scholarly journals Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis: A Placental Histopathologic Feature in Vertical Transmission of Maternal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

2021 ◽  
Vol 156 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S147-S148
Author(s):  
J Oentoro ◽  
S Jalali-Farahani ◽  
J Davis ◽  
S Zee
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Histopathologic Feature ◽  
Histopathologic Features

Abstract Introduction/Objective Vertical transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome associated with coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been reported as a rare occurrence. The purpose of this study is to identify any specific placental histopathologic abnormalities associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, compare differences between mothers with symptomatic and asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and determine the frequency of vertical transmission. Methods/Case Report Placentas from mothers diagnosed with COVID-19 during pregnancy and delivered at Stony Brook University Hospital were identified. A control group of mothers with a negative COVID-19 test was selected from the same period. The frequency of histopathologic characteristics defined by the Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group Consensus was compared using chi-square tests between the following cohorts: COVID-19 positive mothers against COVID-19 negative mothers and symptomatic COVID-19 mothers against asymptomatic COVID-19 positive mothers. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) A retrospective study reviewed 23 placentas from mothers with COVID-19 for features of maternal vascular malperfusion, fetal vascular malperfusion, and inflammatory changes. 11 mothers displayed symptomatic COVID-19, and 12 mothers were asymptomatic. One neonate tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. No significant differences were identified in the frequency of the examined placental histopathologic characteristics between COVID-19 positive and negative mothers. The degree of COVID-19 severity did not significantly impact the frequency of examined histopathologic features. Interestingly, in the case with vertical transmission, the placenta demonstrated the only finding of chronic histiocytic intervillositis (CHI) with associated trophoblast necrosis. Conclusion Comparing across groups based on COVID-19 status, this study found no specific placental histopathologic features associated with maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection, regardless of symptom severity. However, in one case of vertical transmission, CHI was a unique histopathologic feature. These findings are consistent with the current literature. Further large-scale investigations are needed to establish additional patterns of specific placental histopathology, incidence and contributing factors of vertical transmission of COVID-19, and the impact of CHI in future pregnancies of affected women.

scholarly journals Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Level in Presence of Ovarian Endometrioma

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-85
Author(s):  
Nesma F. Radwan ◽  
Ahmed M. El Khyat ◽  
Adel E. El Gergawy ◽  
Hesham A. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Reserve ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Statistical Significant Difference ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Impact

