scholarly journals Perspectives on Remorin Proteins, Membrane Rafts, and Their Role During Plant–Microbe Interactions

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris K. Jarsch ◽  
Thomas Ott
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Membrane Microdomains ◽  
Membrane Rafts ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Invasion of host cells by pathogenic or mutualistic microbes requires complex molecular dialogues that often determine host survival. Although several components of the underlying signaling cascades have recently been identified and characterized, our understanding of proteins that facilitate signal transduction or assemble signaling complexes is rather sparse. Our knowledge of plant-specific remorin proteins, annotated as proteins with unknown function, has recently advanced with respect to their involvement in host–microbe interactions. Current data demonstrating that a remorin protein restricts viral movement in tomato leaves and the importance of a symbiosis-specific remorin for bacterial infection of root nodules suggest that these proteins may serve such regulatory functions. Direct interactions of other remorins with a resistance protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, and differential phosphorylation upon perception of microbial-associated molecular patterns and during expression of bacterial effector proteins, strongly underline their roles in plant defense. Furthermore, the specific subcellular localization of remorins in plasma membrane microdomains now provides the opportunity to visualize membrane rafts in living plants cells. There, remorins may oligomerize and act as scaffold proteins during early signaling events. This review summarizes current knowledge of this protein family and the potential roles of remorins in membrane rafts.

scholarly journals Neurons interact with the microbiome: an evolutionary-informed perspective

Neuroforum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Giez ◽  
Alexander Klimovich ◽  
Thomas C. G. Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Strategic Model ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
And Function

Abstract Animals have evolved within the framework of microbes and are constantly exposed to diverse microbiota. Microbes colonize most, if not all, animal epithelia and influence the activity of many organs, including the nervous system. Therefore, any consideration on nervous system development and function in the absence of the recognition of microbes will be incomplete. Here, we review the current knowledge on the nervous systems of Hydra and its role in the host–microbiome communication. We show that recent advances in molecular and imaging methods are allowing a comprehensive understanding of the capacity of such a seemingly simple nervous system in the context of the metaorganism. We propose that the development, function and evolution of neural circuits must be considered in the context of host–microbe interactions and present Hydra as a strategic model system with great basic and translational relevance for neuroscience.

scholarly journals Spatial metabolomics of in situ, host-microbe interactions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt K Geier ◽  
Emilia Sogin ◽  
Dolma Michellod ◽  
Moritz Janda ◽  
Mario Kompauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Metabolic Phenotypes ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Mass Spectrometry

Spatial metabolomics describes the location and chemistry of small molecules involved in metabolic phenotypes, defense molecules and chemical interactions in natural communities. Most current techniques are unable to spatially link the genotype and metabolic phenotype of microorganisms in situ at a scale relevant to microbial interactions. Here, we present a spatial metabolomics pipeline (metaFISH) that combines fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) microscopy and high-resolution atmospheric pressure mass spectrometry imaging (AP-MALDI-MSI) to image host-microbe symbioses and their metabolic interactions. metaFISH aligns and integrates metabolite and fluorescent images at the micrometer-scale for a spatial assignment of host and symbiont metabolites on the same tissue section. To illustrate the advantages of metaFISH, we mapped the spatial metabolome of a deep-sea mussel and its intracellular symbiotic bacteria at the scale of individual epithelial host cells. Our analytical pipeline revealed metabolic adaptations of the epithelial cells to the intracellular symbionts, a variation in metabolic phenotypes in one symbiont type, and novel symbiosis metabolites. metaFISH provides a culture-independent approach to link metabolic phenotypes to community members in situ - a powerful tool for microbiologists across fields.

scholarly journals Glycans in Virus-Host Interactions: A Structural Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel L. Miller ◽  
Thomas Clark ◽  
Rahul Raman ◽  
Ram Sasisekharan
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Viral Glycoproteins ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Structural Perspective

Many interactions between microbes and their hosts are driven or influenced by glycans, whose heterogeneous and difficult to characterize structures have led to an underappreciation of their role in these interactions compared to protein-based interactions. Glycans decorate microbe glycoproteins to enhance attachment and fusion to host cells, provide stability, and evade the host immune system. Yet, the host immune system may also target these glycans as glycoepitopes. In this review, we provide a structural perspective on the role of glycans in host-microbe interactions, focusing primarily on viral glycoproteins and their interactions with host adaptive immunity. In particular, we discuss a class of topological glycoepitopes and their interactions with topological mAbs, using the anti-HIV mAb 2G12 as the archetypical example. We further offer our view that structure-based glycan targeting strategies are ready for application to viruses beyond HIV, and present our perspective on future development in this area.

scholarly journals Antivirulence Activity of the Human Gut Metabolome

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Caetano M. Antunes ◽  
Julie A. K. McDonald ◽  
Kathleen Schroeter ◽  
Christian Carlucci ◽  
Rosana B. R. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

ABSTRACTThe mammalian gut contains a complex assembly of commensal microbes termed microbiota. Although much has been learned about the role of these microbes in health, the mechanisms underlying these functions are ill defined. We have recently shown that the mammalian gut contains thousands of small molecules, most of which are currently unidentified. Therefore, we hypothesized that these molecules function as chemical cues used by hosts and microbes during their interactions in health and disease. Thus, a search was initiated to identify molecules produced by the microbiota that are sensed by pathogens. We found that a secreted molecule produced by clostridia acts as a strong repressor ofSalmonellavirulence, obliterating expression of theSalmonellapathogenicity island 1 as well as host cell invasion. It has been known for decades that the microbiota protects its hosts from invading pathogens, and these data suggest that chemical sensing may be involved in this phenomenon. Further investigations should reveal the exact biological role of this molecule as well as its therapeutic potential.IMPORTANCEMicrobes can communicate through the production and sensing of small molecules. Within the complex ecosystem formed by commensal microbes living in and on the human body, it is likely that these molecular messages are used extensively during the interactions between different microbial species as well as with host cells. Deciphering such a molecular dialect will be fundamental to our understanding of host-microbe interactions in health and disease and may prove useful for the design of new therapeutic strategies that target these mechanisms of communication.

