Choline and Folic Acid Balance in Diets During Pregnancy Programs Food Intake Regulation in Wistar Rat Offspring (FS08-05-19)

Abstract Objectives High gestational folic acid (FA) induces an obesogenic phenotype in male Wistar rat offspring. Imbalances between FA and other methyl-nutrients (i.e., choline) leading to perturbations in the 1-carbon cycle may account for the effects of high FA diets. Canadian women consume high (2–7-fold) intakes of FA, but most are not meeting recommended adequate intakes for choline. Choline is also absent from Canadian prenatal supplements. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of the interaction between choline and FA in maternal diets of rats on the 1-carbon cycle, and the programming of food intake, body weight gain and biomarkers of obesity in the offspring later in life. Methods Pregnant Wistar rat dams were fed the AIN-93 G diet with recommended (1X) choline and FA (RCRF, control), or a 5X FA diet with either 0.5X choline (LCHF), 1X choline (RCHF), or 2.5X choline (HCHF). Brain and blood were collected at birth. At weaning one male pup/dam from all groups was maintained on the control diet for 20 weeks then terminated. Dependent measures include weekly body weight-gain and food intake, plasma glucoregulatory hormones and 1-carbon metabolites at birth and post-weaning. Results Increasing choline content to 2.5-fold in a high (5-fold) gestational FA diet (HCHF) led to lower plasma insulin and leptin levels at birth compared to the LCHF and RCHF diets, respectively (P < 0.05). It also led to lower (25%, P = 0.03) plasma 5-methyltetrahydrofolate concentrations at birth compared to the RCHF diet, suggesting more efficient utilization of FA. Offspring born to dams maintained on a high folic acid diet with either low or recommended choline had higher weekly food intake (6%, P < 0.05) and body weight-gain (9%, P < 0.01). In contrast, offspring from dams fed the HCHF gestational diet were not different from those born to dams fed the RCRF (control) diet, highlighting the mitigating effects of a balanced choline and FA gestational diet. Conclusions Increased intakes of choline mitigate the effects of high FA diets. Maternal dietary choline interacts with FA on the long-term programming of food intake regulation in the offspring; emphasizing a need for more attention to improving choline intakes by women of child-bearing age. Funding Sources This research was funded by the Canadian Institute of Health Research, Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes (CIHR-INMD).

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High 5MTHF, but Not Folic Acid During Pregnancy, Alters Hypothalamic Regulatory Pathways and Associates with Post-Partum Weight-Gain in Wistar Rat Mothers

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa057_046 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1230-1230

Author(s):

Emanuela Pannia ◽

Rola Hammoud ◽

Ruslan Kubant ◽

Rebecca Simonian ◽

Zdenka Pausova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Folic Acid ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Food Intake ◽

Differentially Expressed Genes ◽

Hormone Receptor ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Post Partum ◽

Wistar Rat ◽

Regulatory Pathways

Abstract Objectives 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF), the bioactive folate form, has been proposed an alternative supplement to folic acid (FA) due to direct cellular uptake and utilization. In North America, 5MTHF is incorporated into prenatal supplements at the equivalent high dose (1000 µg) as FA and discussion has been raised of its formation into baby formula. Our lab was the first to compare the dose (1X vs high, 5X) and form (FA vs 5MTHF) effects of folate during pregnancy on later-life metabolic health of the Wistar rat mother. Contrary to our hypothesis, 5MTHF diets, independent of dose, led to mothers with 40% greater body weight-gain and higher food intake post-birth compared to FA. The objective of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes and related hypothalamic pathways of mothers fed FA vs 5MTHF diets during pregnancy. Methods Pregnant Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93 G diet with recommended (1X, control, 2 mg/kg diet) or high (5X) FA or equimolar levels of 5MTHF. At birth, a subset of dams were terminated and RNA-seq analysis was performed in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), a key regulator of body weight and food intake, in dams fed the high FA and MTHF diets. Results Over 350 differentially expressed genes were identified in the ARC of dams fed high 5MTHF vs FA diets. Combining differential gene expression patterns with reported GO function terms and Kegg pathway analyses, four candidate genes (prolactin hormone receptor, corticotropin releasing hormone receptor, KISS1 peptide and dopamine receptor) were validated by qPCR thus far as plausible contributors to higher body weight-gain and food intake in 5MTHF dams. These genes correspond to neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway (path: hsa04080), associated with metabolic diseases including leptin deficiency and genetic obesity. Other significantly enriched pathways included the retrograde endocannabinoid signalling and morphine addiction pathway. Conclusions High 5MTHF supplementation during pregnancy alters expression of central feeding regulatory pathways in the hypothalamus of the mother, potentially programming post-partum body-weight gain. 5MTHF, at the equivalent dose of FA, may not be the preferred folate form during pregnancy. Funding Sources CIHR-INMD; EP supported by NSERC-CGS D.

