Uncertainty in Medicine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul K.J. Han
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
System Level ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Central Focus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Essential Form ◽  
Medical Uncertainty ◽  
Multidisciplinary Perspective

This book offers a multidimensional, multidisciplinary perspective on the challenging problem of uncertainty in medicine. Adopting a textbook approach to the problem, it analyzes the nature, etiology, natural history, and management of medical uncertainty. It draws on insights from a wide range of fields—including clinical medicine as well as anthropology, behavioral economics, philosophy, psychology, and sociology—to develop a set of conceptual frameworks that provide a new way of thinking about medical uncertainty and approaching its management. It makes the case that uncertainty is an essential form of knowledge that should be maintained rather than eliminated, and that the goal of managing uncertainty is to promote uncertainty tolerance among clinicians and patients. The book identifies system-level strategies that can help make uncertainty tolerance a more central focus of medical care.

scholarly journals Advances and Applications of Water Phytoremediation: A Potential Biotechnological Approach for the Treatment of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5215
Author(s):  
Cristián Raziel Delgado-González ◽  
Alfredo Madariaga-Navarrete ◽  
José Miguel Fernández-Cortés ◽  
Margarita Islas-Pelcastre ◽  
Goldie Oza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Water Contaminants ◽  
Biotechnological Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
Multidisciplinary Perspective ◽  
Viable Method

Potable and good-quality drinking water availability is a serious global concern, since several pollution sources significantly contribute to low water quality. Amongst these pollution sources, several are releasing an array of hazardous agents into various environmental and water matrices. Unfortunately, there are not very many ecologically friendly systems available to treat the contaminated environment exclusively. Consequently, heavy metal water contamination leads to many diseases in humans, such as cardiopulmonary diseases and cytotoxicity, among others. To solve this problem, there are a plethora of emerging technologies that play an important role in defining treatment strategies. Phytoremediation, the usage of plants to remove contaminants, is a technology that has been widely used to remediate pollution in soils, with particular reference to toxic elements. Thus, hydroponic systems coupled with bioremediation for the removal of water contaminants have shown great relevance. In this review, we addressed several studies that support the development of phytoremediation systems in water. We cover the importance of applied science and environmental engineering to generate sustainable strategies to improve water quality. In this context, the phytoremediation capabilities of different plant species and possible obstacles that phytoremediation systems may encounter are discussed with suitable examples by comparing different mechanistic processes. According to the presented data, there are a wide range of plant species with water phytoremediation potential that need to be studied from a multidisciplinary perspective to make water phytoremediation a viable method.

SYSTEMC IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A DECOUPLED GENERAL-PURPOSE MATRIX PROCESSOR

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (02) ◽  
pp. 103-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOSTAFA I. SOLIMAN ◽  
ABDULMAJID F. Al-JUNAID
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Matrix Multiplication ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
System Level ◽  
Memory Latency ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Matrix Unit ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Vector Matrix

Technological advances in IC manufacturing provide us with the capability to integrate more and more functionality into a single chip. Today's modern processors have nearly one billion transistors on a single chip. With the increasing complexity of today's system, the designs have to be modeled at a high-level of abstraction before partitioning into hardware and software components for final implementation. This paper explains in detail the implementation and performance evaluation of a matrix processor called Mat-Core with SystemC (system level modeling language). Mat-Core is a research processor aiming at exploiting the increasingly number of transistors per IC to improve the performance of a wide range of applications. It extends a general-purpose scalar processor with a matrix unit. To hide memory latency, the extended matrix unit is decoupled into two components: address generation and data computation, which communicate through data queues. Like vector architectures, the data computation unit is organized in parallel lanes. However, on parallel lanes, Mat-Core can execute matrix-scalar, matrix-vector, and matrix-matrix instructions in addition to vector-scalar and vector-vector instructions. For controlling the execution of vector/matrix instructions on the matrix core, this paper extends the well known scoreboard technique. Furthermore, the performance of Mat-Core is evaluated on vector and matrix kernels. Our results show that the performance of four lanes Mat-Core with matrix registers of size 4 × 4 or 16 elements each, queues size of 10, start up time of 6 clock cycles, and memory latency of 10 clock cycles is about 0.94, 1.3, 2.3, 1.6, 2.3, and 5.5 FLOPs per clock cycle; achieved on scalar-vector multiplication, SAXPY, Givens, rank-1 update, vector-matrix multiplication, and matrix-matrix multiplication, respectively.

