scholarly journals Metagenomic analysis reveals significant differences in microbiome and metabolic profiles in the rumen of sheep fed low N diet with increased urea supplementation

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Li ◽  
Junshi Shen ◽  
Yixuan Xu ◽  
Weiyun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Rumen Microbiome ◽  
Isoleucine Biosynthesis ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Lysine Degradation ◽  
Functional Profiles ◽  
Male Sheep

ABSTRACT Urea is a cost-effective replacement for feed proteins in ruminant diets. However, its metabolism by the rumen microbiome is not fully understood. Here, rumen contents were collected from 18 male sheep fed one of the following three treatments: a low N basal diet with no urea (UC, 0 g/kg dry matter (DM)), low urea (LU, 10 g/kg DM) and high urea (HU, 30 g/kg DM). Principal coordinate analysis showed that the microbial composition and functional profiles of the LU treatment significantly differed from the UC and HU treatments. The genera Prevotella, Succinivibrio, Succinatimonas and Megasphaera were higher in the LU rumen, while the genera Clostridium, Ruminococcus and Butyrivibrio were enriched in the UC and HU rumen. The aspartate–glutamate and arginine–proline metabolic pathways and valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis were higher in the LU rumen. The cysteine and methionine metabolism, lysine degradation and fructose and pentose phosphate metabolism pathways were higher in the UC and HU rumen. The protozoa population in the HU treatment was higher than in the UC and LU treatments. These findings suggest that the rumen microbiome of sheep fed low N diet with different urea supplementation are significantly different.

scholarly journals Microbiota identified from preserved Anopheles

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca E Silva ◽  
Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni ◽  
Lizette L. Koekemoer ◽  
Yael L. Dahan-Moss
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Culture Dependent

Abstract Background Mosquito species from the Anopheles gambiae complex and the Anopheles funestus group are dominant African malaria vectors. Mosquito microbiota play vital roles in physiology and vector competence. Recent research has focused on investigating the mosquito microbiota, especially in wild populations. Wild mosquitoes are preserved and transported to a laboratory for analyses. Thus far, microbial characterization post-preservation has been investigated in only Aedes vexans and Culex pipiens. Investigating the efficacy of cost-effective preservatives has also been limited to AllProtect reagent, ethanol and nucleic acid preservation buffer. This study characterized the microbiota of African Anopheles vectors: Anopheles arabiensis (member of the An. gambiae complex) and An. funestus (member of the An. funestus group), preserved on silica desiccant and RNAlater® solution. Methods Microbial composition and diversity were characterized using culture-dependent (midgut dissections, culturomics, MALDI-TOF MS) and culture-independent techniques (abdominal dissections, DNA extraction, next-generation sequencing) from laboratory (colonized) and field-collected mosquitoes. Colonized mosquitoes were either fresh (non-preserved) or preserved for 4 and 12 weeks on silica or in RNAlater®. Microbiota were also characterized from field-collected An. arabiensis preserved on silica for 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Results Elizabethkingia anophelis and Serratia oryzae were common between both vector species, while Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus epidermidis were specific to females and males, respectively. Microbial diversity was not influenced by sex, condition (fresh or preserved), preservative, or preservation time-period; however, the type of bacterial identification technique affected all microbial diversity indices. Conclusions This study broadly characterized the microbiota of An. arabiensis and An. funestus. Silica- and RNAlater®-preservation were appropriate when paired with culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques, respectively. These results broaden the selection of cost-effective methods available for handling vector samples for downstream microbial analyses.

scholarly journals GRAIN SCREENINGS AS A DIETARY COMPONENT FOR PIGS AND SHEEP. II. ANIMAL UTILIZATION

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. TAIT ◽  
R. M. BEAMES ◽  
J. LITSKY
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Replacement Level ◽  
Mixed Feed ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Dietary Component ◽  
Animal Utilization

