Genomic plasticity associated with antimicrobial resistance inVibrio cholerae

The Bay of Bengal is known as the epicenter for seeding several devastating cholera outbreaks across the globe.Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, has extraordinary competency to acquire exogenous DNA by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and adapt them into its genome for structuring metabolic processes, developing drug resistance, and colonizing the human intestine. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) inV. choleraehas become a global concern. However, little is known about the identity of the resistance traits, source of AMR genes, acquisition process, and stability of the genetic elements linked with resistance genes inV. cholerae. Here we present details of AMR profiles of 443V. choleraestrains isolated from the stool samples of diarrheal patients from two regions of India. We sequenced the whole genome of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR)V. choleraeto identify AMR genes and genomic elements that harbor the resistance traits. Our genomic findings were further confirmed by proteome analysis. We also engineered the genome ofV. choleraeto monitor the importance of the autonomously replicating plasmid and core genome in the resistance profile. Our findings provided insights into the genomes of recent cholera isolates and identified several acquired traits including plasmids, transposons, integrative conjugative elements (ICEs), pathogenicity islands (PIs), prophages, and gene cassettes that confer fitness to the pathogen. The knowledge generated from this study would help in better understanding ofV. choleraeevolution and management of cholera disease by providing clinical guidance on preferred treatment regimens.

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1113. Real-Time Evolution of Extensively Drug-Resistant Vibrio cholerae

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofy210.946 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S334-S334

Author(s):

Bhabatosh Das

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Proteome Analysis ◽

Diarrhoeal Disease ◽

Drug Regimen ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Exogenous Dna ◽

Extensively Drug Resistant ◽

Resistance Traits

Abstract Background Bay of Bengal is known as the epicenter of a number of distinct waves of global transmission of cholera. Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of acute diarrhoeal disease cholera, has extraordinary competency to acquire exogenous DNA by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and acclimatize them into their genome for structuring metabolic process, developing drug resistance and disease. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in V. cholerae is a global concern. However, little is known about the identity, source, acquisition process, and stability of the resistance traits in the genome of cholera pathogen. Methods Antibiotic susceptibility testing of V. cholerae isolated from different parts of India during 2001–2017 was performed using Discs and E-strips. Whole-genome sequencing of resistant (R), multidrug resistant (MDR), extensively drug resistant (XDR), and pandrug (PDR) resistant V. cholerae was done by next-generation DNA sequencing. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) linked with AMR genes were tagged by allelic exchange methods. Whole-cell proteome analysis was done by iTRAQ analysis. Results Almost 99% of V. cholerae isolates (n = 438) are resistant against ≥2 antibiotics, 17.2% isolates (n = 76) are resistant against ≥10 antibiotics, and 7.5% isolates (n = 33) are resistant against ≥14 antibiotics. Highest resistance was detected against sulfamethaxozole (99.8%, n = 442). In addition, resistance to nalidixic acid (n = 429), trimethoprim (n = 421), and streptomycin (n = 409) are also very high. All the sequenced resistant isolates carrying multiple resistance genes and are linked with MGEs like integrating conjugative elements, transposons etc. Most of the resistance traits are functional and expressed even in the absence of antibiotics. Conclusion Our comprehensive analysis of 443 clinical V. cholerae isolates show that the cholera pathogen is continuously evolving to counterbalance the antimicrobial effects of antibiotics. Several MGEs linked with AMR genes and other fitness factors potentially propagate to other bacterial species through HGTs. Knowledge of the present study would be useful to understand the evolution of cholera pathogens and management of cholera by helping selection of specific drug regimen against the pathogens. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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The face of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples of two Iranian teaching hospitals

Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials ◽

10.1186/s12941-021-00467-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rahimeh Sanikhani ◽

Mohammad Moeinirad ◽

Hamid Solgi ◽

Azar Hadadi ◽

Fereshteh Shahcheraghi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Markers ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

High Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Teaching Hospitals ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Clonal Relatedness ◽

The Face ◽

Global Concern

AbstractHypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) has emerged as a pathogen of global concern. In this study, both phenotypic and genotypic tests were used to detect hvKp. Antimicrobial resistance profiles and clonal relatedness of clinical isolates were also determined. We found that 34.2% (163/477) of the isolates were tellurite resistant, and among them 102 hvKp isolates detected with iucA or iutA or peg-344 as molecular markers. The blaSHV (80.4%), followed by blaCTX-M-15 (76.5%) and blaTEM (67.6%), blaOXA-48 (53.9%), and blaNDM-1 (32.3%) were detected, while blaKPC-1 was not present in any hvKp isolates. It was found that the majority of hvKp isolates belonged to capsular serotype K20 and ompK36 group C, which is related to clonal group (CG) 23 (e.g. ST23). A high percentage of multidrug-resistant hvKp (76.6%) and high resistance to imipenem (67%) indicated a serious problem that should be addressed in the clinical setting.

