Selection of endurance capabilities and the trade-off between pressure and volume in the evolution of the human heart

Chimpanzees and gorillas, when not inactive, engage primarily in short bursts of resistance physical activity (RPA), such as climbing and fighting, that creates pressure stress on the cardiovascular system. In contrast, to initially hunt and gather and later to farm, it is thought that preindustrial human survival was dependent on lifelong moderate-intensity endurance physical activity (EPA), which creates a cardiovascular volume stress. Although derived musculoskeletal and thermoregulatory adaptations for EPA in humans have been documented, it is unknown if selection acted similarly on the heart. To test this hypothesis, we compared left ventricular (LV) structure and function across semiwild sanctuary chimpanzees, gorillas, and a sample of humans exposed to markedly different physical activity patterns. We show the human LV possesses derived features that help augment cardiac output (CO) thereby enabling EPA. However, the human LV also demonstrates phenotypic plasticity and, hence, variability, across a wide range of habitual physical activity. We show that the human LV’s propensity to remodel differentially in response to chronic pressure or volume stimuli associated with intense RPA and EPA as well as physical inactivity represents an evolutionary trade-off with potential implications for contemporary cardiovascular health. Specifically, the human LV trades off pressure adaptations for volume capabilities and converges on a chimpanzee-like phenotype in response to physical inactivity or sustained pressure loading. Consequently, the derived LV and lifelong low blood pressure (BP) appear to be partly sustained by regular moderate-intensity EPA whose decline in postindustrial societies likely contributes to the modern epidemic of hypertensive heart disease.

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Abstract P274: Physical Activity Patterns and Determinants Following Acute Myocardial Infarction: Insights From the VIRGO Study (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients)

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.131.suppl_1.p274 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Karl E Minges ◽

Kelly M Strait ◽

Sarah Camhi ◽

Judith H Lichtman ◽

Rachel P Dreyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Estimating Equation ◽

Vigorous Activity ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Wide Range ◽

Over Time

Introduction: Despite the benefits of participation in regular physical activity (PA) following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), little is known about the habitual patterns of PA for young AMI patients, especially expanding beyond findings for those engaged in cardiac rehabilitation. We assessed patterns and determinants in levels of PA over a period of 12-months following AMI. Methods: A 2:1 (women:men) observational study design enrolled 3,572 AMI patients (2,397 women, 67.1%) aged 18-55 years from 103 US, 24 Spanish, and 3 Australian hospitals (2008-2012). Data were obtained by medical record abstraction and patient interviews at baseline (pre-AMI), 1- and 12-months post-AMI. Patients were assigned to AHA defined levels of PA based on self-reported frequency, duration, and intensity, as follows: Active (≥ 150 min/wk moderate or ≥ 75 min/wk vigorous activity), Insufficient (10-149 min/wk moderate or 10-74 min/wk vigorous activity), or Inactive (< 10 min/wk moderate or vigorous activity). We used a generalized estimating equation model to examine the factors associated with insufficient/inactive PA levels over time. Results: At baseline, 1- and 12-months post-AMI, 36.7%, 37.6%, and 40.0% of patients were considered active. There were 27 PA patterns observed from baseline to 12-months (Table). The most frequent were those with no change in PA over time (14% staying active, 7% insufficient, and 13% inactive). Additionally, 25% of patients had an increase (at least a one category change) in PA, while 19% had a decrease between baseline and 12-months post-AMI. Female sex, non-white race, non-active workplaces, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity were independently associated with being insufficient/inactive over time (all p<.05). Conclusions: Despite clinical recommendations, young adults recovering from AMI experience a wide range of PA patterns. By identifying factors associated with insufficient/inactive PA during recovery, targeted interventions can be introduced prior to hospital discharge.

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Tree‐Based Machine Learning to Identify and Understand Major Determinants for Stroke at the Neighborhood Level

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.120.016745 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (22) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Liangyuan Hu ◽

Bian Liu ◽

Jiayi Ji ◽

Yan Li

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Machine Learning ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Black People ◽

