Differentiating neurological disorders from psychiatric and the psychological impact of neurological diseases

: Recent studies implicate microbiota-brain communication as an essential factor for physiology and pathophysiology in brain function and neurodevelopment. One of the pivotal mechanisms about gut to brain communication is through the regulation and interaction of gut microbiota on the host immune system. In this review, we will discuss the role of microbiota-immune systeminteractions in human neurological disorders. The characteristic features in the development of neurological diseases include gut dysbiosis, the disturbed intestinal/Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability, the activated inflammatory response, and the changed microbial metabolites. Neurological disorders contribute to gut dysbiosis and some relevant metabolites in a top-down way. In turn, the activated immune system induced by the change of gut microbiota may deteriorate the development of neurological diseases through the disturbed gut/BBB barrier in a down-top way. Understanding the characterization and identification of microbiome-immune- brain signaling pathways will help us to yield novel therapeutic strategies by targeting the gut microbiome in neurological disease.

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Trend of Hospital Admission and Outcome Study of Patients Admitted in a Neurology Unit at a Tertiary Care Neuroscience Hospital in Bangladesh

Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh ◽

10.3329/jninb.v4i2.38917 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 69-74

Author(s):

Md Tauhidul Islam Chowdhury ◽

Mohammad Shah Jahirul Hoque Choudhury ◽

KM Ahasan Ahmed ◽

Mohammad Sadekur Rahman Sarkar ◽

Md Abdullah Yusuf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neurological Disorders ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Length Of Hospital Stay ◽

Retrospective Chart Review ◽

Total Death ◽

Neurological Patients ◽

Study Population ◽

The Mean ◽

Day By Day

Background: Neurological disorders is becoming a growing concern both for developed and developing countries. Magnitude of the problem is increasing day by day. Among all neurological disorders, stroke is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally.Objectives: The purpose of the study was to see the trend of admission of patients with neurological diseases and to study the outcome of patients at referral neurology hospital in Bangladesh.Methodology: This retrospective chart review was conducted in the blue unit of the Department of Neurology at National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from 1st January to 31st December 2016 for a period of one (01) year. All the admitted patients with both sexes were selected as study population. The outcome was observed among the study population.Result: A total number of 1044 patients were admitted during the study period. Majority of the patients were in the age group of the 41 to 50 years which was 417(39.9%) cases. Both male and female were in highest number in the month of May which was 63 and 48 cases respectively. The total death of the study population was 146(14.0%) cases. The mean length of hospital stay was 8.4±2.31 days.Conclusion: Middle aged male is the main bulk of the neurological patients, admitted in a referral neurology hospital in Bangladesh. Highest admission and mortality was observed in stroke patients.Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2018;4(2): 69-74

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Overview of Dual-Acting Drug Methotrexate in Different Neurological Diseases, Autoimmune Pathologies and Cancers

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21103483 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 3483 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Przemysław Koźmiński ◽

Paweł Krzysztof Halik ◽

Raphael Chesori ◽

Ewa Gniazdowska

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Combination Therapy ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Myasthenia Gravis ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Chemotherapeutic Agent ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Immunosuppressive Drug ◽

Structural Analogue ◽

Potential Benefits

Methotrexate, a structural analogue of folic acid, is one of the most effective and extensively used drugs for treating many kinds of cancer or severe and resistant forms of autoimmune diseases. In this paper, we take an overview of the present state of knowledge with regards to complex mechanisms of methotrexate action and its applications as immunosuppressive drug or chemotherapeutic agent in oncological combination therapy. In addition, the issue of the potential benefits of methotrexate in the development of neurological disorders in Alzheimer’s disease or myasthenia gravis will be discussed.

