scholarly journals Rumen degradation and fractional outflow rates of nitrogen supplements given to cattle eating sodium hydroxide-treated straw

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Amaning-Kwarteng ◽  
R. C. Kellaway ◽  
Jane Leibholz ◽  
A. C. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Cotton Seed Meal ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
The Difference

1. Six rumen and abomasal cannulated heifers were used to study the effects of intake on the fractional outflow rates (FOR) of chromium-mordanted cotton-seed meal (Cr-CSM) and meat meal (Cr-MM), CrEDTA, ytterbium and lignin from the rumen. Values of FOR of Cr-CSM and Cr-MM were combined with values of nitrogen disappearance from the protein supplements, placed in porous synthetic (nylon) bags and incubated within the rumen (P), to calculate effective degradation (D)of CSM and MM when fed to heifers eating sodium hydroxide-treated straw. Also, N degradation in vivo (V) was measured as the difference between abomasal N flow and the sum of flows of microbial and endogenous N.2. FOR were positively related to intake and differences between supplements were significant (p<0.01). FOR pertaining to high and low intakes respectively were 0.073 and 0.052 for Cr-CSM, 0.082 and 0.071 for Cr-MM, 0.030 and 0.023 for lignin, 0.082 and 0.073 for CrEDTA and 0, 044 and 0.035 for Yb.3. A rise of 28.8 and 13.4% in FOR of Cr-CSM and Cr-MM respectively, associated with an increase in intake from maintenance to 1.5 times maintenance, resulted in 10.7 and 2.2% reductions inD, 24 h after feeding, for CSM and MM respectively.4. With the exception of CSM at the high intake, estimates ofVwere underestimated byDand were 8.6–25.0% greater than theDvalues when time of incubation (t)= ∞. The two techniques, however, ranked the degradation of the two supplements in the same order at both levels of intake.5. Underestimation ofVbyDmay be attributable to underestimation ofP, overestimation of FOR (both resulting in underestimation ofD) or overestimation ofVdue to biases associated with the estimation of this part of the comparison. The relative importance of these factors remains to be determined.

Utilization of low quality roughages: effects of alkali treatment of wheat straw on intake by and growth rate of cattle, with and without a supplement of cotton-seed meal

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sriskandarajah ◽  
R. C. Kellaway
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Cotton Seed Meal ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

SUMMARYEffects of treating wheat straw with caustic soda solution and of providing a cottonseed meal supplement were studied with 40 Friesian heifers (280 kg live weight) in individual pens. Responses were measured in terms of food intake, growth rate and food conversion ratio.Wheat straw was coarsely-milled and fedad libitum, untreated (U) or alkali-treated (T); both types of straw were supplemented with urea and minerals. Half the animals on each type of straw were fed 500 g cotton-seed meal (C/day.Straw intake was higher with T than with U (P< 0·01) and unaffected by the cotton-seed meal supplement, being 4·53, 4·71, 6·58 and 6·56 kg/day on treatments U, UC, T and TC respectively. Alkali treatment and the cotton-seed meal supplement improved live-weight change (P< 0·001), being –6, 189, 334 and 495 g/day respectively.In vivodigestible organic matter in the dry matter, calculated from lignin ratios, was 59, 60, 64 and 64 respectively.Rumen VFA concentrations were significantly higher, molar proportions of acetic acid lower, propionic andn-butyrie acids higher in animals on T than on U. Plasma urea and rumen ammonia concentrations were lower on treatment T than on U.It was concluded that wheat straw which is coarsely-milled, NaOH-treated and sprayed with urea and minerals provides sufficient nutrients to allow cattle to grow and that additional gain obtained by feeding cotton-seed meal was predictable in terms of its energy contribution to the diet.

Supplemental protein degradation, bacterial protein synthesis and nitrogen retention in sheep eating sodium hydroxide-treated straw

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Amaning-Kwarteng ◽  
R. C. Kellaway ◽  
A. C. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
In Vivo Measurement ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Bacterial Protein Synthesis

1. Alkali (sodium hydroxide)-treated wheat straw was given to six rumen- and abomasal-cannulated sheep to study the rumen degradation of cotton-seed meal (CSM) and barley (B), and the effects of these supplements on nitrogen retention and efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis were measured.2. N degradation, using porous synthetic (nylon) bags incubated within the rumen (P), and in vivo measurement determined from the abomasal flow of N (V), distinguished quantitatively between the two supplements. Estimates of P, corrected for fractional outflow rates/h (FOR), underestimated estimates of V when FOR of undegraded protein from the rumen (k) of 0.05 and 0.08 were used. Estimates of V for CSM and B were 70.9 and 80.8% respectively.3. Intakes of alkali-treated straw were not affected by the supplements. Intakes of digestible organic matter (DOM) for the diets comprising alkali-treated straw alone (W), straw plus CSM (WC) and straw plus barley (WB) were 477, 575 and 590 g/d respectively (P < 0.05) and organic matter (OM) apparently digested in the rumen (OMADR) was 339, 399 and 435 g/d respectively (P < 0.05).4. On W, WC and WB respectively, flows at the abomasum were 11.0, 14.0 and 13.3 g/d for bacterial N (P < 0.05) and 0,2.8 and 0.5 g/d for dietary supplemental N; g bacterial N/kg OMADR were 32.4, 35.6 and 30.9 (P > 0.05) and N balances were 2.37, 4.27 and 3.29 g/d (P < 0.05) on the respective treatments. It was suggested that supplements increased total OM intake as a result of increased OM digested in the rumen rather than OM flow from the rumen.