The digestibility of four types of grain screenings, No. 1 screenings, rapeseed screenings, mixed feed oats and refuse screenings was measured with pigs, rats and sheep. For the pig diets, hammermilled screenings replaced 60% of a complete basal diet, with the exception of the rapeseed screenings, where replacement level was 10% (hammermilled) and 20% (whole). Digestibility values were determined by difference. In the rat diets screenings were incorporated to provide 1.5 g N 100 g−1 dry matter (DM) and the biological value (BV) of the protein was also measured. In the sheep diets, all screenings except rapeseed were provided as the sole dietary component, with the No. 1 feed screenings and the mixed feed oats pelleted without prior grinding and the other screenings ground before pelleting. For rapeseed screenings, incorporation in the sheep diets was at a level of 30%. For No. 1 screenings, apparent digestibility of organic matter (OMD) and nitrogen (ND) for pigs was 82.3 and 83.2%, respectively; BV for rats was 77.4%, while OMD and ND for sheep was 73.9 and 72.7%, respectively. For rapeseed screenings, OMD and ND for pigs for the hammermilled screenings were 46.1 and 50.7%, respectively, and for the whole screenings were 30.3 and 11.5%, respectively. Biological value (rats) was 80.0%, while for sheep OMD and ND it was 63.9 and 77.4%, respectively. For mixed feed oats, OMD and ND for pigs were 63.8 and 82.6%, respectively; BV (rats) was 61.1% and OMD and ND for sheep were 64.2 and 73.4%, respectively. For refuse screenings, OMD and ND for pigs were 63.8 and 65.4%, respectively; BV (rats) was 83.8%, while OMD and ND for sheep were 59.9 and 65.3%, respectively. Number 1 feed screenings are of a high nutritive value and are suitable as a grain for both pigs and sheep. Unprocessed rapeseed screenings are unpalatable for pigs with both dry matter and protein poorly utilized. With sheep, pelleted rapeseed screenings are readily accepted, and the nitrogen is well digested. If mixed feed oats are ground, protein is well digested by both species although dry matter digestibility is low. Refuse screenings appear to be suitable only for ruminant diets. Key words: Grain, wheat, barley, oats, rapeseed, screenings

Rumen microbial protein supply to sheep given diets containing either urea or casein as the main N source

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 215-215
Author(s):  
X. B. Chen ◽  
C. X. Gu ◽  
W. X. Zhang ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Host Animal ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
N Source ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
N Requirement

The ability of rumen microbes to synthesize protein from ammonia-N enables the use of non-protein-N as a N source in ruminant diets. The strategy for feed formulation therefore would be to meet the microbial N requirement with a cheap N source (such as urea) and to increase the proportion of dietary protein for use directly by the host animal. There has been some indication that the efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis could be higher if protein N is provided (Stock, Klopfenstein, Brink, Britton and Harmon, 1986). The objective of this experiment was to compare the use of urea and casein as a source of rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN) for the production of microbial protein in sheep.Five male Blackface x Suffolk lambs (33-42 kg live weight) fitted with rumen cannula were used. The animals were fed a restricted amount (721 g DM/day) of a low-N basal diet with or without supplementation with either urea or casein.

scholarly journals The relationship between the rumen microbiome and carcass merit in Angus steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor R Krause ◽  
Jeferson M Lourenco ◽  
Christina B Welch ◽  
Michael J Rothrock ◽  
Todd R Callaway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Rumen Microbiome