The United States ◽

Machine Learning Techniques ◽

Data Set ◽

Wide Range ◽

Neighborhood Level

Background Stroke is a major cardiovascular disease that causes significant health and economic burden in the United States. Neighborhood community‐based interventions have been shown to be both effective and cost‐effective in preventing cardiovascular disease. There is a dearth of robust studies identifying the key determinants of cardiovascular disease and the underlying effect mechanisms at the neighborhood level. We aim to contribute to the evidence base for neighborhood cardiovascular health research. Methods and Results We created a new neighborhood health data set at the census tract level by integrating 4 types of potential predictors, including unhealthy behaviors, prevention measures, sociodemographic factors, and environmental measures from multiple data sources. We used 4 tree‐based machine learning techniques to identify the most critical neighborhood‐level factors in predicting the neighborhood‐level prevalence of stroke, and compared their predictive performance for variable selection. We further quantified the effects of the identified determinants on stroke prevalence using a Bayesian linear regression model. Of the 5 most important predictors identified by our method, higher prevalence of low physical activity, larger share of older adults, higher percentage of non‐Hispanic Black people, and higher ozone levels were associated with higher prevalence of stroke at the neighborhood level. Higher median household income was linked to lower prevalence. The most important interaction term showed an exacerbated adverse effect of aging and low physical activity on the neighborhood‐level prevalence of stroke. Conclusions Tree‐based machine learning provides insights into underlying drivers of neighborhood cardiovascular health by discovering the most important determinants from a wide range of factors in an agnostic, data‐driven, and reproducible way. The identified major determinants and the interactive mechanism can be used to prioritize and allocate resources to optimize community‐level interventions for stroke prevention.

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Social media captures demographic and regional physical activity

BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000567 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. e000567 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nina Cesare ◽

Quynh C Nguyen ◽

Christan Grant ◽

Elaine O Nsoesie

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Social Media ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Health Behaviours ◽

Population Level ◽

Statistical Modelling ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Usa

ObjectivesWe examined the use of data from social media for surveillance of physical activity prevalence in the USA.MethodsWe obtained data from the social media site Twitter from April 2015 to March 2016. The data consisted of 1 382 284 geotagged physical activity tweets from 481 146 users (55.7% men and 44.3% women) in more than 2900 counties. We applied machine learning and statistical modelling to demonstrate sex and regional variations in preferred exercises, and assessed the association between reports of physical activity on Twitter and population-level inactivity prevalence from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.ResultsThe association between physical inactivity tweet patterns and physical activity prevalence varied by sex and region. Walking was the most popular physical activity for both men and women across all regions (15.94% (95% CI 15.85% to 16.02%) and 18.74% (95% CI 18.64% to 18.88%) of tweets, respectively). Men and women mentioned performing gym-based activities at approximately the same rates (4.68% (95% CI 4.63% to 4.72%) and 4.13% (95% CI 4.08% to 4.18%) of tweets, respectively). CrossFit was most popular among men (14.91% (95% CI 14.52% to 15.31%)) among gym-based tweets, whereas yoga was most popular among women (26.66% (95% CI 26.03% to 27.19%)). Men mentioned engaging in higher intensity activities than women. Overall, counties with higher physical activity tweets also had lower leisure-time physical inactivity prevalence for both sexes.ConclusionsThe regional-specific and sex-specific activity patterns captured on Twitter may allow public health officials to identify changes in health behaviours at small geographical scales and to design interventions best suited for specific populations.

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The Physical Activity Patterns of Older Australians

Australian Journal of Primary Health ◽

10.1071/py05046 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 79 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sonya Brownie

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Living Arrangements ◽

Tai Chi ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Postal Questionnaire ◽

Physical Activities ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Physical Activity Patterns ◽

Exercise Participation

One of the aims of this study was to examine the relationship between gender, health profile and physical activity patterns of older Australians. Using a self-administered postal questionnaire, data were obtained from 1,263 Australians (641 males, 622 females), aged 65-98 years, randomly selected from the 2000 Australian Electoral Commission roll. Participants provided general demographic data in addition to information about key health features and self-reported weekly participation in various physical activities. More than half (55%) of the sample averaged at least 30 minutes' exercise most days, excluding gardening and housework. Men participated in a wider range of physical activities and were more likely to average at least 30 minutes' exercise most days compared to women. Living arrangements, ethnicity, education and income were important sociological determinants of low, medium, or high levels of exercise participation. Perceived poor health, chronic disease, lack of motivation and energy, were barriers to achieving regular exercise. Gym training (4%) and tai chi/yoga (2%) were the least popular forms of exercise, yet weight resistance training and Tai chi are associated with improvements in strength, balance, flexibility and range of motion, and could play an important role in reducing the morbidity associated with ageing. General practitioners are well positioned to help older Australians take the first steps towards achieving the national target of at least 30 minutes' moderate-intensity activity most days.

