Towards a Better General Theory of Equivalent Effect

Babel ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Nam Fung Chang

ABSTRACT On the premise that translating is communicating, E.A. Nida puts forward a theory of dynamic equivalence based on the principle of equivalent effect, which lays a great emphasis on the response of the receptor, but there are some fuzzy areas in his theory, such as whether cultural adaptations are legitimate. P. Newmark criticizes the theory for being too considerate to the readers at the expense of the author. Refusing to accept Nida's premise, he asserts that a more faithful approach should be adopted in translating "expressive texts" even if it results in incomprehension by the reader. Though an exponent of Nida's theory, D. Jin also criticizes him for not paying enough attention to the "actual facts" of the original. Commenting on the debate, this paper argues that dynamic equivalence does not necessarily mean making it easy for the reader, but it should not be the only proper method of translation, that the importance of "actual facts" is not always paramount, and that cultural adaptations are legitimate to a greater extent than Nida would allow. In an attempt to develop a more sophisticated, more open-minded and more descriptive general theory of equivalent effect, it is suggested that there should be different emphases for different types of texts, that the purposes of translation should be taken into account, and that the translator should have the freedom to choose a certain degree of dynamic equivalence, and to decide for himself on some important questions, such as whether to bring his personality traits into play and whether to improve upon the original. RÉSUMÉ Défendant le principe que traduire, c'est communiquer, E.A. Nida avance une théorie d'équivalence dynamique basée sur le principe de l'effet équivalent, qui met l'accent sur la réaction du lecteur. Il y a cependant, dans cette théorie, quelques points obscurs, comme par exemple, la question de savoir si les adaptations culturelles sont légitimes ou non. P. Newmark critique cette théorie dans la mesure où selon lui, elle fait preuve de trop d'égards pour le lecteur aux dépens de l'auteur. Il refuse d'accepter le principe de Nida et affirme que le traducteur qui traduit des "textes expressifs" doit adopter une approche plus fidèle, même si elle débouche sur une forme d'incompréhension chez le lecteur. Bien qu'adhérant à la théorie de Nida, D. Jin critique ce dernier qui n'accorderait pas suffisamment d'attention aux "faits réels" présents dans l'oeuvre originale. L'auteur de l'article défend l'idée que l'équivalence dynamique n'implique pas nécessairement qu'il faille faciliter la vie du lecteur, qu'elle n'est pas la seule méthode de traduction adéquate, que l'importance des "faits réels" n'est pas prioritaire, et que les adaptations culturelles sont plus légitimes que ne le reconnaît Nida. S'efforçant de mettre au point une théorie générale de l'effet d'équivalence qui soit à la fois plus sophistiquée, plus large d'esprit et davantage descriptive, l'auteur suggère que les différents types de textes soient abordés d'une manière différente, que les objectifs de la traduction soient respectés, que le traducteur puisse avoir le loisir d'opter pour un certain degré d'équivalence dynamique et de faire volontairement certains choix, comme, par exemple, celui de refléter sa personnalité dans la traduction et d'améliorer ou non l'oeuvre originale.

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sajid Saeed

The primary concern of this paper is to investigatethe extent to which three variables (i.e. personality traits, demographic variables, and job satisfaction) are interrelated with each other and what effect they have on each other in relation to the UK retail sector. The four different types of retail stores i.e. Tesco, Primark, Ikea and WH Smith were selected for survey purpose to minimise the class biasness.Total 300 close-ended questionnaires were distributed and 220 responses were obtained.The findings reveal that ‘Neuroticism’ is negatively associated with job satisfaction as well as with ‘Extraversion’. However, it is positively correlated with other three personality groups including ‘Agreeableness’, ‘Conscientious’, and ‘Openness’. On the other hand, ‘Openness to experience’ has a negative relationship with ‘Agreeableness’.It is also found from the ranking analysis that employees with ‘Agreeableness’ and ‘Conscientiousness’ personalities are more successful in their career and consequently they are more satisfied with their jobs.


