scholarly journals Pneumococcal pulmonary infection, septicaemia and survival in young zinc–depleted mice

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tor A. Strand ◽  
David E. Briles ◽  
Håkon K. Gjessing ◽  
Amund Maage ◽  
Maharaj K. Bhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Status ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Adequate Control ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Observation Period

The aim of the present study was to explore whether mice fed a diet low in Zn (2·0 mg Zn/kg diet) for a relatively short period of time were more prone to severeStreptococcus pneumoniaeinfection than mice fed a normal diet (25 mg elemental Zn/kg). The Zn-deficient mice were compared with mice in two Zn-adequate control groups; one pair-fed and another with free access to the diet. After 2 weeks feeding, the mice were infected intranasally under anaesthesia with a suspension containing about 107pneumococci. Clinical status was observed every day and blood samples were examined forS. pneumoniaeevery second day for a week. All infected mice examined carried the infecting strain intranasally. The survival time and time before positive blood culture were significantly shorter in the Zn-depleted group than in the pair-fed Zn-adequate group (hazard ratios 15·6 and 3·2, P<0·0001 and P=0·045 respectively). At the end of the observation period, ten of the twelve mice in the Zn-deficient group were dead while one of twelve and two of twelve were dead in the two Zn-adequate control groups. This study shows that even acutely-induced Zn deficiency dramatically increases the risk of serious pneumococcal infection in mice.

His-bundle pacing in CHF-patients with narrow QRS and chronic AF – an upgrade from single-chamber to dual-chamber ICD

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ciesielski ◽  
A Slawuta ◽  
A Zabek ◽  
K Boczar ◽  
B Malecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Chronic Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Dual Chamber ◽  
Icd Implantation ◽  
Single Chamber ◽  
His Bundle ◽  
His Bundle Pacing ◽  
Short Period

Abstract   A single-chamber ICD is a standard method for primary SCD prophylaxis. In patients with chronic atrial fibrillation it does not contribute to the regularization of heart rate, which is crucial for proper treatment. Moreover, to avoid the deleterious effect of right ventricular pacing only minority of the patients with single chamber ICD get the appropriate, recommended dose of beta-blockers. The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy of direct His-bundle pacing in a population of patients with congestive heart failure and chronic atrial fibrillation using upgrade from single chamber to dual-chamber ICD and atrial channel to perform the His-bundle pacing Methods The study population included 39 patients (37 men, 2 women) aged 67.2±9.3 years, with CHF and chronic AF implanted primarily with single chamber ICD with established pharmacotherapy and stable clinical status. Results The echocardiography measurements at baseline and during follow-up were presented in the table: During short period (3–6 months) of follow-up the mean values of EF and LV dimensions significantly improved. This was also accompanied by functional status improvement. Conclusions His-bundle-based pacing in CHF-chronic AF patients contributes to significant echocardiographic and clinical improvement. Standard single-chamber ICD implantation in CHF-chronic AF patients yields only SCD prevention without influence on remodeling process. The physiological pacing contributes to better pharmacotherapy. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

scholarly journals Metabolic phases during the development of granulation tissue

1967 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsti Lampiaho ◽  
E. Kulonen
Keyword(s):  
Granulation Tissue ◽  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates ◽  
Observation Period

1. The metabolism of incubated slices of sponge-induced granulation tissue, harvested 4–90 days after the implantation, was studied with special reference to the capacity of collagen synthesis and to the energy metabolism. Data are also given on the nucleic acid contents during the observation period. Three metabolic phases were evident. 2. The viability of the slices for the synthesis of collagen was studied in various conditions. Freezing and homogenization destroyed the capacity of the tissue to incorporate proline into collagen. 3. Consumption of oxygen reached the maximum at 30–40 days. There was evidence that the pentose phosphate cycle was important, especially during the phases of the proliferation and the involution. The formation of lactic acid was maximal at about 20 days. 4. The capacity to incorporate proline into collagen hydroxyproline in vitro was limited to a relatively short period at 10–30 days. 5. The synthesis of collagen was dependent on the supply of oxygen and glucose, which latter could be replaced in the incubation medium by other monosaccharides but not by the metabolites of glucose or tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates.

scholarly journals Growth and zinc homeostasis in the severely Zn-deficient rat

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Giugliano ◽  
D. J. Millward
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Zinc Homeostasis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Cyclic Changes