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Influence of High and Low Saturated Fatty Acid-Based Diets on Weight and Body Composition of Albino Rats (Rattusnorvegicus)

Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology ◽

10.23880/oajmb-16000172 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Abere DV

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Food Intake ◽

Saturated Fatty Acid ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Control Diet ◽

Balance Model ◽

Albino Rats

The study investigated the effect of feeding high and low saturated fatty acid based diets to feed female albino rats (Rattusnorvegicus) with a view to evaluating the effects of the fatty diets on the feeding patterns, weight and body composition of the rats. Seven months old female Rattus norvegicus were used for the experiment. The weights of the rats were taken for twelve weeks using Salter balance (Model 250). Four experimental diets were formulated which were made up of 2.5 and 5.0 g of margarine (blue band), 2.5 and 5.0 g canola oil each mixed with the basal diet. The control diet was grower feed and the resultant experimental diets were fed to the experimental rats kept in cages at the rate of 12 rats per cage. The rats were fed with the diets at the rate of 3% of body weight for a period of twelve weeks. The highest weight gain was recorded in the group fed with 5.0 g margarine, followed by 5.0 g canola, 2.5 g margarine, 2.5 g canola and least in the rats fed the control.The mean weight gain of the rats fed with 5.0 g margarine and 5.0 g canola were significantly different (p<0.05) from the mean weight of 2.5 g margarine, 2.5 g canola and the control. The food intake of the rats fed 5.0 g margarine and 5.0 g canola was also significantly different (p<0.05) from the food intake of rats fed 2.5 g margarine, 2.5 g canola and the control. The proximate composition of the carcass of the rats fed the different experimental diets showed that fat content of the rats fed 5.0 g margarine was higher than in the rats fed the other diets. The histology of the liver of rats fed 5.0 g margarine and 5.0 g canola showed greater fat accumulation in the rat’s liver compared to rats fed 2.5 g margarine, 2.5 g canola as well as the control. Rats with the highest body weight gain were considered obesity-prone; those with the lowest body weight were regarded as obesity-resistant while others were considered intermediate. The study concluded that the kind of fat consumed contributes to the weight gained by the rats.

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Effect of dietary supplementation of seaweed (Ulva lactuca) and Azolla on growth performance, haematological and serum biochemical parameters of Aseel chicken

Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences ◽

10.1186/s43088-020-00087-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Vijayalingam Thavasi Alagan ◽

Rajesh Nakulan Vatsala ◽

Ilavarasan Sagadevan ◽

Vairamuthu Subbiah ◽

Venkataramanan Ragothaman

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Control Diet ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Well Being ◽

Ulva Lactuca ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Serum Biochemical

Abstract Background An effort was made to assess the effectiveness of dietary supplementation of Ulva lactuca (U. lactuca), a seaweed and Azolla individually and in combination on different physiological parameters of Aseel chicken. A total of 40 Aseel chicks of 8 weeks old were allocated into four groups, C1 (control), T1 (Azolla alone), T2 (seaweed alone) and T3 (seaweed plus Azolla). Aseel chicks in C1 were fed with formulated grower feed alone, birds in T1 had control diet with 5% Azolla, birds in T2 had control diet with 3% U. lactuca and birds in T3 had control diet admixtured with 5% of Azolla and 3% of U. lactuca. Parameters were recorded for a continuous period of 2 months in 15 days interval. Results The growth performance was found to be significant (P ≤ 0.05) during 30 days of feed trials and highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) during 45 and 60 days of treatment. Birds in T3 had a higher body weight gain, shank length and feed conversion efficiency followed with T1 and T2 compared to C1. PCV, RBC, WBC and heterophil counts were not influenced (P ≥ 0.05) by dietary treatments. Uric acid, creatinine, AST, glucose, triglycerides and magnesium levels revealed a high significant (P ≤ 0.01) variation, and cholesterol level showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) changes during 30th and 60th day of feed trials between the control and treatment groups. Total protein, globulin, phosphorus and electrolytes like Na, K and Cl levels were not significant (P ≥ 0.05) during 30th day and were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) during the 60th day of the trial. Conclusions It could be noted that inclusion of U. lactuca and Azolla as feed supplement in grower chicken had a better body weight gain when given in combination (U. lactuca and Azolla) rather than supplemented with the sole entity. Based on the haematological and serum biochemical analysis, the supplementation of U. lactuca and Azolla at the levels included in this trial did not pose any threat to the physiological well-being of Aseel chicken.

