scholarly journals Regulation of ecdysone production in Drosophila by neuropeptides and peptide hormones

Open Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 200373
Author(s):  
Jade R. Kannangara ◽  
Christen K. Mirth ◽  
Coral G. Warr
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Adult Organism ◽  
Hormone Signalling

In both mammals and insects, steroid hormones play a major role in directing the animal's progression through developmental stages. To maximize fitness outcomes, steroid hormone production is regulated by the environmental conditions experienced by the animal. In insects, the steroid hormone ecdysone mediates transitions between developmental stages and is regulated in response to environmental factors such as nutrition. These environmental signals are communicated to the ecdysone-producing gland via the action of neuropeptide and peptide hormone signalling pathways. While some of these pathways have been well characterized, there is evidence to suggest more signalling pathways than has previously been thought function to control ecdysone production, potentially in response to a greater range of environmental conditions. Here, we review the neuropeptide and peptide hormone signalling pathways known to regulate the production of ecdysone in the model genetic insect Drosophila melanogaster , as well as what is known regarding the environmental signals that trigger these pathways. Areas for future research are highlighted that can further contribute to our overall understanding of the complex orchestration of environmental, physiological and developmental cues that together produce a functioning adult organism.

SNF1-related protein kinase 1: the many-faced signaling hub regulating developmental plasticity in plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammed Jamsheer K ◽  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Vibha Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Cellular Processes

AbstractThe Snf1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) is the plant homolog of the heterotrimeric AMP-activated protein kinase/sucrose non-fermenting 1 (AMPK/Snf1), which works as a major regulator of growth under nutrient-limiting conditions in eukaryotes. Along with its conserved role as a master regulator of sugar starvation responses, SnRK1 is involved in controlling the developmental plasticity and resilience under diverse environmental conditions in plants. In this review, through mining and analyzing the interactome and phosphoproteome data of SnRK1, we are highlighting its role in fundamental cellular processes such as gene regulation, protein synthesis, primary metabolism, protein trafficking, nutrient homeostasis, and autophagy. Along with the well-characterized molecular interaction in SnRK1 signaling, our analysis highlights several unchartered regions of SnRK1 signaling in plants such as its possible communication with chromatin remodelers, histone modifiers, and inositol phosphate signaling. We also discuss potential reciprocal interactions of SnRK1 signaling with other signaling pathways and cellular processes, which could be involved in maintaining flexibility and homeostasis under different environmental conditions. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the SnRK1 signaling network in plants and suggests many novel directions for future research.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) to Characterize Wing Formation across All Developmental Stages

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Siying Fu ◽  
Yujie Duan ◽  
Siqi Wang ◽  
Yipeng Ren ◽  
Wenjun Bu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Transcriptome Assembly ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Wing Formation ◽  
Riptortus Pedestris

Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is a major agricultural pest in East Asia that causes considerable economic losses to the soybean crop each year. However, the molecular mechanisms governing the growth and development of R. pedestris have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the Illumina HiSeq6000 platform was employed to perform de novo transcriptome assembly and determine the gene expression profiles of this species across all developmental stages, including eggs, first-, second-, third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar nymphs, and adults. In this study, a total of 60,058 unigenes were assembled from numerous raw reads, exhibiting an N50 length of 2126 bp and an average length of 1199 bp, and the unigenes were annotated and classified with various databases, such as the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Gene Ontology (GO). Furthermore, various numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were calculated through pairwise comparisons of all life stages, and some of these DEGs were associated with immunity, metabolism, and development by GO and KEGG enrichment. In addition, 35,158 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 715,604 potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from the seven transcriptome libraries of R. pedestris. Finally, we identified and summarized ten wing formation-related signaling pathways, and the molecular properties and expression levels of five wing development-related genes were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR for all developmental stages of R. pedestris. Taken together, the results of this study may establish a foundation for future research investigating developmental processes and wing formation in hemimetabolous insects and may provide valuable data for pest control efforts attempting to reduce the economic damage caused by this pest.