Green Communication Infrastructure (GCI) Serving Different Smart City Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qutaiba I. Ali ◽  
Issam Jafar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
System Level ◽  
Green Communication ◽  
Communication Infrastructure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Powered ◽  
Application Fields

Aims: The aim of the Green Communication Infrastructure ‎‎(GCI) project is to understand the idea of a self ‎‎"sustainably" controlled correspondence foundation ‎fitting for smart city application fields. ‎ Background: This paper shows the endeavors to understand the idea of a ‎self "sustainably" energized communication foundation ‎fitting for smart city application fields. The recommended ‎Green Communication Infrastructure (CGI) comprises ‎different kinds of remote settled (or even versatile) hubs ‎performing diverse activities as per the application ‎requests. An imperative class of these hubs is the Wireless ‎Solar Router (WSR). Objective: The work in this venture was begun in 2009 with the aim ‎of demonstrating the essential advances that must be taken to ‎accomplish such framework and to proclaim the value of ‎embracing natural vitality assets in building mission ‎basic frameworks. Alternate destinations of this venture ‎are introducing a sensibly cost, solid, verified, and simple ‎to introduce correspondence foundation.‎ Method: The arrangement to actualize the GCI was accomplished ‎subsequent to passing two structure levels: device level and ‎system level. Result: The suggested system is highly applicable and serves a wide ‎range of smart city application fields and hence many ‎people and organizations can utilize this system. ‎ Conclusion: The presence of a reliable, secured, low cost, easy to install ‎and self-powered communication infrastructure is ‎mandatory in our nowadays. The communities in ‎developing countries or in rural areas need such a system ‎highly in order to communicate with other people in the ‎world which will affect positively their social and ‎economic situation.

Direct Liquid Cooling of High Flux LED Systems: Hot Spot Abatement

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enes Tamdogan ◽  
Mehmet Arik ◽  
M. Baris Dogruoz
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Heat Removal ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Light Extraction ◽  
Junction Temperature ◽  
System Level ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Liquid Cooling ◽  
Wide Range

With the recent advances in wide band gap device technology, solid-state lighting (SSL) has become favorable for many lighting applications due to energy savings, long life, green nature for environment, and exceptional color performance. Light emitting diodes (LED) as SSL devices have recently offered unique advantages for a wide range of commercial and residential applications. However, LED operation is strictly limited by temperature as its preferred chip junction temperature is below 100 °C. This is very similar to advanced electronics components with continuously increasing heat fluxes due to the expanding microprocessor power dissipation coupled with reduction in feature sizes. While in some of the applications standard cooling techniques cannot achieve an effective cooling performance due to physical limitations or poor heat transfer capabilities, development of novel cooling techniques is necessary. The emergence of LED hot spots has also turned attention to the cooling with dielectric liquids intimately in contact with the heat and photon dissipating surfaces, where elevated LED temperatures will adversely affect light extraction and reliability. In the interest of highly effective heat removal from LEDs with direct liquid cooling, the current paper starts with explaining the increasing thermal problems in electronics and also in lighting technologies followed by a brief overview of the state of the art for liquid cooling technologies. Then, attention will be turned into thermal consideration of approximately a 60W replacement LED light engine. A conjugate CFD model is deployed to determine local hot spots and to optimize the thermal resistance by varying multiple design parameters, boundary conditions, and the type of fluid. Detailed system level simulations also point out possible abatement techniques for local hot spots while keeping light extraction at maximum.