Background: The effect of endometriomas itself on the ovarian responsiveness that relate to ovarian reserve had been reported with several inconsistent results. In one study evaluated women with unilateral endometriomas, ovaries with disease showed lower response to ovarian stimulation than contralateral healthy ovaries .However, recent study on infertile women with un-operated unilateral small endometriomas did not support difference in ovarian responsiveness. The aim was to evaluate the impact of presence of endometriomas on ovarian reserve as measured by circulating AMH. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out on 80 female patients in childbearing period attending outpatient clinic and/or inpatient department of obstetrics and gynecology at Tanat University Hospital and the study was conducted directly after approval in the period from Apri, 2019 till April 2020. Group (A): Study group: 60 female patients aged between 20 to 30 years old GROUP (B): Control group: 20 age matched female with healthy ovaries. Results: there is no statistical significant difference between groups as regard Menarche (years), Regularity and Amount of menstrual blood flow. There is statistical significant difference between groups as regard fixed tender Right Ventricular Failure. But there are no statistical significant differences between groups as regard nodule in rectovaginal septum, fixed tender adnexal masses, association with adenomyosis and infertility. There is highly statistical significant difference between case and control groups as regard AMH levels. there are highly statistical significant positive correlation between duration of endometriosis and each of presence of pelvic pain, cyst diameter and Visual Analogue Scale. Conclusions:    Women with endometrioma have significantly lower serum AMH levels and seem to experience a more rapid decline in serum AMH levels than age matched counterparts, suggesting a harmful effect of endometrioma per se on ovarian reserve.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN PANDEMI COVID-19 DAN PSBB DENGAN GANGGUAN DEPRESI PADA LANSIA DI PANTI WREDA HANA CIPUTAT JAKARTA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Anggun Tsabitah Rachmah ◽  
Noer Saelan Tadjudin
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Pemerintah Indonesia selama pandemi COVID-19 menerapkan PSBB (Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar) dimana PSBB tersebut membuat aktivitas masyarakat dibatasi, dampaknya juga bisa dirasakan pada lansia di Panti Wreda sehingga dapat menyebabkan timbulnya gangguan depresi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pandemi COVID-19 dan PSBB dengan gangguan depresi pada lansia di Panti Wreda Hana Ciputat Jakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analitik observational dengan desain studi cross sectional. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Panti Wreda Hana Ciputat Jakarta terhadap lansia sejumlah 56 subjek penelitian yang terdiri dari perempuan 48 orang dan laki-laki 8 orang. Dari 56 subjek penelitian jumlah laki-laki 8 (14,3%) dan perempuan 48 (85,7%). Sebelum terjadinya pandemi COVID-19 dan PSBB, subjek penelitian yang tidak depresi sejumlah 49 subjek (87,5 %), kemungkinan besar depresi 6 subjek (10,7%), dan yang mengalami depresi 1 subjek (1,8%). Selama pandemi COVID19 dan PSBB, subjek penelitian yang tidak depresi 38 subjek (67,9%), kemungkinan besar depresi 14 subjek (25%), dan yang mengalami depresi 4 subjek (7,1%). Berdasarkan hasil uji Chi-square nilai p= 0,000. Dapat disimpulkan terdapat hubungan pandemi COVID-19 dan PSBB dengan gangguan depresi pada lansia di Panti Wreda Hana Ciputat Jakarta. The Government of Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic implemented PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restrictions) where the PSBB made community activities restricted, the impact can also be felt on the elderly in nursing home so that it can cause depressive disorders. This research was done in order to determine the relationship of the COVID-19 pandemic and PSBB with depressive disorders in the elderly at the Ciputat Hana Nursing Home in Jakarta. This study used an observational analytic method with a cross sectional study design. The research was conducted at the Ciputat Hana Nursing Home in Jakarta for 56 elderly subjects. In the nursing home consist of 48 women and 8 men. In 56 research subjects, there were 8 (14,3%) men and 48 (85,7%) women. Before the Pandemic of COVID-19 and PSBB, there were 49 (87,5%) research subjects who were not depressed, 6 (10,7%) research subjects who were most likely depressed, and 1 (1,8%) research subject who were depressed. During the Pandemic of COVID-19 and PSBB, there were 38 (67,9%) research subjects who were not depressed, 14 (25%) research subjects who were most likely depressed, and 4 (7,1%) research subjects who were depressed. Based on Chi-Square test result, the value of P = 0,000. In conclusion, there is a correlation between the pandemic of COVID-19 and PSBB with depression disorder in the elderly at Ciputat Hana Nursing Home in Jakarta.

153 SUPPLEMENTATION WITH LINOLENIC ACID AND L-CARNITINE DURING IVM REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO LIPOGENESIS BUT DID NOT ALTER THE LIPID CONTENT AND CRYOTOLERANCE OF IN VITRO-PRODUCED EMBRYOS

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. S. Leao ◽  
N. A. S. Rocha Frigoni ◽  
P. C. Dall'Acqua ◽  
M. Ambrogi ◽  
G. B. Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intracellular Lipid ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Sudan Black B ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
The Impact