Abstract The objective of this study was to explore the relationships between ruminal microbial populations from Angus steers that were divergent in carcass traits related to adipose accumulation. Twenty-four feedlot-finished Angus steers (age: 538 ± 21 d; body weight following lairage: 593.9 ± 43.7 kg) were slaughtered, and ruminal contents and carcass data were collected. Ruminal microbial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction and 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequencing were performed to determine microbial relative abundances, to estimate microbial diversity, and to predict microbial metabolic pathways. A variety of correlation analyses and one-way ANOVA were performed to investigate the relationships between the rumen microbiome and carcass traits. Marbling score (P = 0.001) and longissimus lipid content (P = 0.009) were positively correlated to Chao1 Richness Index, suggesting that increased intramuscular fat was associated with increased numbers of ruminal microbial species. The phyla Tenericutes and TM7 were negatively correlated (P ≤ 0.05) to marbling score and longissimus lipid content, indicating that lower abundances of these phyla may be associated with improvements in intramuscular fat content. Greater abundance of the bacterial family S24-7 was positively correlated (P = 0.002) to marbling score. Analysis by marbling classification revealed further linkages to microbial richness (P ≤ 0.063), diversity (P = 0.044), and S24-7 (P < 0.001) populations. Computational prediction of the microbial metabolic pathways revealed no differences (P ≥ 0.05) in metabolic pathway expression in rumen microbes between steers in the high- and low-marbling classes. Several phyla, families, and genera were positively correlated (P ≤ 0.05) to both rib fat thickness and yield grade. Collectively, our results suggest that microbial composition is associated to differing performance in carcass adipose traits. Overall, most of the bacterial taxa correlated to the intramuscular and subcutaneous fat depots did not overlap, suggesting the microbial population end products likely impacted adipose accumulation largely via separate adipogenic pathways of the host animal.

scholarly journals Rewiring of glycerol metabolism in Escherichia coli for effective production of recombinant proteins

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung-Jen Chiang ◽  
Yi-Jing Ho ◽  
Mu-Chen Hu ◽  
Yun-Peng Chao
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Crude Glycerol ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Glycerol Metabolism ◽  
Related Field

Abstract Background The economic viability of a protein-production process relies highly on the production titer and the price of raw materials. Crude glycerol coming from the production of biodiesel is a renewable and cost-effective resource. However, glycerol is inefficiently utilized by Escherichia coli. Results This issue was addressed by rewiring glycerol metabolism for redistribution of the metabolic flux. Key steps in central metabolism involving the glycerol dissimilation pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were pinpointed and manipulated to provide precursor metabolites and energy. As a result, the engineered E. coli strain displayed a 9- and 30-fold increase in utilization of crude glycerol and production of the target protein, respectively. Conclusions The result indicates that the present method of metabolic engineering is useful and straightforward for efficient adjustment of the flux distribution in glycerol metabolism. The practical application of this methodology in biorefinery and the related field would be acknowledged.

scholarly journals Garlic skin induced shifts in the rumen microbiome and metabolome of fattening sheep

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Zhu ◽  
Zhen Su ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Hanxue Sun ◽  
Jinfeng Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rumen Microbiome ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Background Garlic and its constituents exhibit activities on modifying rumen fermentation and improving growth performance. As a by-product of garlic processing, garlic skin contains similar bioactive components as garlic bulb. However, studies in ruminants using garlic skin are scarce. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of garlic skin supplementation on rumen fermentation characterizes, growth performance, ruminal microbes and metabolites in ruminants. Twelve Hu lambs were randomly assigned into one of two treatments: basal diet (CON) or basal diet supplemented with 80 g/kg DM of gallic skin (GAS). The experiment lasted for10 weeks, with the first 2 weeks for adaptation. Results The results revealed that the average daily gain and volatile fatty acid concentration were higher (P < 0.05) in lambs fed GAS than that in the control group. Garlic skin supplementation did not significantly (P > 0.10) affect the α-diversity indices. Increased (P < 0.05) abundances of Prevotella, Bulleidia, Howardella, Methanosphaera but a decreased (P < 0.05) abundance of Fretibacterium were observed in GAS-fed lambs. In addition, the garlic skin supplementation favorably regulated (P < 0.05) pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism, vitamin B6 and B1 metabolism. Moreover, high correlations were observed between fluctuant rumen microbiota and metabolites. Conclusions Supplementation of garlic skin improved the growth performance of sheep by modifying rumen fermentation through inducing shifts in the rumen microbiome and metabolome.

scholarly journals The Influence of Essential Oils on Gut Microbial Profiles in Pigs