1. Male weanling rats were fed on diets either adequate (55 mg/kg), or severely deficient (0.4 mg/kg) in zinc, either ad lib. or in restricted amounts in four experiments. Measurements were made of growth rates and Zn contents of muscle and several individual tissues.2. Zn-deficient rats exhibited the expected symptoms of deficiency including growth retardation, cyclic changes in food intake and body-weight.3. Zn deficiency specifically reduced whole body and muscle growth rates as indicated by the fact that (a) growth rates were lower in ad lib.-fed Zn-deficient rats compared with rats pair-fed on the control diet in two experiments, (b) Zn supplementation increased body-weights of Zn-deficient rats given a restricted amount of diet at a level at which they maintained weight if unsupplemented, (c) Zn supplementation maintained body-weights of Zn-deficient rats fed a restricted amount of diet at a level at which they lost weight if unsupplemented (d) since the ratio, muscle mass:body-weight was lower in the Zn-deficient rats than in the pair-fed control groups, the reduction in muscle mass was greater than the reduction in body-weight.4. Zn concentrations were maintained in muscle, spleen and thymus, reduced in comparison to some but not all control groups in liver, kidney, testis and intestine, and markedly reduced in plasma and bone. In plasma, Zn concentrations varied inversely with the rate of change of body-weight during the cyclic changes in body-weight.5. Calculation of the total Zn in the tissues examined showed a marked increase in muscle Zn with a similar loss from bone, indicating that Zn can be redistributed from bone to allow the growth of other tissues.6. The magnitude of the increase in muscle Zn in the severely Zn-deficient rat, together with the magnitude of the total losses of muscle tissue during the catabolic phases of the cycling, indicate that in the Zn-deficient rat Zn may be highly conserved in catabolic states.

Cardiovascular parameters in a mixed-sex swine study of severe decompression sickness treated with the emulsified perfluorocarbon Oxycyte

2015 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Mahon ◽  
W. A. Cronin ◽  
M. Bodo ◽  
S. Tirumala ◽  
D. P. Regis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Decompression Sickness ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Systemic Arterial Pressure ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
And Control ◽  
Observation Period

Intravenous perfluorocarbons (PFC) have reduced the effects of decompression sickness (DCS) and improved mortality rates in animal models. However, concerns for the physiological effects of DCS combined with PFC therapy have not been examined in a balanced mixed-sex population. Thirty-two (16 male, 16 female) instrumented and sedated juvenile Yorkshire swine were exposed to 200 feet of seawater (fsw) for 31 min of hyperbaric air. Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), cardiac output (CO), and systemic arterial pressure (SAP) were monitored before (control) and after exposure. Animals were randomized to treatment with Oxycyte (5 ml/kg; Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc., Morrisville, NC) vs. saline (control) with 100% oxygen administered upon DCS onset; animals were observed for 90 min. Parameters recorded and analyzed included PAP, CO, and SAP. In all animals PAP began to rise prior to cutis marmorata (CM) onset, the first sign of clinical DCS, generally peaking after CM onset. Female swine, compared with castrated males, had a more rapid onset of CM (7.30 vs. 11.46 min postsurfacing) and earlier onset to maximal PAP (6.41 vs. 9.69 min post-CM onset). Oxycyte therapy was associated with a sustained PAP elevation above controls in both sexes (33.41 vs. 25.78 mmHg). Significant pattern differences in PAP, CO, and SAP were noted between sexes and between therapeutic groups. There were no statistically significant differences in survival or paralysis between the PFC and control groups during the 48-h observation period. In conclusion, Oxycyte therapy for DCS is associated with a prolonged PAP increase in swine. These species and sex differences warrant further exploration.

scholarly journals Effect of body mass index on the association between alcohol consumption and the development of chronic kidney disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusaku Hashimoto ◽  
Takahiro Imaizumi ◽  
Sawako Kato ◽  
Yoshinari Yasuda ◽  
Takuji Ishimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate Decline ◽  
Observation Period

AbstractThe influence of body mass or metabolic capacity on the association between alcohol consumption and lower risks of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not fully elucidated. We examined whether the body mass index (BMI) affects the association between drinking alcohol and CKD. We defined CKD as an estimated glomerular filtration rate decline < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or positive proteinuria (≥ 1+). Participants were 11,175 Japanese individuals aged 40–74 years without baseline CKD who underwent annual health checkups. Daily alcohol consumption at baseline was estimated using a questionnaire, and the participants were categorized as “infrequent (occasionally, rarely or never),” “light (< 20 g/day),” “moderate (20–39 g/day),” and “heavy (≥ 40 g/day).” Over a median 5-year observation period, 936 participants developed CKD. Compared with infrequent drinkers, light drinkers were associated with low CKD risks; adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.81 (0.69–0.95). Stratified by BMI (kg/m2), moderate drinkers in the low (< 18.5), normal (18.5–24.9), and high (≥ 25.0) BMI groups had adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 3.44 (1.60–7.42), 0.75 (0.58–0.98), and 0.63 (0.39–1.04), respectively. Taken together, the association between alcohol consumption and CKD incidence was not the same in all the individuals, and individual tolerance must be considered.