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) with linolenic acid (ALA), l-carnitine (L-car), or the combination of both supplements on the embryo intracellular lipid content and cryotolerance, as well as in the embryo expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism (lipogenesis regulation: SCD1, FASN, and SREBP1; and β-oxidation pathway: CPT1B and CPT2). Cumulus-oocyte complexes (n = 1076) were IVM for 22 h at 38.5°C and 5% CO2 in air, in TCM-199 medium with bicarbonate, hormones, and 10% FCS (control group), supplemented with 100 μM ALA (ALA group), 5 mM L-car (L-car group), or a combination of 100 μM ALA + 5 mM L-car (ALA + L-car group). After IVF, presumptive zygotes were in vitro cultured in SOFaa medium supplemented with 5 mg mL−1 BSA and 2.5% FCS, at 38.5°C and 5% CO2 in air during 7 days. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were evaluated on Day 3 and 7, respectively (IVF = Day 0). At Day 7, the blastocysts were stained with the lipophilic dye Sudan Black B (n = 60), vitrified/warmed (n = 260; Ingámed® protocol, Maringa-PR, Brazil), or collected for analysis of gene expression (n = 180). Embryonic development were analysed by ANOVA and the multiple comparisons of means were determined by Tukey’s test. The embryonic re-expansion data were subjected to chi-square test and the differences in gene expression among groups were evaluated by Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05). Data are presented as means ± standard error means. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of the supplements used during IVM on cleavage (79.54 ± 2.76% to 82.16 ± 1.13%) and blastocyst rates (29.03 ± 3.07% to 30.46 ± 2.01%). Similarly, the intracellular lipid content in Day-7 blastocysts (1.03 ± 0.04 to 1.15 ± 0.07 pixels) and the embryonic cryotolerance, assessed by the re-expansion rates after 24 h (67.3 to 78.3%) hatching rates after 48 h (11.5 to 25.5%) of post-warming culture, were unaffected (P > 0.05) by the supplements of IVM medium. Although the treatments did not alter (P > 0.05) the expression of CPT1B and CPT2 genes, the expression of FASN gene was decreased (P < 0.05) in the ALA group and the expression of SREBP1 gene was decreased (P < 0.05) in the ALA and L-car groups. The expression of the gene SCD1 was reduced (P < 0.05) in all treatments compared with the control group. Thus, despite the lack of effects of the treatments performed during IVM on the intracellular lipid content and cryotolerance of the embryos derived from the treated oocytes, a reduction in the expression of genes related to lipogenesis was observed in Day-7 blastocysts. These results suggest that treatments performed in the oocytes during IVM may have prolonged effects, affecting the subsequent expression of genes in embryos. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms related to the differentiation of the oocyte machinery during maturation. Financial support was provided by FAPESP (#2012/10084–4 and #2013/07382–6).

Prevalence of Cardiac Arrhythmias in Hypothyroid and Euthyroid Patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (06) ◽  
pp. 430-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Kannan ◽  
Justyna Kotus-Bart ◽  
Aman Amanullah
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
Ventricular Arrhythmias ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Control Study

AbstractThe thyroid functions as a regulator of cardiac function and rhythm through genomic and nongenomic actions of triiodothyronine (T3) in cardiac myocytes. Atrial fibrillation is a common complication of thyrotoxicosis. Hypothyroidism is not considered a risk factor for arrhythmias despite well-known EKG changes in this condition. This case control study was conducted to analyze the differences, if any, in the prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias between hypothyroid patients and euthyroid controls. Three hundred and four consecutive patients admitted at our medical center for a period of one year were included in the study. The study population was divided into 2 groups (age, gender and race matched): patients with hypothyroidism and euthyroid subjects as a control group. Major arrhythmia data were obtained from telemetry recordings and from known past medical history. There were 152 subjects in each arm of the study. The mean age was 61.9 years. Mean TSH in hypothyroid group was 40.4 mIU/l (95% CI 33.3–47.5) (range 10.09–304, SE 3.62) and in euthyroid group was 0.89 mIU/l (95% CI 0.82–0.96). Chi-square analysis revealed a higher prevalence of ventricular tachycardia (p=0.04) and any ventricular arrhythmia in the hypothyroid group (p=0.007). This relatively large case control study revealed a statistically higher prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias in hypothyroidism. Our study has thrown light on the prevalence of arrhythmias in hypothyroidism and the observation of increased ventricular arrhythmias necessitates future large scale prospective studies to better define the risk of such ventricular arrhythmias and the effects of thyroid supplementation on this risk.

scholarly journals Ivermectin as Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19 among Healthcare Providers in a Selected Tertiary Hospital in Dhaka – An Observational Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Tarek Alam ◽  
Rubaiul Murshed ◽  
Pauline Francisca Gomes ◽  
Zafor Md. Masud ◽  
Sadia Saber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Experimental Group

