Do fiction writers have superior perspective taking ability?

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theanna Bischoff ◽  
Joan Peskin
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Writing Quality ◽  
Fiction Writing ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Fiction Writers ◽  
The Relationship

In investigating the relationship between fiction writing and perspective taking, beliefs about the ability of fiction writers to correctly infer the mental states of others were assessed via survey, in comparison to other professions. Next, two groups of fiction writers (established and intermediate) and a control group were compared across different measures of perspective taking. Possible moderating variables such as age, verbal intelligence, depressive symptoms, and fiction reading were measured. Participants provided writing samples, which were scored for quality. Analyses revealed that the general public believes fiction writers demonstrate above-average perspective-taking ability; however, empirical tests revealed no significant between-group differences on the outcome measures, nor any relationship between fiction writing quality and any outcome measures. The results of the suggest that fiction writers are no better than similar individuals who do not write fiction in terms of their ability to infer others’ mental states or take their perspectives.

Reliability and Relevance of Radiographic Measures of Metatarsus Primus Elevatus and Arch Alignment in Individuals with Midfoot Arthritis and Controls

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 347-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita Rao ◽  
Katie Bell
Keyword(s):  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
First Metatarsal ◽  
Compressive Stresses ◽  
Metatarsal Angle ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Low arch alignment and metatarsus primus elevatus (MPE) have been postulated to increase dorsal compressive stresses in the joints of the medial column of the foot and to contribute to the development of degenerative changes. The primary purposes of this study were 1) to examine the relationship between radiographic measures of arch alignment and MPE and 2) to assess arch alignment and MPE in individuals with midfoot arthritis and in asymptomatic controls. The secondary aim was to examine the reliability of radiographic measures of arch alignment and MPE. Methods: Radiographic measures of arch height and MPE were quantified on 28 individuals with midfoot arthritis and 22 individuals in a control group. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The Pearson product moment correlation (r) was used to assess the relationship between arch alignment and MPE. Between-group differences were assessed using a two-sample t test (α = 0.05). Results: Good to excellent reliability was noted for measures of arch height (ICC[2,3] = 0.919–0.994) as well as MPE (ICC[2,3] = 0.891–0.882). A modest positive association was noted between normalized cortical elevation and normalized navicular height (r = 0.274, P = .030) and calcaneal inclination angle (r = 0.263, P = .035). Individuals with midfoot arthritis demonstrated lower arch alignment, reflected in a significantly higher calcaneal–first metatarsal angle (P = .002), lower calcaneal inclination angle (P = .004), and lower normalized navicular height (P < .001) compared with controls. No evidence was found to support between-group differences in lateral intermetatarsal angle (P = .495) and normalized cortical elevation (P = .146). Conclusions: These findings provide objective data establishing the reliability of measures of MPE and arch alignment and their potential clinical significance. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(5): 347–354, 2013)

The Relationship Between Joint Stiffness and Muscle Activity in Unstable Ankles and Copers

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Needle ◽  
Thomas W. Kaminski ◽  
Jochen Baumeister ◽  
Jill S. Higginson ◽  
William B. Farquhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Tibialis Anterior ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Joint Stiffness ◽  
Ankle Injury ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Ankle Stiffness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Context:Rolling sensations at the ankle are common after injury and represent failure in neural regulation of joint stiffness. However, deficits after ankle injury are variable and strategies for optimizing stiffness may differ across patients.Objective:To determine if ankle stiffness and muscle activation differ between patients with varying history of ankle injury.Patients:Fifty-nine individuals were stratified into healthy (CON, n = 20), functionally unstable (UNS, n = 19), and coper (COP, n = 20) groups.Main Outcome Measures:A 20° supination perturbation was applied to the ankle as position and torque were synchronized with activity of tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, and soleus. Subjects were tested with muscles relaxed, while maintaining 30% muscle activation, and while directed to react and resist the perturbation.Results:No group differences existed for joint stiffness (F = 0.07, P = .993); however, the UNS group had higher soleus and less tibialis anterior activation than the CON group during passive trials (P < .05). In addition, greater early tibialis anterior activation generally predicted higher stiffness in the CON group (P ≤ .03), but greater soleus activity improved stiffness in the UNS group (P = .03).Conclusion:Although previous injury does not affect the ability to stiffen the joint under laboratory conditions, strategies appear to differ. Generally, the COP has decreased muscle activation, whereas the UNS uses greater plantar-flexor activity. The results of this study suggest that clinicians should emphasize correct preparatory muscle activation to improve joint stiffness in injury-rehabilitation efforts.