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Molecular Insights into Antimicrobial Resistance Traits of Multidrug Resistant Enteric Pathogens isolated from India

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-017-14791-1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Pawan Kumar ◽

Satyabrata Bag ◽

Tarini Shankar Ghosh ◽

Prasanta Dey ◽

Mayanka Dayal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Enteric Pathogens ◽

Resistance Traits

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Isolated from Food Workers and Chicken Products in Japan

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10121541 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1541

Author(s):

Yoshimasa Sasaki ◽

Hiromi Kakizawa ◽

Youichi Baba ◽

Takeshi Ito ◽

Yukari Haremaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Food Products ◽

Generation Cephalosporin ◽

Foodborne Illness ◽

Third Generation ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Global Concern ◽

Food Workers

Salmonella is an enteric bacterial pathogen that causes foodborne illness in humans. Third-generation cephalosporin (TGC) resistance in Salmonella remains a global concern. Food workers may represent a reservoir of Salmonella, thus potentially contaminating food products. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella in food workers and characterize the isolates by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Salmonella was isolated from 583 (0.079%) of 740,635 stool samples collected from food workers between January and December 2018, and then serotyped into 76 Salmonella enterica serovars and 22 untypeable Salmonella strains. High rates of antimicrobial resistance were observed for streptomycin (51.1%), tetracycline (33.1%), and kanamycin (18.4%). Although isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, 12 (2.1%) strains (one S. Infantis, one S. Manhattan, two S. Bareilly, two S. Blockley, two S. Heidelberg, two S. Minnesota, one S. Goldcoast, and one untypeable Salmonella strain) were resistant to the TGC cefotaxime, all of which harbored β-lactamase genes (blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-55, and blaTEM-52B). Moreover, 1.3% (4/309) of Salmonella strains (three S. Infantis and one S. Manhattan strains) isolated from chicken products were resistant to cefotaxime and harbored blaCMY-2 or blaTEM-52B. Thus, food workers may acquire TGC-resistant Salmonella after the ingestion of contaminated chicken products and further contaminate food products.

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Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Class 1 Integrons Among Different Serotypes of Salmonella spp. Recovered From Children with Diarrhea in Tehran, Iran

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871526519666190130171020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 160-166

Author(s):

Seyedeh Hanieh Eshaghi Zadeh ◽

Hossein Fahimi ◽

Fatemeh Fardsanei ◽

Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Class 1 Integron ◽

Class 1 Integrons ◽

Food Borne ◽

Class 1 ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

C 30

Background: Salmonellosis is a major food-borne disease worldwide. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. is concerning. Objective: The main objective of this study is to identify class 1 integron genes and to determine antibiotic resistance patterns among Salmonella isolates from children with diarrhea. Methods: A total of 30 Salmonella isolates were recovered from children with diarrhea. The isolates were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility and screened for the presence of class 1 integron genes (i.e. intI1, sulI1, and qacEΔ1). Results: The most prevalent serotype was Enteritidis 36.7%, followed by Paratyphi C (30%), and Typhimurium (16.7%). The highest rates of antibiotic resistance were obtained for nalidixic acid (53.3%), followed by streptomycin (40%), and tetracycline (36.7%). Regarding class 1 integrons, 36.7%, 26.7%, and 33.3% of the isolates carried intI1, SulI, and qacEΔ1, respectively, most of which (81.8%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Statistical analysis revealed that the presence of class 1 integron was significantly associated with resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline (p = 0.042). However, there was no association between class 1 integron and other antibiotics used in this study (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The high frequency of integron class 1 gene in MDR Salmonella strains indicates that these mobile genetic elements are versatile among different Salmonella serotypes, and associated with reduced susceptibility to many antimicrobials.