Effect of rumen degradation on intestinal digestion of nitrogen of 15N-labelled rapeseed meal and straw measured by the mobile-bag method in cows

1995 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vanhatalo ◽  
T. Varvikko
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Total N ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Mesh Bags ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Protein Rich

SUMMARYRape (Brassica campestris) was labelled, during cultivation, with 15N and then prepared into rapeseed meal (RSM) and rapeseed straw (RSS). Three non-lactating cows, equipped with ruminal and Tshaped duodenal cannulae, were used to incubate both feeds in the rumen for various periods of time in mobile bags contained within larger mesh bags. Some of the mobile bags were then inserted into the duodenum and collected from the faeces. The effects of rumen incubation time and contamination by non-feed N during the rumen incubation and subsequent intestinal digestion on the intestinal feed N digestion values so obtained were assessed. The intestinal digestion of intact RSM nitrogen was also measured in vivo by dosing directly into the duodenum and measured as the net loss of excess 15N not recovered in the faeces.With RSM, microbial contamination did not affect the disappearance values of feed N from mobile bags in the rumen, the difference in the disappearance between 15N and total N (NT) being negligible. However, the decrease in the disappearance from the mobile bags in the intestine with increasing rumen incubation time tended to be smaller with 15N than with NT, resulting in significantly increasing differences between 15N and NT with increasing rumen incubation time. The average in vivo net loss within the intestine of 15N of labelled RSM was much lower (50·0%) than the 15N disappearance from the mobile bags (80·9%).With RSS, the disappearance values of 15N and NT from the mobile bags in the rumen were different. The disappearance of 15N was always higher than that of NT, and it also increased significantly more with increasing incubation time. The disappearance of 15N from the mobile bags within the intestine decreased with increasing rumen incubation time, but that of NT remained rather constant.It is concluded that the intestinal N digestion of a feed may vary significantly depending on the degree of preceding rumen degradation. Therefore, constant intestinal digestion coefficients may not be applied in the modern protein evaluation systems. With protein-rich feeds, such as RSM, the influence of non-feed N is small and does not interfere with the estimation of intestinal N digestibility by the mobile-bag method. With fibrous feeds with low N, such as RSS, intestinal N digestion values are seriously confounded by non-feed N. The present study with RSM did not confirm the correspondence between the value obtained by the mobile-bag method and that in vivo.

scholarly journals 312 Composition of Leafy Greens as Affected by Season and Conventional or Organic Fertilization

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 496D-496
Author(s):  
Martin P.N. Gent
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
High Tunnel ◽  
Cotton Seed Meal ◽  
High Tunnels ◽  
Leaf Compost ◽  
The Difference

Nutrient availability may depend on method of fertilization particularly when the root medium is cool. The salad greens, arugula, lettuce, and spinach, were grown in spring, fall, and winter using organic or conventional fertilization to test this hypothesis. Field plots were mineral soil fertilized with 10N-10P-10K, or soil was amended with leaf compost and cotton-seed meal. Unheated high-tunnel plantings plots contained either perlite fertilized with a complete soluble fertilizer or a 1 leaf compost: 1 perlite mixture fertilized with cotton-seed meal. There was no consistent difference in growth due to the method of fertilization, either in the field or in high tunnels. Over all plantings in field and high-tunnel plots, concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were higher in leaves of plants grown with leaf compost. The time of year did not affect the difference in composition between plants grown in compost and perlite in a manner that could be related to the environment or rate of growth. Although relative growth rates were only 5% per day in high tunnels in winter compared to 10% to 18% per day in other seasons, the difference in reduced nitrogen among plants grown in compost and perlite was similar in winter and summer. The changes in composition due to method of fertilization were similar in all three plant species under study.

Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Itsuro Kobayashi ◽  
Tadahiro Sano ◽  
Takio Shimamoto
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Blood Coagulability ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

Reliability of a Single β-Thromboglobulin Measurement in a Diabetic Population : Importance of PGE1 in Anticoagulant Mixture

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (02) ◽  
pp. 201-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Y Scarabin ◽  
L Strain ◽  
C A Ludlam ◽  
J Jones ◽  
E M Kohner
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Single Measurement ◽  
Diabetic Population ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Vitro Release