RAGE and Aβ Immunoglobulins: Relation to Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive function

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 672-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
MEGHAN B. MITCHELL ◽  
JERRY J. BUCCAFUSCO ◽  
ROSANN F. SCHADE ◽  
SCOTT J. WEBSTER ◽  
SHYAMALA MRUTHINTI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Amyloid Aβ ◽  
Language Measures ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe immunoglobulins (IgGs) for beta amyloid (Aβ) and receptors for the advanced glycation end products (RAGE) have previously been shown to be related to memory and language measures in a mixed neurological sample of older adults. In this study, we examined group differences in Aβ and RAGE IgGs, as well as the relationship between both IgGs and cognitive performance in nondiabetic older adults with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We found RAGE and Aβ levels to be elevated in some AD participants, leading to significant AD–control group differences. While there was an overall correlation between both IgG levels and global cognition across all three groups, this relationship was largely attributable to group differences in cognition, highlighted by considerable variability within groups in the relationship between IgG levels and cognition. While findings do not support a consistent relationship between cognition and either IgG, further research with larger samples is needed to better characterize cognitive differences between AD participants with high versus low Aβ and RAGE titers. (JINS, 2010, 16, 672–678.)

Self-construal and perspective taking: partial support for the attentional hypothesis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuong-Van Vu ◽  
Catrin Finkenauer ◽  
Lydia Krabbendam
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Self ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Separate Entity ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Egocentric Bias ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Director Task

How efficiently one can take the perspective of another might be influenced by individualism (I) and collectivism (C), characterized by whether the self is construed as independent or interdependent. Collectivism can be associated with more accurate and faster inference of others’ mental states because of heightened attention to others’ perspective (the attentional hypothesis). However, construing the self as a separate entity from others, as in individualistic self-construal, could lead to better distinction between one’s and another’s mental states because egocentric bias (the tendency to conflate what oneself sees with what another sees) is better mitigated (the representational hypothesis). We measured IC on an individual level (Individual IC), primed participants (N = 142) with either I or C (Situational IC) and assessed their perspective-taking performance with the Director task. Participants primed with collectivism were significantly faster than the control group but not faster than those primed with individualism. On the individual level, being predominantly collectivistic did not lead to faster perspective taking, but was associated with slower non-perspective-taking performance. These findings provide more support for the attentional hypothesis than the representational hypothesis and improve our understanding of how the representation of the self can contribution to the representation of others’ mind.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of a family-centred intervention after traumatic brain injury: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial

2021 ◽  
pp. 026921552110103
Author(s):  
Mari S Rasmussen ◽  
Nada Andelic ◽  
Are H Pripp ◽  
Tonje H Nordenmark ◽  
Helene L Soberg
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Family Intervention ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
And Control

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of a family-centred intervention for patients with traumatic brain injury and family members. Design: Open-labelled, two-armed randomised controlled trial. Settings: Outpatient clinic and family residences. Participants: Sixty-one patients (33 women) with traumatic brain injury, with mean (SD) age 43.8 (12.2), and 63 family members (33 women), with mean (SD) age 42.6 (11.3), were assign to intervention ( n = 30 families) and control group ( n = 31 families). Intervention: An eight-session single-family intervention to improve individual and family functioning. Outcome measures: Self-reported questionnaires at start-of-treatment, median (IQR) 11.4 (8.4, 15.9) months post-injury, and at two follow-ups, 2.7 (2.3, 3.8) and 9.2 (8.2, 9.9) months after start-of-treatment. Primary outcome measures were the SF-36 Mental Component Summary (MCS) and Caregiver Burden Scale (CGB). Secondary outcome measures were the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES) and Quality of Life after Brain Injury Questionnaire (QOLIBRI). Group differences were analysed with linear mixed-model analysis for repeated measurements. Results: No significant between-group differences were found. The intervention group significantly improved on the MCS, the CGB and FACES in the treatment period, whereas the controls did not. The mean (SD) MCS change in the treatment period was 2.4 (1.1) points P = 0.028 in the intervention group. Mean (SE) MCS scores were 47.9 (1.26) and 47.3 (1.27) in the intervention and control group at last follow-up. Conclusions: Receiving an eight-session family intervention, in addition to specialised rehabilitation for the patients, was not superior to rehabilitation at a specialised traumatic brain injury outpatient clinic.

scholarly journals Relationship between creativity and intelligence in regular students and giftedness students

Psico-USF ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
Tatiana de Cassia Nakano ◽  
Walquiria de Jesus Ribeiro ◽  
Angela Magda Rodrigues Virgolim
Keyword(s):  
Gifted Students ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Criterion Group ◽  
Assessment Battery ◽  
Verbal Creativity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Regular Students

Abstract The present study sought to identify the relationship between creativity and intelligence in gifted students. The sample consisted of 966 participants, aged between 7 and 17 years, classified as regular students (n=867) and criterion group (n=99), subdivided according to the area of prominence: academic (n=66), creative/artistic (n=33). The Giftedness Assessment Battery was applied to assess reasoning (verbal, logical, numerical, and abstract) and creativity (verbal and figural). The results indicated that, in the control group, the relationship between the total score for intelligence and the two types of creativity were significant and positive, and scores were higher for verbal creativity. Only the correlation between the total scores for intelligence and verbal creativity was positive and significant in the criterion group. Differences in the relationship between constructs were also found according to the identification of giftedness (academic and creative).