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Detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients in rural Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-86570-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mojisola C. Hosu ◽

Sandeep D. Vasaikar ◽

Grace E. Okuthe ◽

Teke Apalata

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

High Rate ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Eastern Cape ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Resistance Patterns

AbstractThe proliferation of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa represent a major public health threat. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial resistance patterns of P. aeruginosa strains and characterized the ESBLs and Metallo- β-lactamases (MBL) produced. Strains of P. aeruginosa cultured from patients who attended Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital and other clinics in the four district municipalities of the Eastern Cape between August 2017 and May 2019 were identified; antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out against thirteen clinically relevant antibiotics using the BioMérieux VITEK 2 and confirmed by Beckman autoSCAN-4 System. Real-time PCR was done using Roche Light Cycler 2.0 to detect the presence of ESBLs; blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes; and MBLs; blaIMP, blaVIM. Strains of P. aeruginosa demonstrated resistance to wide-ranging clinically relevant antibiotics including piperacillin (64.2%), followed by aztreonam (57.8%), cefepime (51.5%), ceftazidime (51.0%), piperacillin/tazobactam (50.5%), and imipenem (46.6%). A total of 75 (36.8%) multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were observed of the total pool of isolates. The blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M was detected in 79.3%, 69.5% and 31.7% isolates (n = 82), respectively. The blaIMP was detected in 1.25% while no blaVIM was detected in any of the strains tested. The study showed a high rate of MDR P. aeruginosa in our setting. The vast majority of these resistant strains carried blaTEM and blaSHV genes. Continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and strict compliance towards infection prevention and control practices are the best defence against spread of MDR P. aeruginosa.

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Rethinking Manure Application: Increase in Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Agricultural Soil Following Chicken Litter Application

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9050885 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 885

Author(s):

Dorcas Oladayo Fatoba ◽

Akebe Luther King Abia ◽

Daniel G. Amoako ◽

Sabiha Y. Essack

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Agricultural Soil ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Manure Application ◽

Unamended Soil ◽

Enterococcus Spp ◽

Chicken Litter ◽

Amended Soil

The current study investigated the impact of chicken litter application on the abundance of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. in agricultural soil. Soil samples were collected from five different strategic places on a sugarcane farm before and after manure application for four months. Chicken litter samples were also collected. Enterococci were enumerated using the Enterolert®/Quanti-Tray 2000® system and confirm and differentiated into species using real-time PCR. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method following the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. The overall mean bacterial count was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in manure-amended soil (3.87 × 107 MPN/g) than unamended soil (2.89 × 107 MPN/g). Eight hundred and thirty-five enterococci (680 from soil and 155 from litter) were isolated, with E. casseliflavus being the most prevalent species (469; 56.2%) and E. gallinarum being the least (16; 1.2%). Approximately 56% of all the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested, with the highest resistance observed against tetracycline (33%) and the lowest against chloramphenicol (0.1%); 17% of E. faecium were resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin. Additionally, 27.9% (130/466) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with litter-amended soil harbouring more multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (67.7%; 88/130) than unamended soil (10.0%; 13/130). All isolates were susceptible to tigecycline, linezolid and gentamicin. About 7% of the isolates had a multiple antimicrobial resistance index > 0.2, indicative of high antibiotic exposure. Although organic fertilizers are regarded as eco-friendly compared to chemical fertilizers for improving soil fertility, the application of untreated animal manure could promote the accumulation of antibiotics and their residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the soil, creating an environmental reservoir of antimicrobial resistance, with potential human and environmental health risks.

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First Case of Staphylococci Carrying Linezolid Resistance Genes from Laryngological Infections in Poland

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10030335 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 335

Author(s):

Michał Michalik ◽

Maja Kosecka-Strojek ◽

Mariola Wolska ◽

Alfred Samet ◽

Adrianna Podbielska-Kubera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Ribosomal Proteins ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Aureus Strain ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Linezolid Resistance ◽