2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1849) ◽  
pp. 20162356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hinsch ◽  
Jan Komdeur

Theoretical research on evolutionary aspects of territoriality has a long history. Existing studies, however, differ widely in modelling approach and research question. A generalized view on the evolution of territoriality is accordingly still missing. In this review, we show that territorial conflicts can be classified into qualitatively distinct types according to what mode of access to a territory which competitor attempts to gain. We argue that many of the inconsistencies between existing studies can be traced back to the fact that, while using the same terminology, different instances of these types of conflicts have been investigated. We discuss the connections of each type of conflict to existing research within the wider area of animal conflicts. We conclude that a clear conceptual separation of different types of territorial conflicts is helpful but that a more general theory of territoriality has to account for interdependencies between them and that a more mechanistic approach to modelling territoriality is needed.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
E.I. Panchenko

The article is written in line with current research, since the problem of studying Ukrainian realities is of unquestionable interest for several reasons. First, understanding the realities will promote bettermutual understanding of different peoples; and secondly, the definition of optimal means of translating the realities is a definite contribution to the general theory of translation. Different types of real-world classifications are proposed, the difficulties associated with the adequate transfer into the translated text of an entire array of cultural information encoded in the realities contained in the origina text are investigated. Basing on the analysis of numerous translations of literary works, Ukrainian researchers (R. Zorivchak, V. Koptilov, O. Kundzich, O. Cherednichenko, etc.) show ways to overcome linguistic obstacles caused by cultural differences. But, as far as we know, the problem of the translation of Ukrainian realities in the works of T. Shevchenko is not yet exhaustively highlighted. The purpose of this article is to analyze the peculiarities of the use of realities in the work of Taras Shevchenko "Katerina" and their translation into English. We have given an ideographic classification of lexical units - Ukrainian realities in fiction and analyzed such means of their translation as calque, renomination, transcription with explanation, the introduction of neologism, the principle of generic-species replacement, which allows  conveying (approximately) the content of the realities by a broader, general meaning, that is, the reception of generalization. The results of our analysis allow us to make an ideographic classification of Ukrainian realities that are used in fiction, as well as to summarize the prevalence of their means of translation. Prospects for further research are seen in the analysis of certain translation failures in the translation of realities and to offer the best options for their translation.


Author(s):  
Vega González-Bueso ◽  
Juan Santamaría ◽  
Ignasi Oliveras ◽  
Daniel Fernández ◽  
Elena Montero ◽  
...  

In recent years, the evidence regarding Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) suggests that some personality traits are important risk factors for developing this problem. The heterogeneity involved in problematic online gaming and differences found in the literature regarding the comorbid psychopathology associated with the problem could be explained through different types of gamers. Clustering analysis can allow organization of a collection of personality traits into clusters based on similarity. The objectives of this study were: (1) to obtain an empirical classification of IGD patients according to personality variables and (2) to describe the resultant groups in terms of clinical and sociodemographic variables. The sample included 66 IGD adolescent patients who were consecutive referrals at a mental health center in Barcelona, Spain. A Gaussian mixture model cluster analysis was used in order to classify the subjects based on their personality. Two clusters based on personality traits were detected: type I “higher comorbid symptoms” (n = 24), and type II “lower comorbid symptoms” (n = 42). The type I included higher scores in introversive, inhibited, doleful, unruly, forceful, oppositional, self-demeaning and borderline tendency traits, and lower scores in histrionic, egotistic and conforming traits. The type I obtained higher scores on all the Symptom Check List-90 items-Revised, all the State-Trait Anxiety Index scales, and on the DSM-5 IGD criteria. Differences in personality can be useful in determining clusters with different types of dysfunctionality.


Author(s):  
John A. Gentry

Literatures on intelligence predominantly focus on intelligence failures, often explicitly claiming that the failures reflect the poor performance of the intelligence agencies as a whole. Despite negative claims on the performance of these agencies, politicians, citizens, and scholars often have little to discuss on intelligence performance. They seldom ask what the intelligence services do in aggregate; what their performance rate is; how the infrequent yet prominent failures compare to ongoing performance that is invisible to the outsiders because it is at least adequate; and how ignorance of the performance of the different types of intelligence activities affects the overall assessment of the intelligence services. This little discussion on some of the important aspects of intelligence performance resulted in the absence of general theory of intelligence performance. To judge better intelligence performance, understanding the functions and the nature of work of the intelligence services is a must. This article hence uses existing theory and available data to determine the theory of the whole performance of intelligence agencies. It also provides a scorecard of the recent performance of the U.S. intelligence and suggests avenues for future research.