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First person – Fanny Jaudon and Martina Albini

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.259251 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 134 (16) ◽

Keyword(s):

Neurotrophic Factor ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Early Career ◽

First Person ◽

Early Career Researchers ◽

And Function ◽

The University ◽

Selection Of

ABSTRACT First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Fanny Jaudon and Martina Albini are co-first authors on ‘ A developmental stage- and Kidins220-dependent switch in astrocyte responsiveness to brain-derived neurotrophic factor’, published in JCS. Fanny is a postdoc at the University of Trieste in the lab of Lorenzo A. Cingolani at Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy, investigating the molecular mechanisms controlling development and function of neuronal circuits and implementing genome-editing approaches for the treatment of neurological disorders. Martina is a PhD student at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia in the lab of Fabio Benfenati and Fabrizia Cesca investigating neurotrophin biology and its involvement in neurological diseases.

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Molecular Imaging in Traditional Chinese Medicine Therapy for Neurological Diseases

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/608430 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Zefeng Wang ◽

Haitong Wan ◽

Jinhui Li ◽

Hong Zhang ◽

Mei Tian

Keyword(s):

Chinese Medicine ◽

Molecular Imaging ◽

Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Chinese Herb ◽

Public Health Care ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Cord Injury

With the speeding tendency of aging society, human neurological disorders have posed an ever increasing threat to public health care. Human neurological diseases include ischemic brain injury, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and spinal cord injury, which are induced by impairment or specific degeneration of different types of neurons in central nervous system. Currently, there are no more effective treatments against these diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is focused on, which can provide new strategies for the therapy in neurological disorders. TCM, including Chinese herb medicine, acupuncture, and other nonmedication therapies, has its unique therapies in treating neurological diseases. In order to improve the treatment of these disorders by optimizing strategies using TCM and evaluate the therapeutic effects, we have summarized molecular imaging, a new promising technology, to assess noninvasively disease specific in cellular and molecular levels of living models in vivo, that was applied in TCM therapy for neurological diseases. In this review, we mainly focus on applying diverse molecular imaging methodologies in different TCM therapies and monitoring neurological disease, and unveiling the mysteries of TCM.

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Aptamer Applications in Neuroscience

10.20944/preprints202111.0100.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Meric Ozturk ◽

Marit Nilsen-Hamilton ◽

Muslum Ilgu

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽

Nucleic Acid ◽

Brain Tumors ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Health Community ◽

Theranostic Applications ◽

Lateral Sclerosis

Being the predominant cause of disability, neurological diseases have received much attention from the global health community. Over a billion people suffer from one of the following neurological disorders: dementia, epilepsy, stroke, migraine, meningitis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, prion dis-ease, or brain tumors. Diagnosis and treatment options are limited for many of these diseases. Aptamers, being small and non-immunogenic nucleic acid molecules that are easy to chemically modify, offer potential diagnostic and theranostic applications to meet these needs. This review covers pioneer studies to apply aptamers, which show promise for future diagnostics and treatments of neurological disorders that pose increasingly dire worldwide health challenges.

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Aptamer Applications in Neuroscience

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph14121260 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 1260

Author(s):

Meric Ozturk ◽

Marit Nilsen-Hamilton ◽

Muslum Ilgu

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽

Nucleic Acid ◽

Brain Tumors ◽

Global Health ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Health Community ◽

Lateral Sclerosis

Being the predominant cause of disability, neurological diseases have received much attention from the global health community. Over a billion people suffer from one of the following neurological disorders: dementia, epilepsy, stroke, migraine, meningitis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, prion disease, or brain tumors. The diagnosis and treatment options are limited for many of these diseases. Aptamers, being small and non-immunogenic nucleic acid molecules that are easy to chemically modify, offer potential diagnostic and theragnostic applications to meet these needs. This review covers pioneering studies in applying aptamers, which shows promise for future diagnostics and treatments of neurological disorders that pose increasingly dire worldwide health challenges.

