Performance of Coopworth ewe lambs exposed to low levels of ryegrass endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) alkaloids and allowed access to a mycotoxin deactivator

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. M. Reed ◽  
L. J. Cummins ◽  
D. D. Moore ◽  
A. J. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Neotyphodium Endophyte ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Wire Fence

During February–April, Coopworth ewe lambs grazing a pasture dominated by naturalised perennial ryegrass (PRG) exhibited slight signs of ill-thrift and heat stress. PRG represented 85% of the herbage; 90% of the PRG population was infected with Neotyphodium endophyte. Concentrations of ergovaline and lolitrem B in perennial ryegrass were each within the range 0.5–1.0 mg/kg DM during this period. Two groups of 30 lambs rotated weekly between two paddocks that offered 6 t DM/ha of mature, low-quality pasture. They received an allowance of crushed barley and peas (80 : 20) at 100 g/head per day. One group was treated with a mycotoxin deactivator, Mycofix® Plus, mixed into their mash during processing (5 g/100 g). No sign of ‘staggers’ was observed in the lambs at any time. Lambs with access to Mycofix Plus made great use of shade; their occupancy of shade increased steeply with ambient temperature over the range 18−38°C (P < 0.001). For the control group, occupancy of shade was low (P < 0.001) and independent of temperature (P < 0.001). Instead of using shade on hot days, the control lambs whose respiration rate was higher than treated ewes (P < 0.001) commonly stood by the wire fence, huddled in the open. Over the first 56 days of treatment, while pasture remained dry, weight change in control and treated lambs was –13 and +16 g/day, respectively (P < 0.010). The need for greater investigation of the effects of endophyte alkaloids on livestock is discussed.

scholarly journals Determination of the toxic threshold of lolitrem B in cattle eating endophye-infected perennial ryegrass

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 399-402
Author(s):  
L. Blythe ◽  
C. Estill ◽  
J. Males ◽  
A.M. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Testing Laboratory ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Lolitrem B

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) straw is used as a feed for livestock and horses. Some straw is infected with the endophyte, Neotyphodium lolii, which produces lolitrem tremorgens. Ingesting of the toxin produces clinical "ryegrass staggers." A 28 day feeding trail was conducted using 61 Black Angus, pure and crossbred cattle. The cattle were fed one of three levels of lolitrem B in chopped perennial ryegrass straw ranging from 0 ppb up to 3058 ppb. Four Japanese Wagyu crossbred cattle were fed chopped ryegrass straw containing 1400 ppb lolitrem B. The cattle were evaluated and scored twice a day for clinical signs of gait difficulties. Cattle consuming 1400 ppb lolitrem B did not show any overt clinical signs. After 14 days, 7 out of 15 cattle in the 1954 ppb lolitrem B group showed clinical signs of ataxia, stiffness, and tremors as seen in ryegrass staggers. All of the cattle in the positive control group of up to 3058 ppb lolitrem B with a 4 week mean of 2574 ppb developed clinical signs of staggers. None of the Wagyu cattle at 1400 ppb lolitrem B developed clinical signs. A dose response curve was developed based on the results of this study coupled with a prior study for use in the testing laboratory. Keywords: lolitrem B, perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne, endophyte fungus, Neotyphodium lolii, cattle, threshold levels

scholarly journals Response of Neotyphodium lolii-infected perennial ryegrass to phosphorus deficiency

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.Z. Ren ◽  
Y.B. Gao ◽  
F. Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Endophyte Infection

It has been demonstrated that endophyte-infected (EI) ryegrass performed better in response to N deficiency than its endophyte-free (EF) counterpart. When P is considered, there is a lack of related information. In this study, <i>Lolium perenne</i> L. infected with <i>Neotyphodium lolii</i> was employed to establish EI and EF populations. Soil-grown EI and EF ryegrass were tested for their responses to P deficiency. The results showed that the endophyte infection improved the adaptability of ryegrass to P deficiency. When P was limited, EI roots were significantly longer (EI, 398.8; EF, 323.4 m/pot) and heavier (EI, 30.58; EF, 23.20 g/pot) than EF roots; the root: shoot ratio of EI plants was greater than that of EF plants (<i>P</i> < 0.05). The content of total phenolics and organic acids was significantly greater for EI roots than for EF roots at low P supply; the concentration of both, however, was not improved by the endophyte infection. This suggested that it was the higher root dry weight (DW) that contributed to the higher content of total phenolics and organic acids for EI plants, and the endophyte infection might have negligible effects on chemical modification of perennial ryegrass. Endophyte infection did not increase P uptake rate but did significantly improve P use efficiency of ryegrass in response to P deficiency (EI, 0.734; EF, 0.622 g DW/mg P).