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Neonatal nutritional programming impairs adiponectin effects on energy homeostasis in adult life of male rats

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00358.2017 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 315 (1) ◽

pp. E29-E37 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mariana Peduti Halah ◽

Paula Beatriz Marangon ◽

Jose Antunes-Rodrigues ◽

Lucila L. K. Elias

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Food Intake ◽

White Adipose Tissue ◽

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Adult Life ◽

Male Rats ◽

Nutritional Programming

Neonatal nutritional changes induce long-lasting effects on energy homeostasis. Adiponectin influences food intake and body weight. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of neonatal nutritional programming on the central stimulation of adiponectin. Male Wistar rats were divided on postnatal (PN) day 3 in litters of 3 (small litter, SL), 10 (normal litter, NL), or 16 pups/dam (large litter, LL). We assessed body weight gain for 60 days, adiponectin concentration, and white adipose tissue weight. We examined the response of SL, NL, and LL rats on body weight gain, food intake, oxygen consumption (V̇o2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), calorimetry, locomotor activity, phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression in the hypothalamus, and uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 in the brown adipose tissue after central stimulus with adiponectin. After weaning, SL rats maintained higher body weight gain despite similar food intake compared with NL rats. LL rats showed lower body weight at weaning, with a catch up afterward and higher food intake. Both LL and SL groups had decreased plasma concentrations of adiponectin at PN60. SL rats had increased white adipose tissue. Central injection of adiponectin decreased body weight and food intake and increased V̇o2, RER, calorimetry, p-AMPK and UCP- 1 expression in NL rats, but it had no effect on SL and LL rats, compared with the respective vehicle groups. In conclusion, neonatal under- and overfeeding induced an increase in body weight gain in juvenile and early adult life. Unresponsiveness to central effects of adiponectin contributes to the imbalance of the energy homeostasis in adult life induced by neonatal nutritional programming.

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The Gut Microbiome Derived From Anorexia Nervosa Patients Impairs Weight Gain and Behavioral Performance in Female Mice

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2019-00408 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 160 (10) ◽

pp. 2441-2452 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Tomokazu Hata ◽

Noriyuki Miyata ◽

Shu Takakura ◽

Kazufumi Yoshihara ◽

Yasunari Asano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Food Intake ◽

Brain Stem ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Field Tests ◽

Compulsive Behavior ◽

The Brain ◽

Poor Weight Gain

Abstract Anorexia nervosa (AN) results in gut dysbiosis, but whether the dysbiosis contributes to AN-specific pathologies such as poor weight gain and neuropsychiatric abnormalities remains unclear. To address this, germ-free mice were reconstituted with the microbiota of four patients with restricting-type AN (gAN mice) and four healthy control individuals (gHC mice). The effects of gut microbes on weight gain and behavioral characteristics were examined. Fecal microbial profiles in recipient gnotobiotic mice were clustered with those of the human donors. Compared with gHC mice, gAN mice showed a decrease in body weight gain, concomitant with reduced food intake. Food efficiency ratio (body weight gain/food intake) was also significantly lower in gAN mice than in gHC mice, suggesting that decreased appetite as well as the capacity to convert ingested food to unit of body substance may contribute to poor weight gain. Both anxiety-related behavior measured by open-field tests and compulsive behavior measured by a marble-burying test were increased only in gAN mice but not in gHC mice. Serotonin levels in the brain stem of gAN mice were lower than those in the brain stem of gHC mice. Moreover, the genus Bacteroides showed the highest correlation with the number of buried marbles among all genera identified. Administration of Bacteroides vulgatus reversed compulsive behavior but failed to exert any substantial effect on body weight. Collectively, these results indicate that AN-specific dysbiosis may contribute to both poor weight gain and mental disorders in patients with AN.

