Moderate to intense physical activity is associated with improved clinical, CD4/CD8 ratio and immune activation status in HIV infected patients on ART

Abstract Background Physical activity has anti-inflammatory effects and reduces morbidity and mortality in general population, but its role in the clinical, CD4/CD8 ratio and immune activation status in HIV-infected patients has been poorly studied. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in a cohort of 155 HIV-infected patients on stable ART to compare clinical, biochemical, CD4/CD8 ratio and immune-activation status according to their physical activity in the last two years (sedentary/low vs. moderate/intense) assessed by the iPAQ. A binary logistic regression and mixed ANOVA were performed to evaluate the impact of levels of physical activity on CD4/CD8 ratio. Results In our series 77 (49.7%) out of 155 patients were sedentary and 78 (50.3%) practiced moderate/intense physical activity. Moderate/intense physical activity was associated with lower CDC HIV-stage (p=0.046), better metabolic control (lower BMI, p=0.024; glucose, p=0.024; and triglyceride, p=0.002), higher CD3 +CD4 + T lymphocytes (p=0.016), lower CD8 + T lymphocytes (p=0.018), higher CD4/CD8 ratio (p=0.001), lower CD4 +CD8 + (p=0.026), CD4 +CD86 + (p=0.045), CD4 +HLA-DR + (p=0.011), CD8 +HLA-DR + (p=0.048) T lymphocytes and CD16 +HLA-DR + NK cells (p=0.026). Sedentary lifestyle (OR=2.12, p=0.042), CD4 nadir (OR=1.005, p<0.001) and CD8 +CD38 + T cells (OR=1.27, p=0.006) were independently associated with low CD4/CD8 ratio (<0.8). Earlier and more intense CD4/CD8 ratio recovery was observed in patients with higher physical activity in the two-year follow-up with a significant interaction between these variables: F(2, 124) = 3.31, p=0.049, partial η2=0.042). Conclusions Moderate to high physical activity is associated with beneficial health effects, improving metabolic profile and reducing chronic inflammation in patients living with HIV. Although more studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings, healthy lifestyle, including at least moderate physical activity, should be recommended to HIV patients on stable ART.

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Impact of Social Isolation on Physical Activity and Factors Associated With Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1123/japa.2020-0456 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Giovana Z. Mazo ◽

Felipe Fank ◽

Pedro S. Franco ◽

Bruna da Silva Vieira Capanema ◽

Franciele da Silva Pereira

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Older Adults ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Social Isolation ◽

Low Income ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Moderate Physical Activity ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The Impact

The objective was to analyze the impact of social isolation on moderate physical activity and factors associated with sedentary behavior of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a cross-sectional study involving 111 older adults (aged 71.0 ± 6.87 years). The data were collected at two time points: in November 2019 and in June 2020. There was a decline in moderate physical activity when the minutes/week were compared before and during social isolation (p < .001). Sedentary behavior was associated with the condition of living alone. Older adults who lived alone were 3.29 times more likely to spend 4 hr or more in sedentary behavior than those who lived with a partner (95% confidence interval [1.01, 10.74]). Government agencies must establish PA-related health promotion strategies, especially in developing and low-income countries. Therefore, home exercises need to be encouraged to prevent the consequences of this pandemic period.

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Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity and Mental Health of Physiotherapy Students, Vadodara - A Cross Sectional Study

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ◽

10.52403/ijhsr.20210643 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 294-300

Author(s):

Lalli Singh ◽

Devangi Desai

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Health Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Mental Health Status ◽

Activity Level ◽

Moderate Physical Activity ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact ◽