scholarly journals A systematic review of provider-and system-level factors influencing the delivery of cardiac rehabilitation for heart failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Daw ◽  
Thomas M. Withers ◽  
Jet J. C. S. Veldhuijzen van Zanten ◽  
Alexander Harrison ◽  
Colin J. Greaves
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
System Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Heart Failure Patients ◽  
Barriers And Enablers ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background There is a longstanding research-to-practice gap in the delivery of cardiac rehabilitation for patients with heart failure. Despite adequate evidence confirming that comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation can improve quality of life and decrease morbidity and mortality in heart failure patients, only a fraction of eligible patients receives it. Many studies and reviews have identified patient-level barriers that might contribute to this disparity, yet little is known about provider- and system-level influences. Methods A systematic review using narrative synthesis. The aims of the systematic review were to a) determine provider- and system-level barriers and enablers that affect the delivery of cardiac rehabilitation for heart failure and b) juxtapose identified barriers with possible solutions reported in the literature. A comprehensive search strategy was applied to the MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, EThoS and ProQuest databases. Articles were included if they were empirical, peer-reviewed, conducted in any setting, using any study design and describing factors influencing the delivery of cardiac rehabilitation for heart failure patients. Data were synthesised using inductive thematic analysis and a triangulation protocol to identify convergence/contradiction between different data sources. Results Seven eligible studies were identified. Thematic analysis identified nine overarching categories of barriers and enablers which were classified into 24 and 26 themes respectively. The most prevalent categories were ‘the organisation of healthcare system’, ‘the organisation of cardiac rehabilitation programmes’, ‘healthcare professional’ factors and ‘guidelines’. The most frequent themes included ‘lack of resources: time, staff, facilities and equipment’ and ‘professional’s knowledge, awareness and attitude’. Conclusions Our systematic review identified a wide range of provider- and system-level barriers impacting the delivery of cardiac rehabilitation for heart failure, along with a range of potential solutions. This information may be useful for healthcare professionals to deliver, plan or commission cardiac rehabilitation services, as well as future research.

PSK Transciever designing using SystemVue

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepali Chaurasia
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
System Integration ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
System Level ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Wide Range

Since, the industrial electronics is trending towards more compact components and system integration, innovative products offering greater flexibility, quality, safety, reliability, energy savings, wide range of connectivity with long operating lifetime. Now, Electronics is widely used in information processing, telecommunication and signal processing. Due to the complex nature of electronics theory, laboratory experimentation is an important part of development of electronic devices. These experiments are used to test or verify the proposed design and detect errors. Historically, electronics labs have consisted of electronic devices and equipment located in the physical space. Although in more recent years, the trend has been towards electronics lab simulation softwares and SystemVue is also one of them. SystemVue is a focussed electronic design automation (EDA) environment for electronic system-level (ESL) design. It enables system architects and algorithm developers to innovate the physical layer (PHY) of wireless and aerospace/defence communication systems and provide unique value to RF, DSP and FPGA/ASIC implementers. As a dedicated platform for ESL design and signal processing realization, SystemVue replaces general-purpose digital, analog and math environments. SystemVue “speaks RF”, cuts PHY development and verification time in half and connects to your mainstream EDA flow.

Self-addressing for Autonomous Networking Systems

2011 ◽  
pp. 150-178
Author(s):  
Ricardo de O. Schmidt ◽  
Reinaldo Gomes ◽  
Djamel Sadok ◽  
Judith Kelner ◽  
Martin Johnsson
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cross Layer ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Network Configuration ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Autonomous Networks ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Network Operations

Autoconfiguration is an important functionality pursued by research in the contexts of dynamic ad hoc and next generation of networks. Autoconfiguration solutions span across all architectural layers and range from network configuration to applications, and also implement cross-layer concepts. In networking, the addressing system plays a fundamental role as long as hosts must be uniquely identified. A proper identification is the base for other network operations, such as routing and security issues. Due to its importance, addressing is a challenging problem in dynamic and heterogeneous networks, where it becomes more complex and critical. This chapter presents a review and considerations for addressing autoconfiguration, focusing on the addressing procedure. Several self-addressing solutions for autonomous networks are surveyed, covering a wide range of possible methodologies. These solutions are also categorized according to the methodology they implement, their statefulness, and the way they deal with addresses duplication and/or conflicts. Special considerations regarding conformity to IPv6 are also presented.