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Eicosapentaenoic acid actions on adiposity and insulin resistance in control and high-fat-fed rats: role of apoptosis, adiponectin and tumour necrosis factor-α

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114507207627 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 97 (2) ◽

pp. 389-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 131

Author(s):

Patricia Pérez-Matute ◽

Nerea Pérez-Echarri ◽

J. Alfredo Martínez ◽

Amelia Marti ◽

María J. Moreno-Aliaga

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Body Weight ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Control Diet ◽

Cafeteria Diet ◽

High Fat ◽

Beneficial Effects

n-3 PUFA have shown potential anti-obesity and insulin-sensitising properties. However, the mechanisms involved are not clearly established. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of EPA administration, one of the n-3 PUFA, on body-weight gain and adiposity in rats fed on a standard or a high-fat (cafeteria) diet. The actions on white adipose tissue lipolysis, apoptosis and on several genes related to obesity and insulin resistance were also studied. Control and cafeteria-induced overweight male Wistar rats were assigned into two subgroups, one of them daily received EPA ethyl ester (1 g/kg) for 5 weeks by oral administration. The high-fat diet induced a very significant increase in both body weight and fat mass. Rats fed with the cafeteria diet and orally treated with EPA showed a marginally lower body-weight gain (P = 0·09), a decrease in food intake (P < 0·01) and an increase in leptin production (P < 0·05). EPA administration reduced retroperitoneal adipose tissue weight (P < 0·05) which could be secondary to the inhibition of the adipogenic transcription factor PPARγ gene expression (P < 0·001), and also to the increase in apoptosis (P < 0·05) found in rats fed with a control diet. TNFα gene expression was significantly increased (P < 0·05) by the cafeteria diet, while EPA treatment was able to prevent (P < 0·01) the rise in this inflammatory cytokine. Adiposity-corrected adiponectin plasma levels were increased by EPA. These actions on both TNFα and adiponectin could explain the beneficial effects of EPA on insulin resistance induced by the cafeteria diet.

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Comparative evaluation of effects of different sources of groundnut meals on digestibility, growth performance and economics of production of growing rabbits

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v41i1.2734 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 272-283

Author(s):

K. T. Orayaga ◽

P. M. Goholshak

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Control Diet ◽

Seed Kernel ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Final Body Weight ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Groundnut Cake

Three groundnut meals namely: groundnut cake (GNC), locally processed groundnut cake (kulikuli) and toasted groundnut seed(kernel) meal (TGSM) were incorporated in rabbit diets at two levels to generate six diets: 18% GNC, 22% GNC, 18% Kulikuli, 22% Kulikuli, 18% TGSM and 22% TGSM respectively, and 18% GNC also served as the control diet. Twenty four (24) six weeks-old growing rabbits of mixed breeds and sexes with mean initial weight of 568.75±l2.85g were randomly allocated to the six dietary treatment groups, such that each had four rabbits and each rabbit formed a replicate in a completely randomized design laid out in a 2X3 factorial arrangement and fed ad libitum, for 70 days. The main effects showed that while the treatment groups fed TGSM were significantly depressed (p<0.05). rabbits fed GNC and kulikuli were not significantly different (p>0.05) for average daily feed intake, daily body weight gain and final body weight. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was not significantly (p >0.05) affected among treatment groups. Rabbits fed TGSM had significantly (p<0.05) better apparent digestibility coefficient (78.04%) than those on kulikuli (75.81%6) and the group on kulikuli were better than animals fed GNC (72.09%) for fat digestibility. Fibre digestibility was also significantly different (p <0.05), with rabbits fed kulikuli having the poorest fibre digestion (15.63 %). Crude protein, dry matter and NFE apparent digestibility coefficients were not significantly (p >0.05) affected. Among all the parameters measured, only fat and fibre digestibility coefficients had significant (p <0.05) interactions and NFE digestibility was significantly affected (p <0.05) by level of inclusion, with groups fed 22% digesting it better. Feed cost kg gain did not differ significantly (p >0.05) among the treatment groups. Growth was still on the rise and there was a significantly (P<0.01) strong relationship (correlation and regression) between feed intake and weight gain for all the treatment groups. was concluded that both kulikuli and TGSM are potential feed resources for rabbits, more available to house hold farmers, equally economical as GNC and better still if groundnut farmers and or processors of kulikuli raise rabbits, though TGSM had less value for growth rate compared to GNC and Kulikuli at these levels of inclusion

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Bimatoprost promotes satiety and attenuates body weight in rats fed standard or obesity-promoting diets.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-24991/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Clayton Spada ◽

Chau Vu ◽

Iona Raymond ◽

Warren Tong ◽

Chia-Lin Chuang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Gastric Emptying ◽

Food Intake ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Hormone Levels ◽