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Physical activity patterns in the French 18–74-year-old population: French Nutrition and Health Survey (Etude Nationale Nutrition Santé, ENNS) 2006–2007

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980012003278 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 2054-2059 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Benoit Salanave ◽

Michel Vernay ◽

Emmanuelle Szego ◽

Aurélie Malon ◽

Valérie Deschamps ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Sedentary Behaviour ◽

Health Survey ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Intensity Level ◽

Nutrition And Health ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Initiatives

AbstractObjectiveTo describe detailed physical activity and sedentary behaviour in French adults across physical activity categories.DesignThe French Nutrition and Health Survey (Etude Nationale Nutrition Santé, ENNS), conducted in 2006–2007, was a national cross-sectional survey based on three-stage random sampling. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to classify participants into three physical activity categories. Time spent in a sitting position and time spent in front of a screen were used as markers of sedentary behaviour.SettingFrance.SubjectsAdults (n2971) aged 18 to 74 years were included.ResultsOverall, 29·5 % of men and 23·6 % of women were classified into the high-IPAQ category, while 36·1 % of men and 37·5 % of women were in the low-IPAQ category. For each intensity level of physical activity (vigorous intensity, moderate intensity or walking), the number of active days per week decreased from the high- to the low-IPAQ category and daily duration of physical activity was longer in the high-IPAQ category than in the other two categories; 6 % of adults declared neither vigorous nor moderate nor walking activities.ConclusionsFor most adults in the low-IPAQ category, an increasing number of active days per week would be sufficient to attain the moderate-IPAQ category. This should be taken into account in public health initiatives aimed at promoting physical activity.

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Risk Factors for Physical Inactivity Among Children With and Without Asthma Living in Peri-Urban Communities of Lima, Peru

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2019-0553 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (8) ◽

pp. 816-822

Author(s):

Sathvik Namburar ◽

William Checkley ◽

Oscar Flores-Flores ◽

Karina M. Romero ◽

Katherine Tomaino Fraser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Urban Communities ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Special Focus ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Physical Activity Levels ◽

Steps Per Day ◽

Demographic Risk

Background: The authors sought to examine physical activity patterns among children with and without asthma in 2 peri-urban communities in Lima, Peru, to identify socioeconomic and demographic risk factors for physical inactivity and examine the relationship between asthma and physical activity. Methods: The authors measured mean steps per day in 114 children (49 with asthma and 65 without) using pedometers worn over a 1-week period. They also used the 3-day physical activity recall to determine the most common activities carried out by children. Results: The authors found that 84.2% of the children did not meet the daily international physical activity recommendations. Girls took significantly fewer mean steps per day as compared with boys (2258 fewer steps, 95% confidence interval, 1042–3474), but no other factors, including asthma status, showed significant differences in the mean daily steps. Mean daily steps were positively associated with higher socioeconomic status among girls, and current asthma had a larger inverse effect on daily steps in boys when compared with girls. Conclusion: Physical activity levels were below recommended guidelines in all children. There is a need for policy and neighborhood-level interventions to address low physical activity levels among Peruvian youth. Special focus should be given to increasing the physical activity levels in girls.

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Epidemiological evidence for the role of physical activity in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00160.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 99 (3) ◽

pp. 1193-1204 ◽

Cited By ~ 380

Author(s):

Shari S. Bassuk ◽

JoAnn E. Manson

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Atherogenic Dyslipidemia ◽

Protective Mechanisms ◽

Physically Active

Epidemiological studies suggest that physically active individuals have a 30–50% lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes than do sedentary persons and that physical activity confers a similar risk reduction for coronary heart disease. Risk reductions are observed with as little as 30 min of moderate-intensity activity per day. Protective mechanisms of physical activity include the regulation of body weight; the reduction of insulin resistance, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and inflammation; and the enhancement of insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, and fibrinolytic and endothelial function. Public health initiatives promoting moderate increases in physical activity may offer the best balance between efficacy and feasibility to improve metabolic and cardiovascular health in largely sedentary populations.