The dare gene: steroid hormone production, olfactory behavior, and neural degeneration in Drosophila

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (20) ◽  
pp. 4591-4602 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Freeman ◽  
A. Dobritsa ◽  
P. Gaines ◽  
W.A. Segraves ◽  
J.R. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Ring Gland ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Steroid Hormone Signaling ◽  
Adrenodoxin Reductase ◽  
Strength Result

Steroid hormones mediate a wide variety of developmental and physiological events in insects, yet little is known about the genetics of insect steroid hormone biosynthesis. Here we describe the Drosophila dare gene, which encodes adrenodoxin reductase (AR). In mammals, AR plays a key role in the synthesis of all steroid hormones. Null mutants of dare undergo developmental arrest during the second larval instar or at the second larval molt, and dare mutants of intermediate severity are delayed in pupariation. These defects are rescued to a high degree by feeding mutant larvae the insect steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. These data, together with the abundant expression of dare in the two principal steroid biosynthetic tissues, the ring gland and the ovary, argue strongly for a role of dare in steroid hormone production. dare is the first Drosophila gene shown to encode a defined component of the steroid hormone biosynthetic cascade and therefore provides a new tool for the analysis of steroid hormone function. We have explored its role in the adult nervous system and found two striking phenotypes not previously described in mutants affected in steroid hormone signaling. First, we show that mild reductions of dare expression cause abnormal behavioral responses to olfactory stimuli, indicating a requirement for dare in sensory behavior. Then we show that dare mutations of intermediate strength result in rapid, widespread degeneration of the adult nervous system.

scholarly journals A review on thin films, conducting polymers as sensor devices

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.L. Veera Prabakaran ◽  
K Senthil Vadivu ◽  
B Mouli Prasanth
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Thin Film Technology ◽  
Thin Film Sensors ◽  
Sensor Devices

Abstract Thin film sensors are used to monitor environmental conditions by measuring the physical parameters. By using thin film technology, the sensors are capable of conducting precise measurements. Moreover, the measurements are stable and dependable. Furthermore, inexpensive sensor devices can be produced. In this paper, thin film technology for the design and fabrication of sensors that are used in various applications is reviewed. Further, the applications of thin film sensors in the fields of biomedical, energy harvesting, optical, and corrosion applications are also presented. From the review, the future research needs and future perspectives are identified and discussed.

scholarly journals Interactions Among mTORC, AMPK and SIRT A Computational Model for Cell Energy Balance and Metabolism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrshad Sadria ◽  
Anita T. Layton
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Cellular Aging ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Metabolic Signalling ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cell Energy ◽  
Salvage Pathways

Abstract BackgroundCells adapt their metabolism and activities in response to signals from their surroundings, and this ability is essential for their survival in the face of perturbations. In tissues a deficit of these mechanisms is commonly associated with cellular aging and diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, immune system decline, and neurological pathologies. Several proteins have been identified as being able to respond directly to energy, nutrient, and growth factor levels and stress stimuli in order to mediate adaptations in the cell. In particular, mTOR, AMPK, and sirtuins are known to play an essential role in the management of metabolic stress and energy balance in mammals.MethodsTo understand the complex interactions of these signalling pathways and environmental signals, and how those interactions may impact lifespan and health-span, we have developed a computational model of metabolic signalling pathways. Specifically, the model includes the insulin/IGF-1 pathway, which couples energy and nutrient abundance to the execution of cell growth and division, (ii) mTORC1 and the amino acid sensors such as sestrin, (iii) the Preiss-Handler and salvage pathways, which regulate the metabolism of NAD+ and the NAD+-consuming factor SIRT1, (iv) the energy sensor AMPK, and (v) transcription factors FOXO and PGC-1α.ResultsThe model simulates the interactions among key regulators such as Akt, mTORC1, AMPK, NAD+, and SIRT, and predicts their dynamics. Key findings include the clinically important role of PRAS40 and diet in mTORC1 inhibition, and a potential link between SIRT1-activating compounds and premature autophagy. Moreover, the model captures the exquisite interactions of leucine, sestrin2, and arginine, and the resulting signal to the mTORC1 pathway. These results can be leveraged in the development of novel treatment of cancers and other diseases.ConclusionsThis study presents a state-of-the-art computational model for investigating the interactions among signaling pathways and environmental stimuli in growth, ageing, metabolism, and diseases. The model can be used as an essential component to simulate gene manipulation, therapies (e.g., rapamycin and wortmannin), calorie restrictions, and chronic stress, and assess their functional implications on longevity and ageing‐related diseases.