SummaryDuring the collection of samples for plasma β-thromboglobulin (β-TG) determination, it is well established that artificially high values can be observed due to in-vitro release. To estimate the reliability of a single β-TG measurement, blood samples were collected simultaneously from both arms on two separate occasions in 56 diabetic patients selected for a clinical trial. From each arm, blood was taken into two tubes containing an anticoagulant mixture with (tube A) and without (tube B) PGE!. The overall mean value of B-TG in tube B was 1.14 times higher than in tube A (p <0.01). The markedly large between-arms variation accounted for the most part of within-subject variation in both tubes and was significantly greater in tube B than in tube A. Based on the difference between B-TG values from both arms, the number of subjects with artifically high B-TG values was significantly higher in tube B than in tube A on each occasion (overall rate: 28% and 14% respectively). Estimate of between-occasions variation showed that B-TG levels were relatively stable for each subject between two occasions in each tube. It is concluded that the use of PGEi decreases falsely high B-TG levels, but a single measurement of B-TG does not provide a reliable estimate of the true B-TG value in vivo.

scholarly journals Force Generation on the Hallux Is More Affected by the Ankle Joint Angle than the Lesser Toes: An In Vivo Human Study

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Junya Saeki ◽  
Soichiro Iwanuma ◽  
Suguru Torii
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Joint Angle ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
Functional Difference ◽  
Multiple Comparison Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Metatarsophalangeal Joints

The structure of the first toe is independent of that of the other toes, while the functional difference remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the force generation characteristics between the plantar-flexion of the first and second–fifth metatarsophalangeal joints (MTPJs) by comparing the maximal voluntary plantar-flexion torques (MVC torque) at different MTPJs and ankle positions. The MVC torques of the first and second–fifth MTPJs were measured at 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° dorsiflexed positions of the MTPJs, and at 20° plantar-flexed, neutral, and 20° dorsiflexed positions of the ankle. Two-way repeated measures analyses of variance with Holm’s multiple comparison test (MTPJ position × ankle position) were performed. When the MTPJ was dorsiflexed at 0°, 15°, and 30°, the MVC torque of the first MTPJ when the ankle was dorsiflexed at 20° was higher than that when the ankle was plantar-flexed at 20°. However, the ankle position had no significant effect on the MVC torque of the second–fifth MTPJ. Thus, the MVC torque of the first MTPJ was more affected by the ankle position than the second–fifth MTPJs.

scholarly journals Contributions of source population and incubation temperature to phenotypic variation of hatchling Chinese skinks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Liang Lu ◽  
Yan-Fu Qu ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Xiang Ji
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hatchling Size

Abstract Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation are viewed as the main factors that result in between-population variation in phenotypic traits, but contributions of these factors to phenotypic variation vary between traits and between species and have only been explored in a few species of reptiles. Here, we incubated eggs of the Chinese skink (Plestiodon chinensis) from 7 geographically separated populations in Southeast China at 3 constant temperatures (24, 28, and 32 °C) to evaluate the combined effects of clutch origin, source population, and incubation temperature on hatchling traits. The relative importance of these factors varied between traits. Nearly all examined hatchling traits, including body mass, snout–vent length (SVL), tail length, head size, limb length, tympanum diameter, and locomotor speed, varied among populations and were affected by incubation temperature. Measures for hatchling size (body mass and SVL) varied considerably among clutches. Source population explained much of the variation in hatchling body mass, whereas incubation temperature explained much of the variation in other examined traits. Our results indicate that between-population variation in hatchling traits of P. chinensis likely reflects the difference in natural incubation conditions and genetic divergence.

scholarly journals Reaction of Chalcones with Cellular Thiols. The Effect of the 4-Substitution of Chalcones and Protonation State of the Thiols on the Addition Process. Diastereoselective Thiol Addition

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4332
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Kenari ◽  
Szilárd Molnár ◽  
Pál Perjési
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Equilibrium Composition ◽  
Deprotonated Form ◽  
Degree Of Ionization ◽  
Thiol Reactivity ◽  
Michael Type Addition ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Initial Reactivity

Several biological effects of chalcones have been reported to be associated with their thiol reactivity. In vivo, the reactions can result in the formation of small-molecule or protein thiol adducts. Both types of reactions can play a role in the biological effects of this class of compounds. Progress of the reaction of 4-methyl- and 4-methoxychalcone with glutathione and N-acetylcysteine was studied by the HPLC-UV-VIS method. The reactions were conducted under three different pH conditions. HPLC-MS measurements confirmed the structure of the formed adducts. The chalcones reacted with both thiols under all incubation conditions. The initial rate and composition of the equilibrium mixtures depended on the ratio of the deprotonated form of the thiols. In the reaction of 4-methoxychalcone with N-acetylcysteine under strongly basic conditions, transformation of the kinetic adduct into the thermodynamically more stable one was observed. Addition of S-protonated N-acetylcysteine onto the polar double bonds of the chalcones showed different degrees of diastereoselectivity. Both chalcones showed a Michael-type addition reaction with the ionized and non-ionized forms of the investigated thiols. The initial reactivity of the chalcones and the equilibrium composition of the incubates showed a positive correlation with the degree of ionization of the thiols. Conversions showed systematic differences under each set of conditions. The observed differences can hint at the difference in reported biological actions of 4-methyl- and 4-methoxy-substituted chalcones.

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