scholarly journals Fucose Ameliorates Tritrichomonas sp.-Associated Illness in Antibiotic-Treated Muc2−/− Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10699
Author(s):  
Kseniya M. Achasova ◽  
Elena N. Kozhevnikova ◽  
Mariya A. Borisova ◽  
Ekaterina A. Litvinova
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Mucus Layer ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Protozoan Infection ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

The mucus layer in the intestine plays a critical role in regulation of host–microbe interactions and maintaining homeostasis. Disruptions of the mucus layer due to genetic, environmental, or immune factors may lead to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). IBD frequently are accompanied with infections, and therefore are treated with antibiotics. Hence, it is important to evaluate risks of antibiotic treatment in individuals with vulnerable gut barrier and chronic inflammation. Mice with a knockout of the Muc2 gene, encoding the main glycoprotein component of the mucus, demonstrate a close contact of the microbes with the gut epithelium which leads to chronic inflammation resembling IBD. Here we demonstrate that the Muc2−/− mice harboring a gut protozoan infection Tritrichomonas sp. are susceptible to an antibiotic-induced depletion of the bacterial microbiota. Suppression of the protozoan infection with efficient metronidazole dosage or L-fucose administration resulted in amelioration of an illness observed in antibiotic-treated Muc2−/− mice. Fucose is a monosaccharide presented abundantly in gut glycoproteins, including Mucin2, and is known to be involved in host–microbe interactions, in particular in microbe adhesion. We suppose that further investigation of the role of fucose in protozoan adhesion to host cells may be of great value.

scholarly journals Drosophila Antimicrobial Peptides and Lysozymes Regulate Gut Microbiota Composition and Abundance

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Marra ◽  
M. A. Hanson ◽  
S. Kondo ◽  
B. Erkosar ◽  
B. Lemaitre
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

This study advances current knowledge in the field of host-microbe interactions by demonstrating that the two families of immune effectors, antimicrobial peptides and lysozymes, actively regulate the gut microbiota composition and abundance. Consequences of the loss of these antimicrobial peptides and lysozymes are exacerbated during aging, and their loss contributes to increased microbiota abundance and shifted composition in old flies.

scholarly journals The Impact of Bartonella VirB/VirD4 Type IV Secretion System Effectors on Eukaryotic Host Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Fromm ◽  
Christoph Dehio
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Type Iv Secretion ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Type Iv Secretion System ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Host Signaling ◽  
The Impact

Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that infect a wide range of mammalian hosts including humans. The VirB/VirD4 type IV secretion system (T4SS) is a key virulence factor utilized to translocate Bartonella effector proteins (Beps) into host cells in order to subvert their functions. Crucial for effector translocation is the C-terminal Bep intracellular delivery (BID) domain that together with a positively charged tail sequence forms a bipartite translocation signal. Multiple BID domains also evolved secondary effector functions within host cells. The majority of Beps possess an N-terminal filamentation induced by cAMP (FIC) domain and a central connecting oligonucleotide binding (OB) fold. FIC domains typically mediate AMPylation or related post-translational modifications of target proteins. Some Beps harbor other functional modules, such as tandem-repeated tyrosine-phosphorylation (EPIYA-related) motifs. Within host cells the EPIYA-related motifs are phosphorylated, which facilitates the interaction with host signaling proteins. In this review, we will summarize our current knowledge on the molecular functions of the different domains present in Beps and highlight examples of Bep-dependent host cell modulation.

A microfluidic cell-trapping device for single-cell tracking of host–microbe interactions

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3276-3285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu J. Delincé ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Bureau ◽  
Ana Teresa López-Jiménez ◽  
Pierre Cosson ◽  
Thierry Soldati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Microfluidic Device ◽  
Cell Tracking ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Cell Trapping ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Trapping Device

We present a cell-trapping microfluidic device (“InfectChip”) to study the interaction of bacterial pathogens with motile host cells.

scholarly journals Adaptation, Specialization, and Coevolution within Phytobiomes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A Baltrus
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Microbial Strains ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Agricultural Yields ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Broad Overview

Growth patterns of individual plants and evolutionary trajectories of plant communities are intimately linked with and are critically affected by host-associated microbiomes. Research across systems has begun to shed light on how these phytobiomes are established and under laboratory and natural conditions, and have cultivated hope that a better understanding of the governing principles for host-microbe interactions can guide attempts to engineer microbiomes to boost agricultural yields. One important, yet relatively understudied, parameter in regards to phytobiome membership is the degree to which specialization and coevolution between plant species and microbial strains structures these communities. In this article, I provide an broad overview about current knowledge concerning mechanisms enabling adaptation and specialization of phytobiome communties to host plants as well as the potential for plants themselves to recruit and cultivate interactions with beneficial microbes. I further explore the possibility of host-beneficial microbe coevolution and suggest interactions that could promote the evolution of such close-knit partnerships. It is my hope that this overview will encourage future experiments that can begin to fill in this black box of ecological and evolutionary interactions across phytobiomes.

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