scholarly journals Effects of Chemical Mixtures on the Ovary

Reproduction ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki E. Mourikes ◽  
Jodi A Flaws
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Chemical Mixtures ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Sex Steroid Hormone ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Female Reproductive Health

The ovaries play a critical role in female reproductive health because they are the site of oocyte maturation and sex steroid hormone production. The unique cellular processes that take place within the ovary make it a susceptible target for chemical mixtures. Herein, we review the available data regarding the effects of chemical mixtures on the ovary, focusing on development, folliculogenesis, and steroidogenesis. The chemical mixtures discussed include those to which women are exposed to environmentally, occupationally, and medically. Following a brief introduction to chemical mixture components, we describe the effects of chemical mixtures on ovarian development, folliculogenesis, and steroidogenesis. Further, we discuss the effects of chemical mixtures on corpora lutea and transgenerational outcomes. Identifying the effects of chemical mixtures on the ovaries is paramount to preventing and treating mixture-inducing toxicity of the ovary that has long-term consequences such as infertility and ovarian disease.

scholarly journals ‘Pre-Neolithic’ in Southeast Europe: a Bulgarian perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 95-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gurova ◽  
Clive Bonsall
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Upper Palaeolithic ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
Site Distribution

 This paper discusses why large areas of the central and northern Balkans lack evidence of Mesolithic settlement and what implications this holds for future research into the Neolithization of the region. A marked shift in site distribution patterns between Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic is interpreted as a response to changing environmental conditions and resource availability. It is suggested that some important questions of the pattern, processes and timing of the transition to farming across the Balkan Peninsula may only be answered through new archaeological surveys of the Lower Danube valley and exploration of submerged landscapes along the Black Sea, Aegean and Adriatic coasts.

scholarly journals A-44 ImPACT of Amnesia Related Concussions Across Developmental Stages

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 640-640
Author(s):  
K Unjia ◽  
R Bennett ◽  
L Lashley
Keyword(s):  
Retrograde Amnesia ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
One Way Anova

Abstract Objective This study aimed to examine the relationship between developmental stages and concussions that resulted in amnesia as measured by ImPACT. Method Participants were selected from an archival de-identified sports medicine ImPACT database. The sample (N = 4,200) was primarily male (62.2%) student athletes with ages ranging from 10 to 25 years. Participants were divided into three groups: Young athletes (n = 1,400), Adolescent (n = 1,400), and Adult (n = 1,400). A One-Way ANOVA was conducted to determine the relationship between age group and prevalence of concussions resulting in anterograde or retrograde amnesia. Results The One-Way ANOVA revealed significant differences between age group and anterograde F(2,4197) = 107.449, p < .001 and retrograde amnesia F(2,4197) = 82.949, p < .001. Bonferroni pairwise comparison revealed the adolescent athlete group experienced more concussions that result in both anterograde and retrograde amnesia compared to young and adult athletes. There was no significant difference between young and adult athletes. Additionally, there is a significant difference regarding total games missed following concussion F(2,4197) = 117.723, p < .001, with adolescent athletes missing more games compared to young and adult athletes. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest adolescent athletes tend to experience more amnesia-related concussions compared to young and adult athletes. Additionally, adolescent athletes miss more games following these types of concussions. This study highlights the impact that certain types of concussions have on athletes across the developmental stages. Future research should analyze the cognitive effects of various types of concussions across the developmental stages.

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