Introduction: While multiple vaccines are undergoing clinical trial across the globe, we yearn for an FDA approved drug to protect us from the devastating pandemic for the time being. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Ivermectin when administered as pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19. Method: An observational study, with 118 healthcare providers who were enrolled purposively, was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Dhaka from May 2020 to August 2020. The subjects were divided into experimental and control groups; and the experimental group received an oral monthly dose of Ivermectin 12mg for 4 months. Both groups were exposed to COVID-19 positive patients admitted in the hospital during the course of study. The symptomatic subjects were evaluated by physical examination, COVID-19 RT-PCR and/or HRCT of chest. Differences between the variables were determined using the Chi-square test and the level of statistical significance was reached when p<0.05. Result: 73.3% (44 out of 60) subjects in control group were positive for COVID-19, whereas only 6.9% (4 out of 58) of the experimental group were diagnosed with COVID-19 (p-value < 0.05). Conclusion: Ivermectin, an FDA-approved, safe, cheap and widely available drug, should be subjected to large-scale trials all over the world to ascertain its effectiveness as pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19.

scholarly journals Breast Engorgement among Women with Caesarean Section: Impact of Nursing Intervention

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. p22
Author(s):  
Hanan Elzeblawy Hassan ◽  
Galal Ahmed EL-Kholy ◽  
Aziza Ahmed Ateya ◽  
Amal Ahmed Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Nursing Intervention ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Simple Random Sample ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Assessment Sheet ◽  
Section Design ◽  
The Impact

Background: Breast engorgement is defined as enlarged & filling of breast with milk. It is one of the most significant problems confronting nursing women, especially primiparous, in the first week of motherhood. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of nursing intervention on relieve of breast engorgement among women with caesarean section. Design and setting an interventional study was conducted in postnatal unit of Beni-Suef University hospital. Sample was simple random sample comprised a total of 90 Primiparae’s cesarean section mothers; 45 in the interventional group & 45 in the control group. Tools of Data Collection were interview questionnaire sheet, knowledge assessment sheet and observational & Engorgement assessment scale. The study revealed that, the nursing intervention was more effective and contributed rapid recovery from breast engorgement especially among the older, educated, housewives, high social class's women and those who were rural dwellers. The study recommended that Prevention is a key element in reducing breast engorgement potentially among nursing mothers. So, primiparous mothers should learn about preventive measures for breast engorgement. Teaching mother how to express both breasts simultaneously to yield the most volume and to decrease time spend pumping each consecutively is the responsibility of health care providers.

scholarly journals A multivariate method of evaluating the effectiveness of optimizing the daily routine of schoolchildren

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-664
Author(s):  
Zh. V. Sotnikova-Meleshkina ◽  
O. V. Martynenko
Keyword(s):  
Prevention Program ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

Annotation. The mode of a modern schoolboy-teenager is characterized by insufficient duration of night sleep, prolongation of homework, non-observance of diet, reduction of daily physical activity, excessive screen time, which under constant exposure can provoke a number of non-infectious and psychosomatic disorders. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of optimizing the daily routine of schoolchildren using the method of modeling structural equations. The study involved 175 students aged 10–14 years. Health status was assessed according to preventive medical examinations and screening-questionnaires with the calculation of the level of ill health and the coefficient of determination. Statistical data processing was performed using the licensed package SPSS Statistic v. 20 using one-way analysis of variance, correlation analysis, Chi-square test according to the Friedman method, Student’s t-test, as well as the method of modeling by structural equations (SEM) in the statistical package SEPATH Statistica. Using a normalized coefficient of determination, it was determined that for students in the experimental group were the most common signs of cardiorheumatological and allergic pathological conditions. Based on the pre-determined significance of the elements of the daily routine, the primary measures of primary prevention of pathological conditions were selected and implemented. The application of the multivariate SEM method using block data structures grouped by 11 variables (according to disease classes) and 15 blocks-elements of the daily routine allowed to evaluate the effectiveness of the prevention program. Pathology of the nervous (χ2=19.54; p<0.0001), respiratory (χ2=13.47; p=0.001) and cardiovascular systems (χ2=9.88; р=0.007) was determined to be the most “sensitive” to the impact of preventive measures. Thus, the proposed model allows to systematize the blocks that characterize both the prevention program and its effectiveness at different stages of implementation, which was determined by the level of morbidity of schoolchildren. The use of targeted preventive measures reduced the incidence rate by 10% in the experimental group against the background of an increase in pathological lesions in the control group by 22.9%.

