metastasis and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangbing Li ◽  
Haohai Zhang ◽  
Xueshuai Wan ◽  
Xiaobo Yang ◽  
Chengpei Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Long Noncoding Rna ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Cellular Processes

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been attracting immense research interests. However, only a handful of lncRNAs had been thoroughly characterized. They were involved in fundamental cellular processes including regulation of gene expression at epigenetics as well as tumorogenesis. In this paper, we give a systematic and comprehensive review of existing literature about lncRNA involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma. This review exhibited that lncRNAs played important roles in tumorigenesis and subsequent prognosis and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma and elucidated the role of some specific lncRNAs such as MALAT1 and HOTAIR in the pathophysiology of hepatocellular carcinoma and their potential of being therapeutic targets.

Malignant Nonhematological Effusion Characterization by Flow Cytometry

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Stem Cell Markers ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis ◽  
Malignant Effusions ◽  
Monitoring Treatment

With the exception of hematological malignancies, flow cytometry (FC) is infrequently applied as an ancillary tool in the diagnosis of malignant effusions in most institutions. However, FC may be effectively used to differentiate between epithelial cells, mesothelial cells and leukocytes using antibodies against both cell surface and intracellular proteins, offering the advantage of quantitative analysis. Additionally, FC may be applied to the quantitative detection of cancer-associated molecules, including stem cell markers, as well as assessment of critical cellular processes, such as proliferation and apoptosis. Some of the latter tests may have relevance for monitoring treatment response in the presence of metastatic disease, although this does not constitute routine practice to date. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the application of FC to serous effusions in the diagnostic setting, as well as in research into cancer biology focusing on clinical specimens. The studies published to date suggest a role for this method in the clinical setting in the context of diagnosis, prediction and prognosis.

scholarly journals Oxidative stress and its role in cancer: a molecular perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Crespo ◽  
Luis Alejandro Di Toro ◽  
Valbuena Desiree ◽  
Jose Luis Perez Vicuña ◽  
María Paula Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Typical Feature ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Cancer development is a product of cellular growth and proliferation caused by DNA mutations, nevertheless, other processes are able to favor tumoral progression, such as the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced within cells as a result of different metabolic reactions. Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between free radicals and highly reactive metabolites synthesis and the antioxidant system capacity to eliminate these molecules. In this sense, the overproduction of free radicals is a typical feature of neoplastic cells that allows the promotion of cellular processes related to survival, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Furthermore, underlying mechanisms involved in malignant transformation can modify the antioxidant systems in charge of ROS elimination. However, cancer has the particularity of presenting a dual behavior in which both antioxidant or prooxidant activity within tumoral cells can predominate depending on the stage of the disease. As a consequence, many therapeutic efforts have been directed into the stimulation or inhibition of oxidant and antioxidant components in the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this review is to describe the role of oxidative stress in cancer biology and its therapeutic potential.

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