Gut Hormone

Abstract Background Bimatoprost negatively regulates adipogenesis in vitro and likely participates in a negative feedback loop on anandamide-induced adipogenesis. Here, we investigate the broader metabolic effects of bimatoprost action in vivo in rats under both normal state and obesity-inducing conditions. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were a fed standard chow (SC) diet in conjunction with dermally applied bimatoprost treatment for a period of 9–10 weeks. Body weight gain, energy expenditure, food intake, and hormones associated with satiety were measured. Gastric emptying was also separately evaluated. In obesity-promoting diet studies, rats were fed a cafeteria diet (CAF) and gross weight, fat accumulation in SQ, visceral fat and liver was evaluated together with standard serum chemistry. Results Chronic bimatoprost administration attenuated weight gain in rats fed either standard or obesity-promoting diets over a 9–10 weeks. Bimatoprost increased satiety as measured by decreased food intake, gastric emptying and circulating gut hormone levels. Additionally, SQ and visceral fat mass was distinctly affected by treatment. Bimatoprost increased satiety as measured by decreased food intake, gastric emptying and circulating gut hormone levels. Conclusions These findings suggest that bimatoprost (and possibly prostamide F2α) regulates energy homeostasis through actions on dietary intake. These actions likely counteract the metabolic actions of anandamide through the endocannabinoid system potentially revealing a new pathway that could be exploited for therapeutic development.

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Oxytocin Administration Alleviates Acute but Not Chronic Leptin Resistance of Diet-Induced Obese Mice

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20010088 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 88 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mehdi Labyb ◽

Chloé Chrétien ◽

Aurélie Caillon ◽

Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud ◽

Jordi Altirriba

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Food Intake ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Leptin Resistance ◽

Obese Mice ◽

Short Term ◽

Continuous Administration ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Treatment Of Obesity

Whereas leptin administration only has a negligible effect on the treatment of obesity, it has been demonstrated that its action can be improved by co-administration of leptin and one of its sensitizers. Considering that oxytocin treatment decreases body weight in obese animals and humans, we investigated the effects of oxytocin and leptin cotreatment. First, lean and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were treated with oxytocin for 2 weeks and we measured the acute leptin response. Second, DIO mice were treated for 2 weeks with saline, oxytocin (50 μg/day), leptin (20 or 40 µg/day) or oxytocin plus leptin. Oxytocin pre-treatment restored a normal acute leptin response, decreasing food intake and body weight gain. Chronic continuous administration of oxytocin or leptin at 40 µg/day decreased body weight in the presence (leptin) or in the absence (oxytocin) of cumulative differences in food intake. Saline or leptin treatment at 20 µg/day had no impact on body weight. Oxytocin and leptin cotreatments had no additional effects compared with single treatments. These results point to the fact that chronic oxytocin treatment improves the acute, but not the chronic leptin response, suggesting that this treatment could be used to improve the short-term satiety effect of leptin.

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Effects of Consuming Sugar-Sweetened Beverages for 2 Weeks on 24-h Circulating Leptin Profiles, Ad Libitum Food Intake and Body Weight in Young Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12123893 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 3893 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Desiree M. Sigala ◽

Adrianne M. Widaman ◽

Bettina Hieronimus ◽

Marinelle V. Nunez ◽

Vivien Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Food Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Ad Libitum

Sugar-sweetened beverage (sugar-SB) consumption is associated with body weight gain. We investigated whether the changes of (Δ) circulating leptin contribute to weight gain and ad libitum food intake in young adults consuming sugar-SB for two weeks. In a parallel, double-blinded, intervention study, participants (n = 131; BMI 18–35 kg/m2; 18–40 years) consumed three beverages/day containing aspartame or 25% energy requirement as glucose, fructose, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or sucrose (n = 23–28/group). Body weight, ad libitum food intake and 24-h leptin area under the curve (AUC) were assessed at Week 0 and at the end of Week 2. The Δbody weight was not different among groups (p = 0.092), but the increases in subjects consuming HFCS- (p = 0.0008) and glucose-SB (p = 0.018) were significant compared with Week 0. Subjects consuming sucrose- (+14%, p < 0.0015), fructose- (+9%, p = 0.015) and HFCS-SB (+8%, p = 0.017) increased energy intake during the ad libitum food intake trial compared with subjects consuming aspartame-SB (−4%, p = 0.0037, effect of SB). Fructose-SB decreased (−14 ng/mL × 24 h, p = 0.0006) and sucrose-SB increased (+25 ng/mL × 24 h, p = 0.025 vs. Week 0; p = 0.0008 vs. fructose-SB) 24-h leptin AUC. The Δad libitum food intake and Δbody weight were not influenced by circulating leptin in young adults consuming sugar-SB for 2 weeks. Studies are needed to determine the mechanisms mediating increased energy intake in subjects consuming sugar-SB.

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