scholarly journals Psoriasis – the impact on an individual´s mental state and quality of life

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-195
Author(s):  
Šárka Vévodová ◽  
Filip Havelka ◽  
Jiří Vévoda ◽  
Bronislava Grygová
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease characterized by scaly patches affecting approximately 2-5% of the population. The disease has a negative impact on quality of life and, therefore, psoriatic patients often develop depression. Our work deals with quality of life and depression in psoriasis sufferrers and strives to determine the correlation between their quality of life and depression. Methods: The research took place in the University Hospital Olomouc in 2017 and used questionnaires WHOQOL-BREF and BDI-II. 50 patients with psoriasis were chosen randomly. To process the data we used Mann-Whitney test (the level of significance = 5%) and Spearman´s correlation coefficient (the level of significance = 1%). Results: The results proved that psoriasis has a significant impact on quality of life. The scores for the overall life quality as well as for individual domains were significantly lower in psoriatic patients than in the control group (p&lt;0.001). The degree of depression in patients with psoriasis showed statistically significant correlation in all domains of the quality of life. We proved negative correlation in the overall quality of life (rs =- 0.691**), physical condition (rs =-0.499**), social relations (rs =-0.546**), overall health (rs =-0.396**), and environment (rs =-0.386**). Conclusion: With regard to the ascertained negative correlation between psoriasis and depression and lower quality of life of the sufferers compared to the healthy population, it is essential for healthcare professionals to pay attention not only to somatic manifestations of the disease but also to the patients´ mental health.

scholarly journals The use of a metronome during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the emergency room of a university hospital

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Maria de Oliveira Botelho ◽  
Cássia Regina Vancini Campanharo ◽  
Maria Carolina Barbosa Teixeira Lopes ◽  
Meiry Fernanda Pinto Okuno ◽  
Aécio Flávio Teixeira de Góis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Spontaneous Circulation ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Service Data

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and death after cardiac arrest, with and without the use of a metronome during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Method: case-control study nested in a cohort study including 285 adults who experienced cardiac arrest and received CPR in an emergency service. Data were collected using In-hospital Utstein Style. The control group (n=60) was selected by matching patients considering their neurological condition before cardiac arrest, the immediate cause, initial arrest rhythm, whether epinephrine was used, and the duration of CPR. The case group (n=51) received conventional CPR guided by a metronome set at 110 beats/min. Chi-square and likelihood ratio were used to compare ROSC rates considering p≤0.05. Results: ROSC occurred in 57.7% of the cases, though 92.8% of these patients died in the following 24 hours. No statistically significant difference was found between groups in regard to ROSC (p=0.2017) or the occurrence of death (p=0.8112). Conclusion: the outcomes of patients after cardiac arrest with and without the use of a metronome during CPR were similar and no differences were found between groups in regard to survival rates and ROSC.

The Impact of Nipple Repair in the Treatment of  Lactating Nipple Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAIFENG GAO ◽  
jie Wang ◽  
Songtao Ding ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Recurrence Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Relief Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cure Rates ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective To explore the effect of nipple repair in the treatment of lactating nipple injury.Methods Patients with nipple lesions admitted to the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Haidian District from December 2015 to January 2020 were retrospective control study. The patients received nipple repair was the study group, the patients did not treated with medicine or surgery was the control group. Patients in both groups continued to be exclusively breastfeed with good sucking, The method of chi-square test was adopted by using SPSS24.0 statistical software to compare the difference of healing effect of nipple injury, pain relief rate, and recurrence rate of nipple injury.Results A total of 167 patients were enrolled, including in the 81 study group and 86 in the control group. The cure rates of the nipple injury in the study group and in the control group were 54.3% (44/81) and 26.7% (23/86) (χ2 = 13.451, P = 0.001). The complete pain relief rate was 48.1% (39/81) and 23.3% (20/86) (χ2 = 14.170, P = 0.001). The recurrence rate was 36.4% (16/44) and 34.8% (8/23) (χ2 = 0.016, P = 0.898).Conclusion For patients with no improvement in nipple damage after correction of etiology, nipple repair can improve the healing environment of nipple breakage, relieve nipple pain.

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