Effect of zilpaterol hydrochloride on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of ewe lambs during heat-stress conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Macías-Cruz ◽  
F. D. Álvarez-Valenzuela ◽  
N. G. Torrentera-Olivera ◽  
J. V. Velázquez-Morales ◽  
A. Correa-Calderón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hair Sheep ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Zilpaterol Hydrochloride

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) to the finishing diets on the feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of hair sheep ewe lambs during hot environmental conditions. Twenty Katahdin × Pelilbuey and Dorper × Pelibuey crossbred females with an average initial liveweight (LW) of 26.2 ± 0.83 kg were blocked by the initial LW, and assigned individually to 20 pens in a closed calf-rearing unit provided with fans. Treatments were (1) control group (basal diet without ZH) and (2) ZH group (basal diet plus 10 mg of ZH/ewe.day). Skin temperatures were measured each 2 days in five ewes by treatment; ambient weather conditions were recorded every day. After a 34-day feeding period, all ewes were slaughtered. Climatic variables during the study showed severe heat stress, with the average temperature–humidity index and temperature 85 units and 34.1°C, respectively. The skin temperature of belly and right flank was greater (P < 0.05) in ZH females than in control lambs. Ewe lambs fed ZH had feedlot performance, carcass length, shear force, body fat and skin percentage similar (P > 0.05) to control ewe lambs. With the exception of peritoneum and head (P < 0.05), all visceral organs had similar (P > 0.05) percentages between treatments. However, hot- and cool-carcass weights, dressing percentage, conformation and rib-eye area were greater (P < 0.05) for ewes supplemented with ZH. Likewise, the weight of hindquarter, legs and ribs expressed as a percentage of hot-carcass weight increased (P < 0.05) with ZH supplementation. Growth and deposition of excessive fat in hair-sheep ewe lambs were not improved with ZH supplementation under heat-stress conditions, whereas carcass-quality traits such as dressing and rib-eye area were increased.

scholarly journals Ryegrass endophyte and cattle growth in Northland

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
H.S. Easton ◽  
J.N. Couchman
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Excessive Salivation ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Grazing Cattle

Perennial ryegrass pastures infected with or free of the endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) were compared for growth and health of young grazing cattle. Heat stress, indicated by excessive salivation, was observed on several occasions among cattle grazing endophyte-infected ryegrass, but there were no differences between groups in body temperature. Liveweight gains were generally slow and inconsistent. During one period of rapid liveweight gain in March-April 1997, heifers grazing endophytefree pastures gained 7 kg more than heifers grazing infected pasture. Taking data from three four-week grazing periods in summer and autumn, liveweight change of cattle grazing endophyte-free pastures showed a consistent advantage over cattle grazing endophyte-infected ryegrass. Significant differences in serum prolactin were recorded on two occasions, and on one day in February 1998 weaner bulls grazing infected ryegrass were breathing significantly faster than their counterparts on endophyte-free pasture. These results can be compared with previous reports that endophyte status of ryegrass pastures has little effect on grazing cattle, and contrast with the published literature for tall fescue. Keywords: liveweight gain, Neotyphodium lolii, perennial ryegrass, ryegrass endophyte

scholarly journals Performance of lambs and the incidence of staggers and heat stress on two perennial ryegrass cultivars over three summers in the Manawatu

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
S.J. Bluett ◽  
J. Hodgson ◽  
P.D. Kemp ◽  
T.N. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Lamb Growth

