4. Over-nutrition: problems of overweight and obesity

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Bender
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Early Death ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Financial Strain ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Overweight People

‘Over-nutrition: problems of overweight and obesity’ shows that Western society’s attitude to obesity has changed, and obesity is now considered to be undesirable. A desirable body weight and body mass index (BMI) in the range of 20 to 25 kg/m2 is associated with optimal life expectancy. The health risks of obesity are wide-ranging—including a major cause of early death from cancer, coronary heart disease, and type II diabetes—and it is placing a considerable financial strain on health services. Obesity is the result of increased availability and consumption of food, coupled with decreased physical activity. The various ways in which overweight people can be helped to lose weight are considered.

scholarly journals Gamifying Accelerometer Use Increases Physical Activity Levels of Individuals Pre-Disposed to Type II Diabetes

2021 ◽  
pp. 101426
Author(s):  
Shelby L. Francis ◽  
Jacob E. Simmering ◽  
Linnea A. Polgreen ◽  
Nicholas J. Evans ◽  
Katie R. Hosteng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Physical Activity Levels

scholarly journals Body Composition, Psychological, Cardiovascular, and Physical Activity Factors Related with Academic School Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8775
Author(s):  
Laura Redondo-Flórez ◽  
Domingo Jesus Ramos-Campo ◽  
Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
School Students

The aim of the present study was to analyse body composition, anxiety, cardiovascular, and physical activity factors related with academic performance of school students as well as to analyse differences, by age, in these factors. We analysed in 266 primary school students’ (8.81 ± 1.62 years, range: 5–13 years) heart rate, anthropometric variables to calculate body mass index, physical activity performance, anxiety levels and academic results by the average of marks. Students were divided in two different groups, firstly by their lower or higher academic performance, and secondly by age. Results showed a negative correlation between academic performance and age, weight, body mass index and trait anxiety variables. Additionally, significant differences were found by age, presenting older students higher scores in body mass index and lower physical activity, trait anxiety, heart rate and academic performance values than younger students. Overweight and obesity may have a great impact in academic performance in children and we pointed out the necessity to establish programs related with healthy habits which include improvements in physical activity and nutrition behaviours with the objective to enhance children’s health general status, psychological profile, cognitive and motor development, and academic performance.

scholarly journals Outcome of breast cancer patients regarding obesity and complications: Analysis of risk factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86
Author(s):  
Iuliana Pantelimon ◽  
◽  
Laurentia Nicoleta Gales ◽  
Maria Daniela Tanasescu ◽  
Irina Nita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Proliferation Index ◽  
Her2 Overexpression ◽  
Type Ii

Introduction. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Romania. In the context in which the treatments available for this pathology have increased curability, the identification of negative prognostic factors involved in the evolution of this disease seems essential to improve the overall survival as well as the time to disease progression. Aim. The aim of this study is to identify the role of prognostic factors such as ki67 proliferation index, the presence of tumour estrogen receptors, HER2 overexpression, the presence of secondary determinations at diagnosis, the association of obesity and type II diabetes. Methods. 50 patients diagnosed with breast cancer treated in the Elias University Emergency Hospital Bucharest were retrospectively followed, for which the progression was documented at the time of elaboration of this study. Thus, a database was developed in which data were entered on age, body mass index, immunohistochemical characteristics of breast tumours, the presence/absence of metastases at diagnosis and the association of type II diabetes. Statistical calculations were performed to highlight a possible correlation between obesity (quantified by measuring body mass index) and tumour aggressiveness (quantified by ki67 proliferation index) as well as statistical evaluation of potential prognostic factors that would influence time, until the disease progresses. Results. Within this group, no correlation could be established between the presence of an increased body mass index and the value of the ki67 proliferation index (p = 0.38). The mean value of the body mass index for this group of unselected patients was 28.76 ± 4.81 (DS) most patients are therefore overweight or obese. The factors involved in the evolution of breast cancer that influenced the early progression of the disease were: the proliferation index ki67 (p <0.05), the presence of metastases at diagnosis (p < 0.0001) and the association of type II diabetes (p = 0.0085). The value of the body mass index did not influence the time to disease progression according to statistical calculations in this group probably due to the small number of normal weight patients included (p = 0.34).

scholarly journals Physical activity modifies the risk of atrial fibrillation in obese individuals: The HUNT3 study

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (15) ◽  
pp. 1646-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars E Garnvik ◽  
Vegard Malmo ◽  
Imre Janszky ◽  
Ulrik Wisløff ◽  
Jan P Loennechen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
High Body Mass Index ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Increased Risk