Physiotherapy Students

Background:- Lockdown in India happened due to COVID-19 pandemic. In this lockdown, government urged people to stay at home to prevent the spread of the virus. Prolonged homestay for longer duration leads to sedentary behavior which affects physical as well as mental health of the individuals. Aim:- This study aimed at determining the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the physical activity and mental health of physiotherapy college students. Also to know the correlation between physical activity and mental health in physiotherapy students keeping pandemic COVID-19 in between them. Method:- A web-based survey was undertaken. 250 physiotherapy students were approached out of which 214 had successfully filled up the entire form. The questionnaire of IPAQ(SF) for physical activity level and DASS-21 for mental health were used. Data Analysis:- Prevalence for physical activity and prevalence of mental health status for physiotherapy students was calculated and presented in form of frequency distribution and spearman’s correlation was used to find the any relation between them. Results:- Prevalence of 79% was obtained for mild physical activity. 17% for moderate physical activity and 4% severe physical activity was obtained. Prevalence of mental health status were noted it showed 29.90% mild, 32.71% moderate and 10.73% severe level of affection in physiotherapy students. Also, there is a weak positive co relation between physical activity and mental health of physiotherapy students considering pandemic. Conclusion:- With the present study it can be concluded that there is a significant reduction in the physical activity and also prevalence for mental health status shows deterioration level among physiotherapy students. Looking at the current scenario early intervention are needed to improve the mental health status and physical activity of physiotherapy students. Key words: Covid 19, lockdown, stress, physical activity and health status.

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HUBUNGAN AKTIVITAS FISIK DENGAN FUNGSI KOGNITIF LANSIA DI PANTI WREDHA YAYASAN SOSIAL SALIB PUTIH SALATIGA

Jurnal Kesehatan Kusuma Husada ◽

10.34035/jk.v10i2.389 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 137-143

Author(s):

Dennys Christovel Dese ◽

Cahyo Wibowo

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

The Elderly ◽

Moderate Physical Activity ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significance Level ◽

The Social ◽

Normal Cognitive Function ◽

Intellectual Capacity ◽

Independent Variable

Peningkatan jumlah lansia setiap tahunnya harus dijadikan perhatian, akibat adanya peningkatan jumlah lansia masalah yang dihadapi akan menjadi semakin kompleks, salah satunya adalah masalah yang berkaitan dengan gejala penuaan. Menurunnya kapasitas intelektual berhubungan erat dengan fungsi kognitif pada lansia. Aktivitas fisik diidentifikasi sebagai salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi fungsi kognitif. Aktivitas fisik bermanfaat untuk lansia sebagai pencegahan dan demensia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan di yayasan sosial Panti Wredha Salib Putih Salatiga pada bulan Juni 2018. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah lansia yang berumur ?60 tahun. Subjek pada penelitian ini berjumlah 16 responden. Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini adalah aktivitas fisik yang dinilai dengan menggunakan instrument GPAQ. Sedangkan variabel dependen dalam penelitian ini adalah fungsi kognitif yang dinilai dengan instrument MMSE. Terdapat 4 orang (25%) yang masuk dalam kategori fungsi kognitif normal dengan kategori aktifitas fisik sedang 1 orang dan aktifitas berat 3 orang, kemudian yang termasuk dalam kategori gangguan fungsi kognitif ringan sebanyak 11 orang (68,75%), dengan kategori aktifitas fisik sedang 8 orang dan aktifitas ringan 3 orang. Sedangkan yang termasuk dalam kategori gangguan fungsi kognitif berat, terdapat 1 orang (6,25%) dengan kategori aktifitasnya ringan. Taraf signifikansi antar variabel tingkat aktifitas fisik dan fungsi kognitif pada lansia adalah p=0.007 atau p<0,05, sehingga dapat disimpulkan ada hubungan antara tingkat aktifitas fisik dengan fungsi kognitif pada lansia. Increasing the number of elderly people every year should be a concern, due to an increase in the number of elderly problems faced will become increasingly complex, one of which is a problem related to the symptoms of aging. Decreased intellectual capacity is closely related to cognitive function in the elderly. Physical activity is identified as one of the factors that influence cognitive function. Physical activity is beneficial for the elderly as prevention and dementia. This study was an observational analytic study using a cross sectional approach. The study was conducted at the social foundation nursing home in the white cross in June 2018. The population in this study was elderly aged â‰¥60 years. The subjects in this study were 16 respondents. The independent variable in this study is physical activity that is assessed using the GPAQ instrument. While the dependent variable in this study was cognitive function which was assessed by the MMSE instrument. There are 4 people (25%) who fall into the category of normal cognitive function with moderate physical activity categories 1 person and heavy activities 3 people, then those included in the category of mild cognitive function disorders are 11 people (68.75%), with the category of physical activity being 8 people and 3 light activities. While those included in the category of severe cognitive function disorders, there is 1 person (6.25%) with a mild activity category. The significance level between the level of physical activity and cognitive function in the elderly is p = 0.007 or p <0.05, so it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the level of physical activity and cognitive function in the elderly.