Three lamb growth experiments were carried out at Massey University, Palmerston North, from 1995 to 1998 to evaluate the nutritive value and endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) status of a new perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivar (Aries HD). Aries HD was specifically selected for improved organic matter digestibility over summer and early autumn. Lamb liveweight gain on 'Aries HD' compared to a control cultivar 'Yatsyn 1' perennial ryegrass was higher in the summer of 1995/96 (104 vs 84 ± 4.6 g/day, P=0.1028), similar in two consecutive summers, 1996/97 (116 vs 111 ± 5.1 g/day, P=0.6542), and 1997/98 (71 vs 73 g/day ± 10.6 g/day, P=0.7350). The nutritive value (invitro organic matter digestibility, neutral detergent fibre and nitrogen content) of Aries HD and Yatsyn 1 pastures was similar. Lambs grazing Yatsyn 1 were more severely affected by ryegrass staggers than lambs grazing Aries HD, although the concentrations of lolitrem B in grazed herbage were similar. The concentration of ergovaline in Aries HD in association with endophyte was about half that in Yatsyn 1 in association with endophyte. Ergovaline may have acted synergistically to increase the toxicity of lolitrem B and the severity of staggers in lambs grazing Yatsyn 1 pastures. There was some indication that heat stress symptoms were more severe in lambs forced to graze lower into the sward. The effect of management and alkaloid concentration is likely to have a larger impact on lamb performance than small differences in nutritive value between cultivars of highendophyte perennial ryegrass. Keywords: alkaloids, animal performance, Aries HD, endophyte, heat stress, Lolium perenne, Neotyphodium lolii, perennial ryegrass, ryegrass staggers, Yatsyn 1

scholarly journals Physiological Responses to Heat Stress Alone or in Combination with Drought: A Comparison between Tall Fescue and Perennial Ryegrass

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 682-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwei Jiang ◽  
Bingru Huang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Heat and drought are two major factors limiting growth of cool-season grasses during summer. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of heat stress alone (H) or in combination with drought (H+D) on photosynthesis, water relations, and root growth of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) vs. perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Grasses were exposed to H (35 °C day/30 °C night) or H+D (induced by withholding irrigation) in growth chambers for 35 days. Soil water content declined under H+D for both grasses but to a greater extent for fescue than for ryegrass. Declines in canopy net photosynthetic rate (Pn), leaf photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and leaf relative water content (RWC) and the increase in electrolyte leakage (EL) were much more severe and occurred earlier for ryegrass than fescue subjected to both H and H+D and for both species than under H+D then H. Evapotranspiration (ET) rate increased to above the control level within 3 or 6 days of H and H+D for both species, but fescue had a higher ET rate than ryegrass at 3 and 6 days of H and 6 days of H+D. Root dry weight and viability in all soil layers decreased under H and H+D for both species. However, fescue had higher root dry weight and viability than ryegrass in the 20-40 cm layer under H and in both the 0-20 and 20-40 cm layers under H+D. The results indicated that maintenance of higher Pn, Fv/Fm, ET, RWC, and root growth and lower EL would help cool-season turfgrass survive summer stress, and that their characteristics could be used for selecting stress tolerant species or cultivars.

Relationship between uric acid and creatinine in pre-diabetic and diabetic patients: Vidarbha region of Maharashtra

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 3412-3417
Author(s):  
Ranjit S. Ambad ◽  
Rakesh Kumar Jha ◽  
Lata Kanyal Butola ◽  
Nandkishor Bankar ◽  
Brij Raj Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Serum Uric Acid ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Develop Type ◽  
Low Levels

Prediabetes is a glucose homeostasis condition characterized by decreased absorption to glucose or reduced fasting glucose. Both of these are reversible stages of intermediate hyperglycaemia providing an increased type II DM risk. Pre-diabetes can therefore be viewed as a significant reversible stage which could lead to type II DM, and early detection of prediabetes may contribute to type II DM prevention. Prediabetes patients are at high risk for potential type II diabetes, and 70 percent of them appear to develop Type II diabetes within 10 years. The present study includes total 200 subjects that include 100 Prediabetic patients, 50 T2DM patients and 50 healthy individual. Blood samples were collected from the subjects were obtained for FBS, PPBS, Uric acid and Creatinine estimation, from OPD and General Medicine Wards. Present study showed low levels of Serum Uric Acid in prediabetic and T2DM patients were decreased as compared to control group, while the level of creatinine in prediabetic and diabetic were elevated as compared to control group, were not statically significant. Serum Uric Acid was high in control group and low in prediabetic and diabetic patients. Serum creatinine was declined in control group and increased in prediabetic and diabetic patients with increasing Fasting blood glucose level.