scholarly journals The Effect of Tibial Rotation on the Presence of Instability in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient Knee

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Samukawa ◽  
David Magee ◽  
Masaki Katayose
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Tibial Rotation ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Acl Deficient ◽  
Control Study

Context:The effects of tibial rotation after ACL injury have not yet been well determined.Objective:To show whether clinical outcomes such as the amount of tibial rotation can affect functional outcomes in normal and ACL deficient knees.Design:Case control study.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:Twenty normal subjects (Control) and 20 subjects with ACL deficient knees (ACL).Main Outcome Measures:Tibial rotation at 30 and 90 degrees of knee flexion was measured using an inclinometer. One-legged hop, crossover hop, figure-of-eight running and 10-m running tests were used and determined the effect(s) of tibial rotation on the outcome of the functional tests.Results:There were significant between-group differences in internal and external rotation. The relationship between external tibial rotation and the figure-of-eight index was significantly negatively correlated.Conclusions:The amount of tibial rotation is greater in ACL ruptured knees than in uninjured knees, and these greater amounts of tibial rotation affected the figure-of-eight running index.

Valuing empathy and emotional intelligence in health leadership: a study of empathy, leadership behaviour and outcome effectiveness

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Skinner ◽  
P Spurgeon
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Related Individual ◽  
Extra Effort ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Health Leadership ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Leadership Behaviour ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the relationship between health managers' self-assessed empathy, their leadership behaviours as rated by their staff, and staff's personal ratings on a range of work satisfaction and related outcome measures. Empathy was conceived of as four distinct but related individual dispositions, namely empathic concern (EC), perspective taking (PT), personal distress (PD) and empathic matching (EM). Results showed three empathy scales (EC, PT and EM) were, as postulated, positively related to transformational behaviour (inspiring followers to achieve more than expected). The same three measures, also as expected, showed no relationship to transactional behaviour (motivating followers to achieve expected results) and were negatively associated with laissez-faire leadership (an absence of leadership style). Relationships between empathy scales and outcome measures were selective and moderate in size. Strongest empathy association was evident between the PT scale and most outcome measures. Conversely, the extra effort outcome appeared most sensitive to the range of empathy scales. Where significant relationships did exist between empathy and outcome, leadership behaviour was in all cases a perfect mediator. Whilst not denying the smaller dispositional effects on leadership outcomes, leadership behaviour itself, rather than individual traits such as empathy, appear to be major influencing factors in leadership effectiveness.

Exploring the Potential Impact of Sentence-Level Comprehension and Sentence-Level Fluency on Deaf Students' Passage Comprehension

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 2281-2292
Author(s):  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Xinchun Wu ◽  
Hongjun Chen ◽  
Peng Sun ◽  
Ruibo Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Deaf Students ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Mediating Mechanisms ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This exploratory study aimed to investigate the potential impact of sentence-level comprehension and sentence-level fluency on passage comprehension of deaf students in elementary school. Method A total of 159 deaf students, 65 students ( M age = 13.46 years) in Grades 3 and 4 and 94 students ( M age = 14.95 years) in Grades 5 and 6, were assessed for nonverbal intelligence, vocabulary knowledge, sentence-level comprehension, sentence-level fluency, and passage comprehension. Group differences were examined using t tests, whereas the predictive and mediating mechanisms were examined using regression modeling. Results The regression analyses showed that the effect of sentence-level comprehension on passage comprehension was not significant, whereas sentence-level fluency was an independent predictor in Grades 3–4. Sentence-level comprehension and fluency contributed significant variance to passage comprehension in Grades 5–6. Sentence-level fluency fully mediated the influence of sentence-level comprehension on passage comprehension in Grades 3–4, playing a partial mediating role in Grades 5–6. Conclusions The relative contributions of sentence-level comprehension and fluency to deaf students' passage comprehension varied, and sentence-level fluency mediated the relationship between sentence-level comprehension and passage comprehension.

Adolescents’ self-mutilation - Relationship with dependent behaviour

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bolognini ◽  
B. Plancherel ◽  
J. Laget ◽  
P. Stéphan ◽  
O. Halfon
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Self Mutilation ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Partial Overlap ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study, which was carried out in the French-speacking part of Switzerland, was to examine the relationship between suicide attempts and self-mutilation by adolescents and young adults. The population, aged 14-25 years (N = 308), included a clinical sample of dependent subjects (drug abuse and eating disorders) compared to a control sample. On the basis of the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview ( Sheehan et al., 1998 ), DSM-IV criteria were used for the inclusion of the clinical population. The results concerning the occurrence of suicide attempts as well as on self-mutilation confirm most of the hypotheses postulated: suicidal attempts and self-mutilation were more common in the clinical group compared to the control group, and there was a correlation between suicide attempts and self-mutilation. However, there was only a partial overlap, attesting that suicide and self-harm might correspond to two different types of behaviour.

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