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How is the COVID-19 lockdown impacting the mental health of parents of school-age children in the UK? A cross-sectional online survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043397 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. e043397

Author(s):

Austen El-Osta ◽

Aos Alaa ◽

Iman Webber ◽

Eva Riboli Sasco ◽

Emmanouil Bagkeris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Social Isolation ◽

Online Survey ◽

Female Gender ◽

School Age Children ◽

School Age ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact

ObjectiveInvestigate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on feelings of loneliness and social isolation in parents of school-age children.DesignCross-sectional online survey of parents of primary and secondary school-age children.SettingCommunity setting.Participants1214 parents of school-age children in the UK.MethodsAn online survey explored the impact of lockdown on the mental health of parents with school-age children, and in particular about feelings of social isolation and loneliness. Associations between the UCLA Three-Item Loneliness Scale (UCLATILS), the Direct Measure of Loneliness (DMOL) and the characteristics of the study participants were assessed using ordinal logistic regression models.Main outcome measuresSelf-reported measures of social isolation and loneliness using UCLATILS and DMOL.ResultsHalf of respondents felt they lacked companionship, 45% had feelings of being left out, 58% felt isolated and 46% felt lonely during the first 100 days of lockdown. The factors that were associated with higher levels of loneliness on UCLATILS were female gender, parenting a child with special needs, lack of a dedicated space for distance learning, disruption of sleep patterns and low levels of physical activity during the lockdown. Factors associated with a higher DMOL were female gender, single parenting, parenting a child with special needs, unemployment, low physical activity, lack of a dedicated study space and disruption of sleep patterns during the lockdown.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 lockdown has increased feelings of social isolation and loneliness among parents of school-age children. The sustained adoption of two modifiable health-seeking lifestyle behaviours (increased levels of physical activity and the maintenance of good sleep hygiene practices) wmay help reduce feelings of social isolation and loneliness during lockdown.

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Higher Healthy Lifestyle Score is associated with lower presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a community-based cross-sectional study

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021000902 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Yun-yang Deng ◽

Qing-wei Zhong ◽

Hai-li Zhong ◽

Feng Xiong ◽

Yue-bin Ke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Abstract Objective: Previous studies have reported inverse associations between certain healthy lifestyle factors and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but limited evidence showed the synergistic effect of those lifestyles. This study examined the relationship of a combination of lifestyles, expressed as Healthy Lifestyle Score (HLS), with NAFLD. Design: A community-based cross-sectional study. Questionnaires and body assessments were used to collect data on the six-item HLS (ranging from 0 to 6, where higher scores indicate better health). The HLS consists of non-smoking (no active or passive smoking), normal BMI (18·5–23·9 kg/m2), physical activity (moderate or vigorous physical activity ≥ 150 min/week), healthy diet pattern, good sleep (no insomnia or <6 months) and no anxiety (Self-rating Anxiety Scale < 50), one point each. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography. Setting: Guangzhou, China. Participants: Two thousand nine hundred and eighty-one participants aged 40–75 years. Results: The overall prevalence of NAFLD was 50·8 %. After adjusting for potential covariates, HLS was associated with lower presence of NAFLD. The OR of NAFLD for subjects with higher HLS (3, 4, 5–6 v. 0–1 points) were 0·68 (95 % CI 0·51, 0·91), 0·58 (95 % CI 0·43, 0·78) and 0·35 (95 % CI 0·25, 0·51), respectively (P-values < 0·05). Among the six items, BMI and physical activity were the strongest contributors. Sensitivity analyses showed that the association was more significant after weighting the HLS. The beneficial association remained after excluding any one of the six components or replacing BMI with waist circumference. Conclusions: Higher HLS was associated with lower presence of NAFLD, suggesting that a healthy lifestyle pattern might be beneficial to liver health.

