MicroRNA profiling in cancer

2011 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhold Munker ◽  
George A. Calin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Profiling ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Rare Tumour ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Microrna Profiling ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Diagnosis Of Cancer

The diagnosis of cancer has undergone major changes in the last 40 years. Once based purely on morphology, diagnosis has come to incorporate immunological, cytogenetic and molecular methods. Many cancers, especially leukaemias, are now defined by molecular markers. Gene expression profiling based on mRNA has led to further refinement of the classification and diagnosis of cancer. More recently, miRNAs (microRNAs), among other small non-coding RNA molecules, have been discovered and found to be major players in cell biology. miRNAs, having both oncogenic and tumour-suppressive functions, are dysregulated in many types of cancer. miRNAs also interfere with metastasis, apoptosis and invasiveness of cancer cells. In the present review, we discuss recent advances in miRNA profiling in human cancer. We discuss both frequent and rare tumour types and give an outlook on future developments.

scholarly journals miRNAome expression profiles in the gonads of adultMelopsittacus undulatus

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Jiang ◽  
Qingqing Wang ◽  
Jue Yu ◽  
Vinita Gowda ◽  
Gabriel Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Go Annotation ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Mirnas Expression ◽  
Paired End Sequencing

The budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) is one of the most widely studied parrot species, serving as an excellent animal model for behavior and neuroscience research. Until recently, it was unknown how sexual differences in the behavior, physiology, and development of organisms are regulated by differential gene expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-coding RNA molecules that can post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and play a critical role in gonadal differentiation as well as early development of animals. However, very little is known about the role gonadal miRNAs play in the early development of birds. Research on the sex-biased expression of miRNAs in avian gonads are limited, and little is known aboutM. undulatus. In the current study, we sequenced two small non-coding RNA libraries made from the gonads of adult male and female budgerigars using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. We obtained 254 known and 141 novel miRNAs, and randomly validated five miRNAs. Of these, three miRNAs were differentially expressed miRNAs and 18 miRNAs involved in sexual differentiation as determined by functional analysis with GO annotation and KEGG pathway analysis. In conclusion, this work is the first report of sex-biased miRNAs expression in the budgerigar, and provides additional sequences to the avian miRNAome database which will foster further functional genomic research.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms, Diagnostic Aspects and Therapeutic Opportunities of Micro Ribonucleic Acids in Atrial Fibrillation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Böhm ◽  
Marianna Vachalcova ◽  
Peter Snopek ◽  
Ljuba Bacharova ◽  
Dominika Komarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Ribonucleic Acids ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Diagnostic Aspects ◽  
Non Coding Rna

Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules responsible for regulation of gene expression. They are involved in many pathophysiological processes of a wide spectrum of diseases. Recent studies showed their involvement in atrial fibrillation. They seem to become potential screening biomarkers for atrial fibrillation and even treatment targets for this arrhythmia. The aim of this review article was to summarize the latest knowledge about miRNA and their molecular relation to the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of atrial fibrillation.

scholarly journals Bio Immune(G)ene Medicine and the Use of miRNAs to Regulate the Cell

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
The Past ◽  
Needed Information ◽  
Non Coding Rna

MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are a type of non-coding RNA molecules that regulate the gene expression in a negative way, by downregulating the gene expression mainly at the post-transcriptional level, either by the mRNA degradation process or the inhibition of the translation. The role that many miRNAs play in the pathogenesis of several diseases is well known, such as in the inflammation process, in several steps of the oncogenesis or the metabolism of several virus and bacteria among many others. One of the main limitations in the therapeutic use of miRNAs is the ability to reach the target, as well as doing so without causing any collateral damage. One microRNA can indeed regulate up to 200 target-genes, and one gene can be influenced by a lot of different microRNAs. This is the purpose of the Bio Immune(G)ene Medicine: to achieve the cell without harm, use all the molecular resources available, especially epigenetic with the microRNAs, and to restore the cell homeostasis. The Bio Immune(G)ene Medicine only seeks to play a regulatory biomimetic role, to give the cell the needed information for its own right regulation. Our experience in cell regulation for the past few years has shown the way to fight, for instance, against the deleterious effects of viruses or bacteria in the lymphocytes, also at the background of many autoimmune or allergic diseases, as well as to regulate many other pathological processes. To fulfil this purpose, nanobiotechnology is used to reach the targets; we thus introduce very low doses of miRNAs in nano compounds with the aim to promote the regulation of the main signalling pathways disturbed in a given pathology.