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Role of Enzymes in Causing Neurological Disorders

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4092 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 466-476

Author(s):

Vysakh Visweswaran ◽

Roshni PR

Keyword(s):

Neurological Disorders ◽

Drug Targets ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Direct Result ◽

Permanent Disability ◽

Genetic Abnormalities ◽

Underlying Pathology

Diseases of the nervous system are always associated with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The fragile nature of the neurons and their inability to replicate means that neurological disorders are associated with a permanent disability. Pharmacotherapy of neurological diseases requires understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the disease pathology. In most of the cases a faulty cellular biochemical pathway is involved, resulting from a defective enzyme. This article focusses on role of enzymes in various neurological disorders. To review pertinent literature and summarise the role of enzymes in the underlying pathology of various neurological disorders. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, SCOPUS, J-GATE and Google Scholar and relevant papers were collected using the keywords enzymes, Alzheimer's disease, redox, thiamine, depression, neurotransmitters, epileptogenesis. The literature review highlighted the role of enzymes in major neurological disorders and their potential to be used as drug targets and biomarkers. Identifying defective enzymes gives us new molecular targets to focus on for developing more effective pharmacotherapeutic options. They can be also considered as potential biomarkers. An abnormal enzyme is most often a direct result of an underlying genetic abnormality. Identifying and screening for these genetic abnormalities can be used in early identification and prevention of disease in individuals who have a genetic predisposition. The modern advances in genetic engineering shows a lot of promise in correcting these abnormalities and development of revolutionary cures although ethical concerns remain.

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Insights Into the Role of CSF1R in the Central Nervous System and Neurological Disorders

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnagi.2021.789834 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

Author(s):

Banglian Hu ◽

Shengshun Duan ◽

Ziwei Wang ◽

Xin Li ◽

Yuhang Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Colony Stimulating Factor ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Axonal Spheroids ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Stimulating Factor

The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a key tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptor modulating microglial homeostasis, neurogenesis, and neuronal survival in the central nervous system (CNS). CSF1R, which can be proteolytically cleaved into a soluble ectodomain and an intracellular protein fragment, supports the survival of myeloid cells upon activation by two ligands, colony stimulating factor 1 and interleukin 34. CSF1R loss-of-function mutations are the major cause of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) and its dysfunction has also been implicated in other neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we review the physiological functions of CSF1R in the CNS and its pathological effects in neurological disorders including ALSP, AD, frontotemporal dementia and multiple sclerosis. Understanding the pathophysiology of CSF1R is critical for developing targeted therapies for related neurological diseases.

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The contribute of cerebrospinal fluid free light-chain assay in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases in an Italian multicenter study

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/13524585211064121 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 135245852110641

Author(s):

Gaetano Bernardi ◽

Tiziana Biagioli ◽

Paola Malpassi ◽

Teresa De Michele ◽

Domizia Vecchio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Oligoclonal Bands ◽

Free Light Chains ◽

Complementary Information ◽

Combined Use

Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) free light chains (FLCs) can be an alternative assay to oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in inflammatory neurological disorders, but threshold has no consensus. Objective: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of CSF FLCs in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological diseases. Methods: A total of 406 patients from five Italian centers. FLCs were measured in CSF and serum using Freelite MX assays on Optilite. Results: A total of 171 patients were diagnosed as MS, 154 non-inflammatory neurological diseases, 48 inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and 33 peripheral neurological diseases. Both kFLC and λFLC indices were significantly higher in patients with MS compared to other groups ( p < 0.0001). The kFLC index ⩾ 6.4 is comparable to OCB for MS diagnosis (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.876; sensitivity 83.6% vs 84.2%; specificity 88.5% vs 90.6%). λFLC index ⩾ 5 showed an AUC of 0.616, sensitivity of 33.3% and specificity of 90.6%. In all, 12/27 (44.4%) MS patients with negative OCB had kFLC index ⩾ 6.4. Interestingly, 37.5% of 24 patients with a single CSF IgG band showed high kFLC index and 12.5% positive λFLC index. Conclusion: Our findings support the diagnostic utility of FLC indices in MS and other CNS inflammatory disorders, suggesting a combined use of FLC and OCB to help clinicians with complementary information.

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