First Case ◽

Resistance Patterns

Linezolid is currently used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-positive cocci. Both linezolid-resistant S. aureus (LRSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) strains have been collected worldwide. Two isolates carrying linezolid resistance genes were recovered from laryngological patients and characterized by determining their antimicrobial resistance patterns and using molecular methods such as spa typing, MLST, SCCmec typing, detection of virulence genes and ica operon expression, and analysis of antimicrobial resistance determinants. Both isolates were multidrug resistant, including resistance to methicillin. The S. aureus strain was identified as ST-398/t4474/SCCmec IVe, harboring adhesin, hemolysin genes, and the ica operon. The S. haemolyticus strain was identified as ST-42/mecA-positive and harbored hemolysin genes. Linezolid resistance in S. aureus strain was associated with the mutations in the ribosomal proteins L3 and L4, and in S. haemolyticus, resistance was associated with the presence of cfr gene. Moreover, S. aureus strain harbored optrA and poxtA genes. We identified the first case of staphylococci carrying linezolid resistance genes from patients with chronic sinusitis in Poland. Since both S. aureus and CoNS are the most common etiological factors in laryngological infections, monitoring of such infections combined with surveillance and infection prevention programs is important to decrease the number of linezolid-resistant staphylococcal strains.

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Liposomes as Antibiotic Delivery Systems: A Promising Nanotechnological Strategy against Antimicrobial Resistance

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26072047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (7) ◽

pp. 2047

Author(s):

Magda Ferreira ◽

Maria Ogren ◽

Joana N. R. Dias ◽

Marta Silva ◽

Solange Gil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Private Investment ◽

Therapeutic Index ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Current Treatment ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs

Antimicrobial drugs are key tools to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Despite the early success of antibiotics, the current treatment of bacterial infections faces serious challenges due to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Moreover, the decline of research and private investment in new antibiotics further aggravates this antibiotic crisis era. Overcoming the complexity of antimicrobial resistance must go beyond the search of new classes of antibiotics and include the development of alternative solutions. The evolution of nanomedicine has allowed the design of new drug delivery systems with improved therapeutic index for the incorporated compounds. One of the most promising strategies is their association to lipid-based delivery (nano)systems. A drug’s encapsulation in liposomes has been demonstrated to increase its accumulation at the infection site, minimizing drug toxicity and protecting the antibiotic from peripheral degradation. In addition, liposomes may be designed to fuse with bacterial cells, holding the potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation and constituting a promising solution for the treatment of potential fatal multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In this review, we aim to address the applicability of antibiotic encapsulated liposomes as an effective therapeutic strategy for bacterial infections.

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Serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes of Salmonella isolated from a pig slaughterhouse in Yangzhou, China

AMB Express ◽

10.1186/s13568-019-0936-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Quan Li ◽

Jian Yin ◽

Zheng Li ◽

Zewei Li ◽

Yuanzhao Du ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Production Chain ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

AbstractSalmonella is an important food-borne pathogen associated with public health and high economic losses. To investigate the prevalence and the characteristics of Salmonella in a pig slaughterhouse in Yangzhou, a total of 80 Salmonella isolates were isolated from 459 (17.43%) samples in 2016–2017. S. Derby (35/80, 43.75%) was the most prevalent, followed by S. Rissen (16/80, 20.00%) and S. Newlands (11/80, 13.75%). The highest rates of susceptibility were observed to cefoxitin (80/80, 100.0%) and amikacin (80/80, 100.0%), followed by aztreonam (79/80, 98.75%) and nitrofurantoin (79/80, 98.75%). The highest resistance rate was detected for tetracycline (65/80, 81.25%), followed by ampicillin (60/80, 75.00%), bactrim (55/80, 68.75%), and sulfisoxazole (54/80, 67.50%). Overall, 91.25% (73/80) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, while 71.25% (57/80) of the isolate strains were multidrug resistant in the antimicrobial susceptibility tested. In addition, 86.36% (19/22) of the 22 antimicrobial resistance genes in the isolates were identified. Our data indicated that the resistance to certain antimicrobials was significantly associated, in part, with antimicrobial resistance genes. Furthermore, 81.25% (65/80) isolates harbored the virulence gene of mogA, of which 2 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates carried the mogA, spvB and spvC virulence genes at the same time. The results showed that swine products in the slaughterhouse were contaminated with multidrug resistant Salmonella commonly, especially some isolates carry the spv virulence genes. The virulence genes might facilitate the dissemination of the resistance genes to consumers along the production chain, suggesting the importance of controlling Salmonella during slaughter for public health.

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