microRNAs in Autism Spectrum Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (41) ◽  
pp. 4368-4378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Mundalil Vasu ◽  
Puthiripadath S. Sumitha ◽  
Parakkal Rahna ◽  
Ismail Thanseem ◽  
Ayyappan Anitha
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

Background: Efforts to unravel the extensive impact of the non-coding elements of the human genome on cell homeostasis and pathological processes have gained momentum over the last couple of decades. miRNAs refer to short, often 18-25 nucleotides long, non-coding RNA molecules which can regulate gene expression. Each miRNA can regulate several mRNAs. Methods: This article reviews the literature on the roles of miRNAs in autism. Results: Considering the fact that ~ 1% of the human DNA encodes different families of miRNAs, their overall impact as critical regulators of gene expression in the mammalian brain should be immense. Though the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are predominantly genetic in nature and several candidate genes are already identified, the highly heterogeneous and multifactorial nature of the disorder makes it difficult to identify common genetic risk factors. Several studies have suggested that the environmental factors may interact with the genetic factors to increase the risk. miRNAs could possibly be one of those factors which explain this link between genetics and the environment. Conclusion: In the present review, we have summarized our current knowledge on miRNAs and their complex roles in ASD, and also on their therapeutic applications.

scholarly journals Role of MicroRNA-1 in Human Cancer and Its Therapeutic Potentials

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Han ◽  
Zujiang Yu ◽  
Zhenfeng Duan ◽  
Quancheng Kan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Suppressor Gene ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Oncogenic Pathways ◽  
Proliferation And Metastasis

While the mechanisms of human cancer development are not fully understood, evidence of microRNA (miRNA, miR) dysregulation has been reported in many human diseases, including cancer. miRs are small noncoding RNA molecules that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression by binding to complementary sequences in the specific region of gene mRNAs, resulting in downregulation of gene expression. Not only are certain miRs consistently dysregulated across many cancers, but they also play critical roles in many aspects of cell growth, proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, and drug resistance. Recent studies from our group and others revealed that miR-1 is frequently downregulated in various types of cancer. Through targeting multiple oncogenes and oncogenic pathways, miR-1 has been demonstrated to be a tumor suppressor gene that represses cancer cell proliferation and metastasis and promotes apoptosis by ectopic expression. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the aberrant expression and functional significance of miR-1 in human cancers and emphasize its significant values for therapeutic potentials.

scholarly journals Differential gene expression profiling in human brain tumors

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES M. MARKERT ◽  
CATHERINE M. FULLER ◽  
G. YANCEY GILLESPIE ◽  
JAMES K. BUBIEN ◽  
LEE ANNE McLEAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Solute Transport ◽  
Gene Expression Profiling ◽  
Expression Profiling ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Primary Glioblastoma ◽  
Normal Tissues

Gene expression profiling of three human temporal lobe brain tissue samples (normal) and four primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors using oligonucleotide microarrays was done. Moreover, confirmation of altered expression was performed by whole cell patch clamp, immunohistochemical staining, and RT-PCR. Our results identified several ion and solute transport-related genes, such as N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA)-2 receptors, GABAA receptor subunits α3, β1, β2, and β3, the glutamate transporter, the glutamate/aspartate transporter II, the potassium channel KV2.1, hKVβ3, and the sodium/proton exchanger 1 (NHE-1), that are all downregulated in the tumors compared with the normal tissues. In contrast, aquaporin-1, possibly aquaporins-3 and -5, and GLUT-3 message appeared upregulated in the tumors. Our results also confirmed previous work showing that osteopontin, nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, murine double minute 2 (MDM2), and epithelin (granulin) are upregulated in GBMs. We also demonstrate for the first time that the cytokine and p53 binding protein, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), appears upregulated in GBMs. These results indicate that the modulation of ion and solute transport genes and heretofore unsuspected cytokines (i.e., MIF) may have profound implications for brain tumor cell biology and thus may identify potential useful therapeutic targets in GBMs.

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