Advanced Microelectronics Packaging Solutions for Miniaturized Medical Devices

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 001963-001976
Author(s):  
Rabindra Das ◽  
Steven Rosser ◽  
Frank Egitto
Keyword(s):  
Flip Chip ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Flexible Substrate ◽  
System Level ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Internal Layers ◽  
Microelectronics Packaging ◽  
Wide Range

The wide range of applications for medical electronics drives unique requirements that can differ significantly from commercial & military electronics. To accomplish this, new packaging structures need to be able to integrate more dies with greater function, higher I/O counts, smaller die pad pitches, and high reliability, while being pushed into smaller and smaller footprints. As a result, the microelectronics industry is moving toward alternative, innovative approaches as solutions for squeezing more function into smaller packages. In the present report, key enablers for achieving reduction in size, weight, and power (SWaP) in electronic packaging for a variety of medical applications are discussed. Advanced microelectronics packaging solutions with embedded passives are enabling SWaP reductions. Implementation of these solutions has realized up to 27X reduction in physical size for existing PWB assemblies, with significant reductions in weight. Shorter interconnects can also reduce or eliminate the need for termination resistors for some net topologies. Successful miniaturized products integrate the following design techniques and technologies: component footprint reduction, thin high density interconnects substrate technologies, I/O miniaturization and IC assembly capabilities. This paper presents fabrication and electrical characterization of embedded actives and passives on organic multilayered substrates. We have designed and fabricated several printed wiring board (PWB) and flip-chip package test vehicles focusing on embedded chips, resistors, and capacitors. Embedded passive technology further enhances miniaturization by enabling components to be moved from the surface of the substrate to its internal layers. The use of thin film resistor material allows creating individual miniaturized buried resistors. These resistors provide additional length and width reduction with negligible increases to the overall substrate and module (SiP) height. Resistor values can vary from 5 ohm to 50 Kohm with tolerances from 5 to 20% and areas as small as 0.2 mm2. The embedded resistors can be laser trimmed to a tolerance of <5% for applications that require tighter tolerance. The electrical properties of embedded capacitors fabricated from polymer-ceramic nanocomposites showed a stable capacitance and low loss over a wide frequency and temperature range. A few test vehicles were assembled to do system level analysis. Manufacturing methods and materials for producing advanced organic substrates and flex along with ultra fine pitch assemblies are discussed. A case study detailing the fabrication of a flexible substrate for use in an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) catheter demonstrates how the challenges of miniaturization are met. These challenges include use of ultra-thin polymer films, extreme fine-feature circuitization, and assembly processes to accommodate die having reduced die pad pitch. In addition, new technologies for embedding a variety of active chips are being developed. A variety of active chips, including a chip having dimensions of one millimeter square, have been embedded and electrically connected to develop high performance packages.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Methods for Measurement of Energy of Computing

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fahad ◽  
Arsalan Shahid ◽  
Ravi Reddy Manumachu ◽  
Alexey Lastovetsky
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
System Level ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Level Energy ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
External Power ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Multicore Cpus

Energy of computing is a serious environmental concern and mitigating it is an important technological challenge. Accurate measurement of energy consumption during an application execution is key to application-level energy minimization techniques. There are three popular approaches to providing it: (a) System-level physical measurements using external power meters; (b) Measurements using on-chip power sensors and (c) Energy predictive models. In this work, we present a comprehensive study comparing the accuracy of state-of-the-art on-chip power sensors and energy predictive models against system-level physical measurements using external power meters, which we consider to be the ground truth. We show that the average error of the dynamic energy profiles obtained using on-chip power sensors can be as high as 73% and the maximum reaches 300% for two scientific applications, matrix-matrix multiplication and 2D fast Fourier transform for a wide range of problem sizes. The applications are executed on three modern Intel multicore CPUs, two Nvidia GPUs and an Intel Xeon Phi accelerator. The average error of the energy predictive models employing performance monitoring counters (PMCs) as predictor variables can be as high as 32% and the maximum reaches 100% for a diverse set of seventeen benchmarks executed on two Intel multicore CPUs (one Haswell and the other Skylake). We also demonstrate that using inaccurate energy measurements provided by on-chip sensors for dynamic energy optimization can result in significant energy losses up to 84%. We show that, owing to the nature of the deviations of the energy measurements provided by on-chip sensors from the ground truth, calibration can not improve the accuracy of the on-chip sensors to an extent that can allow them to be used in optimization of applications for dynamic energy. Finally, we present the lessons learned, our recommendations for the use of on-chip sensors and energy predictive models and future directions.

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