2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1250058
Author(s):  
ALEJANDRO GALLARDO

Time boundary terms usually added to action principles are systematically handled in the framework of Dirac's canonical analysis. The procedure begins with the introduction of the boundary term into the integral Hamiltonian action and then the resulting action is interpreted as a Lagrangian one to which Dirac's method is applied. Once the general theory is developed, the current procedure is implemented and illustrated in various examples which are originally endowed with different types of constraints.


The general theory of the irreducible representations of a space group with two atoms per unit cell is discussed. A particular application of it is made for the group of k = 0 for the close-packed hexagonal lattice. This leads to the determination of the spherical harmonics with the symmetry of this group. A technique is described to determine the boundary and continuity conditions on the surface of the Wigner-Seitz polyhedron. It is pointed out that these vary for different types of points on this surface and complete tables for them are given.


Author(s):  
Waseem Afzal

Information imperfections of various kinds are present around us and information asymmetry is one such kind. The phrase “information imperfection” indicates information which is less than ideal for many conceivable reasons. The concept of “information asymmetry” is different, and indicates the presence of more information at one end of an informational distribution. The purpose of this chapter is not to provide a literature review of information asymmetry but to (1) build on previous work, (2) suggest a set of concepts, and (3) describe examples of information asymmetries in order to propose a framework for a general theory of information asymmetry. To this end, this chapter provides a brief overview of the concepts of information asymmetry and information imperfection. It also proposes a set of four concepts considered to be of importance in understanding information asymmetry; describes two major categories of information asymmetries; discusses different types of informational disturbances; and finally discusses the potential effects of information asymmetries.


2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Shapiro ◽  
Karen Cline

The main objectives of this study were 1) to examine changes in self-reported moods and emotional states from before to after Iyengar Yoga classes and how they are affected by the practice of different types of Yoga poses and (2) to determine whether observed changes in mood depend on one's personality traits. The participants were 11 healthy Yoga students in a nine-session Yoga course in which three different types of Yoga poses were compared: back bends, forward bends, and standing poses. Each 90-minute class focused on one of the three types of poses with three repetitions of each type of class. Self-ratings of 15 moods dealing with positive,negative, and energy-related emotional states were obtained before and after each class. Personality traits of depression, anxiety, and hostility were assessed at an initial orientation. Independently of the specific pose,positive moods increased, negative moods decreased,and energy-related moods increased from before to after classes with most changes lasting for two hours. Specific poses resulted in differences in how moods were affected,with back bends associated with greater increases in positive moods. Some mood changes were dependent on one's characteristic personality traits. The positive mood effects of back bends were greater for participants who were relatively hostile or depressed. The specific and nonspecific effects of different bodily postures and movements on psychological processes in Yoga and other forms of physical activity deserve further study. Yoga practices should be investigated for their potential clinical application in mood disorders and depression.


1978 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Réjean Landry ◽  
Vincent Lemieux

Cybernetic analysis is part of the systems approach and has been used by several authors to study governmental policies or public decisions. Nevertheless, the way in which it is used in this article is different from preceding attempts. Regulation by feedback is considered as being complex rather than simple; positive feedback seems neither exceptional nor pathological, and great emphasis is placed on power relations in the phenomena of regulation by feedback through which government policies are formed.The presentation of different sub-systems of the cybernetic model and of different types of regulation by feedback are illustrated by examples touching on the adjustment of electoral boundaries. In the last part of the article, the first results of research bearing on the sector of social affairs and on that of energy serve to underline three characteristics of the cybernetic analysis of government policies as proposed in this article: the key role that it gives regulation by feedback, its particular attention to the unexpected consequences of action, and its insistence on the phenomena of communication as essential to action.


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