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Changes of Physical Activity and Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in Adolescents from Different Countries during Covid-19 Pandemic: An Observational Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12082289 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 2289 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

María Belén Ruíz-Roso ◽

Patricia de Carvalho Padilha ◽

Diana C. Matilla-Escalante ◽

Paola Brun ◽

Natalia Ulloa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Latin America ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Processed Foods ◽

Processed Food ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Consumption Data ◽

Food Consumption Data

Aim: to describe physical activity and ultra-processed foods consumption, their changes and sociodemographic predictors among adolescents from countries in Europe (Italy and Spain) and Latin America (Brazil, Chile, and Colombia) during the SARS-CoV-2-pandemic period. Methods: Cross-sectional study via web survey. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and weekly ultra-processed food consumption data were used. To compare the frequencies of physical activity status with sociodemographic variables, a multinomial logistic and a multiple logistic regression for habitual ultra-processed foods was performed. In final models, p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Sample of 726 adolescents, mostly females (59.6%) aged 16–19 years old (54.3%). Adolescents from Latin America presented odds ratio (OR) 2.98 (CI 95% 1.80–4.94) of being inactive and those whose mothers had higher level of education were less active during lockdown [OR 0.40 (CI 95% 0.20–0.84)]. The habitual ultra-processed consumption was also high during this period in all countries, and more prevalent in Latin America. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of inactivity was observed in this population, but reductions of physical activity and habitual ultra-processed consumption during the pandemic were more pronounced in Latin America. Our findings reinforce the importance of promoting a healthy lifestyle, i.e., exercise and diet, during periods of social isolation.

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The impact of COVID-19 quarantine on dietary habits and physical activity in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11540-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Manar Abduljalil Bakhsh ◽

Jomana Khawandanah ◽

Rouba Khalil Naaman ◽

Shoug Alashmali

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Adult Population ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Future Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments around the world to impose strict hygiene and national lockdown measures, which in turn has changed the dietary and lifestyle habits of the world’s population. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate whether dietary and physical activity behaviors of Saudi Arabia’s adult population changed during the COVID-19 quarantine. Methods An electronic questionnaire which assessed changes in body weight, dietary habits, and physical activity of Saudi Arabia’s adult population (n = 2255) during the COVID-19 quarantine was distributed on social media between June and July 2020. To test the differences between changes in dietary and physical activity behaviors in relation to changes in body weight a Chi-square test was used. Results Over 40 and 45% of participants reported eating and snacking more, respectively, which led to weight gain in around 28%. Most participants reported that they consumed home-cooked (73%) and healthy meals (47%), while only 7% reported that they consumed foods from restaurants. Feelings of boredom and emptiness (44%) and the availability of time for preparing meals (40%) were the main reasons for changing dietary habits. Honey (43%) and vitamin C (50%) were the most consumed immune-boosting food and dietary supplement, respectively. COVID-19 also had a negative impact on physical activity, lowering the practice in 52% subjects, which was associated with significant weight gain (p < 0.001). Conclusion Assessing the changes to the population’s dietary habits and physical activity during the lockdown will help predict the outcome of the population’s future health and wellbeing after the pandemic.

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Impact of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator on confidence to undertake physical activity in inherited heart disease: A cross-sectional study

European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing ◽

10.1177/1474515117715760 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 742-752 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Joanna Sweeting ◽

Kylie Ball ◽

Julie McGaughran ◽

John Atherton ◽

Christopher Semsarian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Survey Study ◽

Accelerometer Data ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Physical Activity Guidelines ◽

Cardioverter Defibrillator ◽

The Impact

Background: Physical activity is associated with improved quality of life. Patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) face unique clinical and psychological challenges. Factors such as fear of ICD shock may negatively impact on physical activity, while a sense of protection gained from the ICD may instil confidence to be active. Aim: We aimed to examine the impact of an ICD on physical activity levels and factors associated with amount of activity. Methods: Two cross-sectional studies were conducted. Accelerometer data (seven-day) was collected in March–November 2015 for 63 consecutively recruited hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients, with or without an ICD, aged ⩾18 years. A survey study was conducted in July–August 2016 of 155 individuals aged ⩾18 years with an inherited heart disease and an ICD in situ. Results: Based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, mean leisure time physical activity was 239 ± 300 min/week with 51% meeting physical activity guidelines. Accelerometry showed that mean moderate–vigorous physical activity was the same for patients with and without an ICD (254 ± 139 min/week versus 300 ± 150 min/week, p=0.23). Nearly half of survey participants ( n=73) said their device made them more confident to exercise. Being anxious about ICD shocks was the only factor associated with not meeting physical activity guidelines. Conclusions: Patients with inherited heart disease adjust differently to their ICD device, and for many it has no impact on physical activity. Discussion regarding the appropriate level of physical activity and potential barriers will ensure best possible outcomes in this unique patient group.