Background Atrial fibrillation is the most common heart rhythm disorder, and high body mass index is a well-established risk factor for atrial fibrillation. The objective of this study was to examine the associations of physical activity and body mass index and risk of atrial fibrillation, and the modifying role of physical activity on the association between body mass index and atrial fibrillation. Design The design was a prospective cohort study. Methods This study followed 43,602 men and women from the HUNT3 study in 2006–2008 until first atrial fibrillation diagnosis or end of follow-up in 2015. Atrial fibrillation diagnoses were collected from hospital registers and validated by medical doctors. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to assess the association between physical activity, body mass index and atrial fibrillation. Results During a mean follow-up of 8.1 years (352,770 person-years), 1459 cases of atrial fibrillation were detected (4.1 events per 1000 person-years). Increasing levels of physical activity were associated with gradually lower risk of atrial fibrillation ( p trend 0.069). Overweight and obesity were associated with an 18% (hazard ratio 1.18, 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.35) and 59% (hazard ratio 1.59, 95% confidence interval 1.37–1.84) increased risk of atrial fibrillation, respectively. High levels of physical activity attenuated some of the higher atrial fibrillation risk in obese individuals (hazard ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.03–2.28 in active and 1.96, 95% confidence interval 1.44–2.67 in inactive) compared to normal weight active individuals. Conclusion Overweight and obesity were associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation. Physical activity offsets some, but not all, atrial fibrillation risk associated with obesity.

scholarly journals Obesity. An imbalance of energy or an imbalance of nutrients?

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
M. M. Ginzburg ◽  
G. S. Kozupitsa
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Current State ◽  
Prevention Therapy ◽  
And Control

Obesity is now the most common disease in the population of economically developed countries, where up to 25% of residents have a body weight that is more than 15% higher than normal [8]. An increase in the incidence rate of about 10% over 10 years is observed [33]. The causal relationship between obesity and arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and type II diabetes mellitus is well known [6, 10]. At the same time, the current state of the problem of prevention, therapy and control of relapse of obesity is far from perfect. And this is primarily due to the fact that we do not fully know the pathogenesis of this disease.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of health literacy oriented programs on physical activity behaviour in middle aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Huen Sum Lam ◽  
Angela Yee Man Leung
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Physical Activity Behavior ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Activity Behavior

Health literacy is the first step to self-management of type II diabetes mellitus, of which physical activity is the least compliant behavior. However, no reviews have summarized the effect and the process of interventions of health literacy oriented programs on physical activity behavior among middle aged and older adults with type II diabetes mellitus. This article is the first to examine the effectiveness of health literacy oriented programs on physical activity behavior among middle aged and older adults with type II diabetes mellitus. This systematic review extracted articles from nine electronic databases between 1990 and 2013. Six interventional studies were extracted and reported in accordance with the guidance of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Findings demonstrated that health literacy oriented programs increased the frequency and duration of physical activity among patients with high health literacy. Although some studies effectively improved the health literacy of physical activity, gap in literature remains open for the indistinct and unreliable measurement of physical activity within self-management programs of type II diabetes mellitus, and the questionable cross-culture generalizability of findings. Further studies with well-knit theorybased intervention with respect to patients’ cultural background, duration of intervention and objective measurements are encouraged to elucidate the relationship between health literacy oriented programs and physical activity behavior.

Incorporating Behavior Change Strategies Into an Exercise Trial to Improve Physical Activity Maintenance Among Adults at High Risk for Type II Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-821
Author(s):  
Ashley B. West ◽  
Adam R. Konopka ◽  
Kelli A. LeBreton ◽  
Benjamin F. Miller ◽  
Karyn L. Hamilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Behavior Change ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
International Physical Activity Questionnaire ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Discussion Session ◽  
Physical Activity Questionnaire ◽  
Activity Questionnaire

This study examined the feasibility and effects of a 1-hr physical activity (PA) behavior change (PABC) discussion session on PA, 12 weeks after completing an exercise trial. Adults at high risk of Type II diabetes were randomized to the PABC or a control group. PA was self-reported using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Chi-square tests compared the proportion of participants classified as moderately active or greater at the 12-week follow-up. Participants (N = 50) were M = 61.8 ± 5.5 years old and mostly female (80%). All participants completed the PABC discussion session, and compliance with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire at 12-week follow-up was 78%. Barrier self-efficacy increased immediately following the PABC (MΔ0.5 ± 0.9; t(22) = −2.45, p = .023). At 12-week follow-up, 88% in the PABC were moderately active or greater, compared with 50% in the control (p = .015). Incorporating a PABC discussion session as part of an exercise efficacy trial was feasible and may help improve PA maintenance.

scholarly journals The Joint Effects of Physical Activity and Body Mass Index on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Women

2008 ◽  
Vol 168 (8) ◽  
pp. 884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy R. Weinstein ◽  
Howard D. Sesso ◽  
I-Min Lee ◽  
Kathryn M. Rexrode ◽  
Nancy R. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease Risk ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Joint Effects ◽  
Heart Disease Risk
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