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Physical activity patterns and socio-demographic correlates of physical activity among medical undergraduates in Sri Lanka: an observational study

Postgraduate Medical Journal ◽

10.1136/postgradmedj-2017-135008 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 94 (1107) ◽

pp. 32-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arjuna Medagama ◽

Manoj Galgomuwa ◽

Chinthani De Silva

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Demographic Correlates ◽

Medical Undergraduates

BackgroundPhysical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for mortality worldwide and a leading risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Medical undergraduates are a group of young adults expected to have a sound knowledge of the benefits of physical activity (PA) and have an active lifestyle.ObjectiveTo quantifyPA levels among medical undergraduates of a Sri Lankan university and to determine the socio-demographic correlates of physical inactivity.MethodsMedical undergraduates in their third, fourth and fifth years of study were recruited for this quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire.ResultsA total of 421 students were recruited. Overall 41% were physically inactive. Females (47%) were more inactive than males (34%). The total mean weekly metabolic equivalent (MET)-minutes was 1468.2±1873. Males (1676.2±1629) had a higher mean weekly MET minutes than females (1319±20102), p=0.05. 88% owned a portable internet device such as a smartphone or tablet. Students using health-related apps on their devices had significantly higherPA (p=0.01) and lower body mass index (BMI) (p=0.04), than those who did not. Binary logistic regression revealed physical inactivity to be significantly associated with gender (p=0.01), not using a health-promoting app on their portable device (p=0.01) and the year of study (p=0.03).ConclusionPhysical inactivity is a significant problem among medical undergraduates. The use of health applications was associated with a higher PA and lower BMI. The reasons for inactivity and the discrepancy in activity levels between males and females needs to be explored in greater detail.

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Physical inactivity, sedentary habits and eating habits among Moroccan adolescents

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202131901022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 319 ◽

pp. 01022

Author(s):

Hamid El Oirdi ◽

Amina Bouziani ◽

Aziz El Oirdi ◽

Jaouad Mostyafi ◽

Abdeslam Hamrani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Noncommunicable Diseases ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Sedentary Behaviors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Moderate Intensity Physical Activity ◽

Validated Questionnaire

In Morocco, noncommunicable diseases were responsible for 80% of all deaths in 2016. These risk factors are closely related to diet and physical activity. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of physical activity, sedentary behaviors and eating habits among a sample of Moroccan adolescents aged 14 to 19 years.This is a cross-sectional study involving a sample of 669 (285 boys and 384 girls) recruited during the year 2019 in the Province of Sidi Kacem-Morocco. Data on sedentary behaviors, physical activity and eating habits were collected using a validated questionnaire. Overall, 38% of Moroccan adolescents did not meet the recommended duration of one hour of moderate-intensity physical activity, boys are generally more active than girls (p<0.00), and 36% of adolescents reported watching TV for more than 2 hours/day and 42% used a computer for a similar period. Girls are more sedentary than boys (p=0.005). For eating habits, there were significantly more boys than girls who met the recommended scores for healthier foods, but there were significantly more girls than boys who exceeded the score of three days of intake per week for unhealthiest foods. The prevalence of sedentary behavior, physical inactivity and unhealthy eating habits appear to be moderately high, but physical and nutritional education programs are needed to promote an active living and a healthy eating.

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Better Park Design Contributes to Physical Activity Improvement

GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review - GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR) Vol.7(1) Jan-Mar 2019 ◽

10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.4(7) ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 260-266

Author(s):

Sigit Arifwidodo ◽

Orana Chandrasiri

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Activity Level ◽

Least Square ◽

Survey Questionnaire ◽

Public Park ◽

Wide Range ◽

Park Design ◽

Design Intervention

Objective - Empirical evidence has identified that parks hold an essential role in promoting physical activity. Parks facilitate opportunities to be physically active for a wide range of users. The paper explores the effects of design intervention of Benjakitti Park, a public park in Bangkok, Thailand. Methodology/Technique – The system for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) method was utilized before and after design intervention to understand whether the design intervention improved the park users' physical activity level. A survey questionnaire of park visitors was used to understand whether they had become more active during a park visit. Finding –It was found that the design intervention changed the characteristics of park users and their activity patterns. More children and older adults' visitors were observed in the post-design intervention. An ordinary least square model of the survey questionnaire result showed that one-time park visitation was associated with an increase of five minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity per week. The study showed that even a small design intervention could change people's behavior towards a healthier and more active lifestyle. Type of Paper: Empirical JEL Classification: C99, R19 Keywords: Public Park; Physical Activity; Landscape Design; Public Health; SOPARC. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Arifwidodo, S; Chandrasiri, O. (2020). Better Park Design Contributes to Physical Activity Improvement, GATR Global J. Bus. Soc. Sci. Review, 8(4): 260 – 266. https://doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.4(7)

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