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Use of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in identifying cardiovascular risk factors in male brazilian adolescents

Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance ◽

10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n6p678 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 678

Author(s):

Lilian Messias Sampaio Brito ◽

Luis Paulo Gomes Mascarenhas ◽

Deise Cristiane Moser ◽

Ana Cláudia Kapp Titski ◽

Monica Nunes Lima Cat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

High Blood Pressure ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n6p678 The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels on the prevalence of overweight and high blood pressure levels in adolescents. In this observational, cross-sectional study, 614 boys aged 10-14 years were assessed for height, body mass, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP). CRF was assessed using a run test (Léger Test) and subjects were then grouped according to their CRF level. PA level was assessed through a questionnaire (The Three Day Physical Activity Recall) and classified into two groups, namely > 300 minutes of PA/week and < 300 minutes of PA/week. Maturational stage was evaluated according to the development of pubic hair (self-assessment) as proposed by Tanner. We used statistical descriptive analysis, univariate and multivariate analyses in the total participants and subjects were divided by age. Fifty percent of the sample performed < 300 minutes of PA/week and 67.6% had unsatisfactory CRF levels. There was a higher prevalence of unsatisfactory CRF levels among subjects with altered BMI (overweight), WC (abdominal obesity) or BP (high blood pressure) for all age groups. PA history, however, did not show any significance. A total of 31% of participants were overweight, 24.8% had abdominal obesity and 15.4% had increased BP. Unsatisfactory CRF levels were found to be a better predictor for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CV) risk factors than PA history, regardless of age group.

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Actividad físico-deportiva extraescolar en alumnos de primaria: el caso de Torrevieja (Alicante) (Extracurricular physical and sports activities in elementary students: the case of Torrevieja (Alicante))

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v0i25.34476 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 48-52

Author(s):

Joaquín Reverter Masià ◽

Dani Plaza Montero ◽

María del Carmen Jové Deltell ◽

Vicenç Hernández González

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Intervention Programs ◽

Accurate Information ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Youth Counseling ◽

The City

En los últimos años se está creando un importante problema de sedentarismo en la infancia. A la hora de diseñar programas de intervención para fomentar la práctica de actividad física es necesario obtener información precisa sobre los niveles de práctica de la población infantil así como de los posibles determinantes de la práctica. Para ello se ha diseñado un estudio donde se evalúan los niveles de práctica de niños y niñas de 6 a 12 años de actividad física. Las conclusiones que se desprenden del estudio realizado son: un alto porcentaje de sujetos no realizan ejercicio físico (34,4%), observándose diferencias entre niños y niñas; se puede afirmar que las niñas practican menos que los niños (35,4% versus 24,9%). Por otro lado, el porcentaje de sujetos físicamente activos es de un 31,2% cuando se considera la recomendación más extendida, de tres o más horas a la semana. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la necesidad de incentivar programas de intervención en niños y jóvenes, aconsejando la práctica de actividad física, prestando especial interés a las chicas.Palabras clave: Salud. Actividad física. Deportes. Niños y adolescentes.Abstract: In recent years, is creating a major problem of physical inactivity in childhood. To design intervention programs that promote physical activity is necessary to obtain accurate information about levels of practice of the child population as well as the possible determinants of the practice. This was carried out a cross-sectional and descriptive. The sample is representative of students attending school in the city of Torrevieja and was selected by a pro rata basis. Participants in the study were 1248 students from thirteen primary schools offering primary education in the city of Torrevieja. The study evaluated physical activity levels of children aged 6 to 12 years. The instrument used in this study is a questionnaire (Latorre, 2006). The version used shows adequate factorial structure (Latorre, 2006). It is an instrument designed to assess the variables of healthy lifestyle among young people and teenagers. The results confirm the need to provide adequate education about healthy lifestyles and enhance the development of intervention programs for children and youth, counseling on diet and physical activity with particular interest in the girls, who are less physically active group and increased risk of disorders.Keywords: Health. Physical activity. Sports. Children and adolescents.

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