scholarly journals GERMINATION AND VIGOUR IN SEEDS OF THE COWPEA IN RESPONSE TO SALT AND HEAT STRESS

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luma Rayane de Lima Nunes ◽  
Paloma Rayane Pinheiro ◽  
Charles Lobo Pinheiro ◽  
Kelly Andressa Peres Lima ◽  
Alek Sandro Dutra
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Temperatures

ABSTRACT Salinity is prejudicial to plant development, causing different types of damage to species, or even between genotypes of the same species, with the effects being aggravated when combined with other types of stress, such as heat stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of cowpea genotypes (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) to salt stress at different temperatures. Seeds of the Pujante, Epace 10 and Marataoã genotypes were placed on paper rolls (Germitest®) moistened with different salt concentrations of 0.0 (control), 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1, and placed in a germination chamber (BOD) at temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomised design, in a 3 × 4 × 5 scheme of subdivided plots, with four replications per treatment. The variables under analysis were germination percentage, first germination count, shoot and root length, and total seedling dry weight. At temperatures of 30 and 35°C, increases in the salt concentration were more damaging to germination in the Epace 10 and Pujante genotypes, while for the Marataoã genotype, damage occurred at the temperature of 20°C. At 25°C, germination and vigour in the genotypes were higher, with the Pujante genotype proving to be more tolerant to salt stress, whereas Epace 10 and Marataoã were more tolerant to high temperatures. Germination in the cowpea genotypes was more sensitive to salt stress when subjected to heat stress caused by the low temperature of 20°C or high temperature of 35°C.

scholarly journals Cellular Response against Oxidative Stress, a Novel Insight into Lupus Nephritis Pathogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 693
Author(s):  
Corina Daniela Ene ◽  
Simona Roxana Georgescu ◽  
Mircea Tampa ◽  
Clara Matei ◽  
Cristina Iulia Mitran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lupus Nephritis ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dna Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Defective Dna Repair

The interaction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and hydrocarbonates promotes acute and chronic tissue damage, mediates immunomodulation and triggers autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) patients. The aim of the study was to determine the pathophysiological mechanisms of the oxidative stress-related damage and molecular mechanisms to counteract oxidative stimuli in lupus nephritis. Our study included 38 SLE patients with lupus nephritis (LN group), 44 SLE patients without renal impairment (non-LN group) and 40 healthy volunteers as control group. In the present paper, we evaluated serum lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidation, oxidized proteins, carbohydrate oxidation, and endogenous protective systems. We detected defective DNA repair mechanisms via 8-oxoguanine-DNA-glycosylase (OGG1), the reduced regulatory effect of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) in the activation of AGE-RAGE axis, low levels of thiols, disulphide bonds formation and high nitrotyrosination in lupus nephritis. All these data help us to identify more molecular mechanisms to counteract oxidative stress in LN that could permit a more precise assessment of disease prognosis, as well as developing new therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Three Formulations of Essential Oils in Broiler Chickens under Cyclic Heat Stress

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1084
Author(s):  
Jared Ruff ◽  
Guillermo Tellez ◽  
Aaron J. Forga ◽  
Roberto Señas-Cuesta ◽  
Christine N. Vuong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Body Core Temperature ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Body Core ◽  
Cyclic Heat ◽  
Group 2

The objective of the present research was to assess the dietary supplementation of three formulations of essential oils (EO) in chickens under heat stress (HS). Day-of-hatch Cobb 500 chicks (n = 500) were randomly distributed into four groups: 1. HS control + control diets; 2. HS + control diets supplemented with 37 ppm EO of Lippia origanoides (LO); 3. HS + control diets supplemented with 45 ppm LO + 45 ppm EO of Rosmarinus officinalis (RO) + 300 ppm red beetroot; 4. HS + 45 ppm LO + 45 ppm RO + 300 ppm natural betaine. Chickens that received the EO showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement on BW, BWG, FI, and FCR compared to control HS chickens. Average body core temperature in group 3 and group 4 was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced compared with the HS control group and group 2. Experimental groups showed a significant reduction in FITC-d at 42 days, a significant increase in SOD at both days but a significant reduction of IFN-γ and IgA compared with HS control (p < 0.05). Bone mineralization was significantly improved by EO treatments (p < 0.05). Together these data suggest that supplemental dietary EO may reduce the harmful effects of HS.

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