Estimation of the parameters of a semi-Markov process from censored records

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 804-825
Author(s):  
M. E. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Markov Process ◽  
Discrete Time ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Numerical Example ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Semi Markov Process ◽  
Consecutive Time ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Observation Period

The estimation of the parameters of a discrete-time semi-Markov process is considered, when the data consist of records of a large number of individuals observed in a specified short period of time. Such a problem may arise in the modelling of intra-urban mobility. Methods of estimation of the parameters are suggested, and a numerical example discussed for the case when the observation period consists of three consecutive time points.

Anemia in Relation to Survival Following Thermal Injury in the Rat

1957 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
M. D. McCarthy ◽  
M. B. Amrein ◽  
M. Cobb ◽  
R. Neerhout ◽  
V. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Thermal Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Observation Period

Hematocrits, erythrocyte and reticulocyte counts were determined in rats receiving burns of 20%, 32% and 50% of the body surface and in three unburned control groups. All burned rats showed an immediate precipitous depression of hematocrits and erythrocyte counts. These were considerably lower at 24 hours postburn than the values in the control group which was bled. Erythrocyte depression during the 1st week postburn was directly related to extent of injury in the animals surviving for 24 weeks. No such correlation existed for those rats that died. No correlation was found between the immediate degree of anemia and death or survival. A secondary erythrocyte depression occurred in those animals that survived 24 weeks following burns of 32% and 50% of the body surface but did not develop in the 20% body surface burned animals surviving for 24 weeks. The erythrocyte counts in all control groups were above base line values at the end of the 24-week observation period. Elevated reticulocyte counts which were inversely related to the erythrocyte counts occurred in all burned animals surviving 24 weeks. The reticulocyte counts in all unburned groups were below base line at the end of the 24-week observation period.

scholarly journals Evidences of Protective Potentials of Microdoses of Ultra-High Diluted Arsenic Trioxide in Mice Receiving Repeated Injections of Arsenic Trioxide

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pathikrit Banerjee ◽  
Soumya Sundar Bhattacharyya ◽  
Surajit Pathak ◽  
Naoual Boujedaini ◽  
Philippe Belon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arsenic Trioxide ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Gelatin Zymography ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Toxicity Biomarkers ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Homeopathic Drug ◽  
Chronic Arsenic Poisoning

The present study was undertaken to examine if microdoses of ultra-high diluted arsenic trioxide (a potentized homeopathic remedy, Arsenicum Album 200C, diluted 10-400times) have hepatoprotective potentials in mice subjected to repeated injections of arsenic trioxide. Arsenic intoxicated mice were divided into: (i) those receiving Arsenicum Album-200C daily, (ii) those receiving the same dose of diluted succussed alcohol (Alc 200C) and (iii) another group receiving neither drug nor succussed alcohol. Two other control groups were also maintained: one fed normal diet only and the other receiving normal diet and Alc-200C. Toxicity biomarkers like aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, glutathione reductase, catalase, succinate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione contents were periodically assayed keeping the observer “blinded”. Additionally, electron microscopic studies and gelatin zymography for matrix metalloproteinases of liver tissues were made at day 90 and 120. Blood glucose, hemoglobin, estradiol and testosterone contents were also studied. Compared to controls, Arsenicum Album-200C fed mice showed positive modulations of all parameters studied, thereby providing evidence of protective potentials of the homeopathic drug against chronic arsenic poisoning.

The Portly Psychologist, or, on the Perils of Using a Control Group

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 557-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary B. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Weight Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Adequate Control ◽  
Weight Problem

A questionnaire was sent to people who had requested reprints of an article on weight control as well as to a control group of people who requested reprints of articles on other topics. Although a majority of people who requested the weight-control paper reported that they had a weight problem, were overweight, had an overweight friend or relative, etc., the control group reported an equal preoccupation with obesity; in fact, the two groups did not differ on any measure except frequency of openended comments. The results imply that adequate control groups should be used whenever possible in generalizing about characteristics of groups.

A test of a free-access two-level pen for fattening pigs

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fraser ◽  
P. A. Phillips ◽  
B. K. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Tiered System ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Average Weight Gain ◽  
Fattening Pigs ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACTTwo prototype two-tiered pens were constructed for fattening pigs. The pens consisted of a solid or porous upper floor located 0-8 m above a slatted lower floor, with a short ramp joining the two levels. Food was available only on the upper level and water only on the lower. Eleven groups, each of 15 to 18 pigs were housed in the two-tiered pens for 8 weeks, starting at 10 weeks of age, while matched control groups were housed in a conventional pen offering the same amount of total floor space. During the 1st week, some pigs were slow to adapt to the two-tiered system and average weight gain was lower than in the control pen. Over the 8 weeks, however, weight gain and food conversion ratios were very similar in the two pen types. The animals made effective use of the two levels, and kept the upper level free from dung. Physical condition of pigs in the two-tiered pen was as good as, or better than, that of the controls. The two-tiered design offers several potential advantages in terms of animal production and behavioural problems.

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