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Modestas Ruzauskas ◽  
Elena Bartkiene ◽  
Arunas Stankevicius ◽  
Jurga Bernatoniene ◽  
Daiva Zadeike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Plant Extract ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, the intake of ultra-processed foods has increased dramatically worldwide. Missing natural foods in the diet raise the need of biologically active food components that could compensate for this deficiency and help maintain proper immune status. This study used pigs as an animal model for the assessment of the impact of consumption of Origanum vulgare plant extract combined with Mentha piperita and Thymus vulgaris essential oils on microbial profile in intestines. A single group of weaned pigs received basal diet, while the other group basal diet supplemented with plant extract and two essential oils in the form of bilayer tablets prepared using “liquid/solid” phase technology. Metagenomic sequencing was performed with the aim to investigate changes of microbial communities in ileum, caecum, and colon. The results demonstrated that the combination of essential oils was non cytotoxic, and had a positive effect on the microbial composition in the large intestine of pigs due to significant increase in the number of probiotic bacteria. The amount of Lactobacillus was 2.5 times and Bifidobacterium 1.9 times higher in the animal group fed with supplement. The combination, however, had some negative impact on the variety of minor species in the distal part of the ileum. Additional studies need to be performed to obtain knowledge on how combinations of essential oils can change bacterial variety in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Dietary Inulin Supplementation Modulates Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels and Cecum Microbiota Composition and Function in Chickens Infected With Salmonella

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiao Song ◽  
Qinghe Li ◽  
Nadia Everaert ◽  
Ranran Liu ◽  
Maiqing Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Diet ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
And Function ◽  
Functional Profiles

The current study investigated the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota, microbiome functions, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). SPF Arbor Acres chickens (n = 240, 1-day-old) were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) fed a basal diet without inulin supplementation or SE infection, and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with inulin 0, 0.5, and 1% (SE, 0.5%InSE, 1%InSE, respectively) up to 28-days-old, followed by SE challenge at 28 days of age. Cecal SCFA contents and microbiome composition and function were analyzed at 1-day post-infection. The results showed that SE infection significantly decreased cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the CON group (p &lt; 0.05), while inulin supplementation reversed these changes compared with the SE group (p &lt; 0.05). Inulin supplementation at 1% significantly increased the abundances of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, and significantly decreased the abundances of Subdoligranulum and Sellimonas compared with the SE group (p &lt; 0.05). The functional profiles of microbial communities based on metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that SE infection significantly increased the abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism (p &lt; 0.05), and significantly decreased the abundances of pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, translation, and replication and repair compared with the CON group (p &lt; 0.05), and these effects were reversed by inulin supplementation (0.5 and 1%) (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, inulin modulated the dysbiosis induced by SE infection via affecting SCFA metabolism and microbial functional profiles.

scholarly journals Gut Microbial Composition and Predicted Functions Are Not Associated with Feather Pecking and Antagonistic Behavior in Laying Hens

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Daniel Borda-Molina ◽  
Hanna Iffland ◽  
Markus Schmid ◽  
Regina Müller ◽  
Svenja Schad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Mixed Linear Model ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Feather Pecking ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Genus Lactobacillus ◽  
Lysine Degradation

Background: Feather pecking is a well-known problem in layer flocks that causes animal welfare restrictions and contributes to economic losses. Birds’ gut microbiota has been linked to feather pecking. This study aims to characterize the microbial communities of two laying hen lines divergently selected for high (HFP) and low (LFP) feather pecking and investigates if the microbiota is associated with feather pecking or agonistic behavior. Methods: Besides phenotyping for the behavioral traits, microbial communities from the digesta and mucosa of the ileum and caeca were investigated using target amplicon sequencing and functional predictions. Microbiability was estimated with a microbial mixed linear model. Results: Ileum digesta showed an increase in the abundance of the genus Lactobacillus in LFP, while Escherichia was abundant in HFP hens. In the caeca digesta and mucosa of the LFP line were more abundant Faecalibacterium and Blautia. Tryptophan metabolism and lysine degradation were higher in both digesta and mucosa of the HFP hens. Linear models revealed that the two lines differ significantly in all behavior traits. Microbiabilities were close to zero and not significant in both lines and for all traits. Conclusions: Trait variation was not affected by the gut microbial composition in both selection lines.

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